Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
(3)
Abstract- The aim of this paper is to establish a derived from a suitable combination of single-stress models,
reference system of the reliability models which may also e.g. the Inverse-Power- model and the Arrhenius model [11].
be applied for different utilities. Due to the large amount
On the basis of the probabilistic approach, the application
of electrical equipments and the costs of an individual
of special analysis is carried out; the fitted curves are only a
diagnosis in distribution networks, a life assessment of the
mathematical simulation that is not concerned with any
representative electrical components is necessary. Several
information about the technical parameters of electrical
models are used to estimate the life time of each
equipment and the operating conditions of networks, thus
component but introduced model can estimate the life
they can not give a complete understanding of the physical
time for every component in general. The data of
implications of failures. Extensive basic research work has
historical failure events from distribution networks is
detected the ageing phenomena and ageing processes of
collected and evaluated in a special failure statistic and
typical insulating materials under test or working conditions
ageing phenomenology is taken into account. For such a
[12]. However, the experimental data can only describe sparse
purpose, the relationship between lifetime, electrical
and incomplete ageing behaviors of electrical components in
stress, mechanical stress and temperature as well as their
distribution networks. Therefore, a new approach should not
effects on ageing processes and on reliabilities of electrical
only reflect and respond to the way electrical equipment fail
components are studied. A review of models of
but also deduce the failure consequences by connecting
transformer and cables will be introduced for
statistical data to durable evaluation models.
comparison.
III. LIFE MODELS FOR TRANSFORMERS instant t1 to time instant t2, in integral form or according to the
expression (7) in a discrete form, depending on the featured
Transformer fails due to insulation failures caused by measurement data are:
pyrolosis (heat), oxidation, acidity, moisture, design and
manufacturing errors caused by loose or unsupported leads, 1t 2 1 N
L V .dt and L Vn (8)
loose blocking, poor brazing, inadequate core insulation, t t1 N n 1
inferior short circuit strength, foreign objects left in the tank,
oil contamination, corrosive sulfur, carbon tracking, where n is the number of each time interval, N is the total
overloading, fire or explosion, line surge, maintenance number of equal time intervals, Vn is relative ageing rate and t
/operation, flood, and loose connections [19-21]. Some is time. The loss of life according to IEEE equals 180000
models used for estimation of transformer life are [4-20, 21]: hours, and in the IEC standards the total loss of life is not
defined, but it is usually mentioned that the transformer loss
1-Transformer insulation life according to IEEE standard: of life is 30 years. The difference existing in the dependence
Beginning with the most recent IEEE Standard C57.91- of the ageing rate on the hot spot temperature as shown in
1995 Figure 1.
Time (year)
spot will double the aging rate. In our electro-thermal- [4] IEEE Std C57.115-1991, Volume, Issue, March 1991, IEEE Guide
for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Rated in
mechanical model the temperature taken from statistical
Excess of 100 MVA (65C Winding Rise).
history for distribution transformers is 40oC which gives 29.5 [5] ANSI/I EEE C57.91-1981, Guide For Loading Mineral-Oil-
years as an expected life time. If this temperature is reduced Immersed Overhead And Pad-Mounted Distribution Transformers
by 2oC will increase the life to 39 years by good cooling for Rated 500 KVA And Less With 65 OC Or 55 OC Average Winding
Rise.
transformer; also the well ventilation will lead to this result
[6] IEEE Std C57.91-1995, IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-
taking into account the cost of the cooling. The cost of 1000 Immersed Transformers, Transformers Committee of the IEEE
KVA self cooled transformer is 23,640.00 $, the hot spot Power Engineering Society. June 14, 1995.
temperature 55oC, the average losses 9.1 kW. The ventilation [7] K. Najdenkoski, G. Rafajlovski, Dimcev, V. , Thermal Ageing of
Distribution Transformers According to IEEE and IEC Standards,
required to conserve the temperature at 38oC is 2000 m3/hr
Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007, 24-28 June
from the cook book for indoor transformer ventilation. The 2007, pp:1-5.
fan used is SODECA HCD-40-4M, the cost of fan is 500.0 $ [8] Kshira T. Muthanna, Abhinanda Sarkar, Kaushik Das, and Kurt
including the running and maintenance cost. Then: Waldner, Transformer Insulation Life Assessment, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2006.
The cost without cooling = 23,640.00/29.5 = 801.4 $/year [9] Manoj Kumar Pradhan; T. S. Ramu, On the Estimation of Elapsed
Life of Oil-Immersed Power Transformers, Transactions on Power
The cost with cooling = (23,640.00 +500)/39= 619 $/year Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 2005.
[10] Gian Carlo Montanari, Luciano Simoni; Ageing Phenomenology
The saving cost / year = 801.4-619= 182.4 $/ year. and Modeling, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, Vol. 28
No. 5, October 1993.
[11] Xiang Zhang and Ernst Gockenbach, Component Reliability
VII. CONCLUSION Modeling of Distribution Systems Based on the Evaluation of
Failure Statistics, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation Vol. 14, No. 5; October 2007.
On the basis of the ageing mechanisms occurring in [12] E. Gockenbach, H. Borsi, Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of
different materials, simple phenomenological and statistical Power Transformers, International Conference on Condition
reliability models are proposed in this work. The models Monitoring and Diagnosis, Beijing, China, April 21-24, 2008.
provide a means of connecting physical and statistical [13] Wally Vahlstrom, "Strategies for Field Testing Medium Voltage
Cables". IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, September/October
processes of component failures. This approach appears to be 2009 - Vol. 25, No. 5.
a useful tool to assess the component reliability, as it can [14] G. Mazzanti, The Combination of Electro-thermal Stress, Load
clarify how those consequences of failure result from Cycling and Thermal Transients and its Effects on the Life of High
different kinds of failure causes. The typical ageing of Voltage ac Cables, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation, Vol. 16, Issue 4, August 2009, pp.1168 – 1179.
insulating materials in electrical components often contributes [15] G. Bahder, T. Garrity, M. Sosnowsky, R. Eaton, C. Katz, Physical
to the failure due to the presence of degradation stresses such model of electric ageing and breakdown of extruded polymeric
as electrical, thermal, mechanical and environmental stresses. insulated power cables, IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst., Vol. 101,
Therefore the ageing processes are transferred into a life pp. 1378-1388, 1982.
[16] J.P. Crine, J.L. Parpal, G. Lessard, A model of ageing of dielectric
model, which is represented by several models. In reliability extruded cables, Proc. 3rd IEEE ICSD, 347-351, 1989.
calculations, the multi-model from the life model and the [17] G. Mazzanti, G.C. Montanari, L.A. Dissado, A space-charge life
probabilistic model is applied to provide effective predictions model for AC electrical ageing of polymers, Transactions on
for the lifetime. These results provide the validity of both the Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 6, No. 6, pp. 864-875,
December 1999.
proposed models and the method for calculation. The [18] Katsumi Uchida, Yoichi Kato, Masahiko Nakade, Daisuke Inoue,
assessment of the calculated results for electrical components Hiroyuki Sakakibara and Hideo Tanaka, Estimating the Remaining
can be viewed as objective evidence that the reliability Life of Water-Treed XLPE Cable by VLF Voltage Withstand Tests,
requirements of electrical components will be satisfied by the Furukawa Review No.20.
[19] Scatiggio, F.; Tumiatti, V.; Maina, R.; Tumiatti, M.; Pompili, M.;
proposed technical parameters and the appropriate Bartnikas, R, Corrosive Sulfur Induced Failures in Oil-Filled
maintenance activities. It is not practical to specify all the Electrical Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors. IEEE
parameters for every example. If experiences are obtained Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 3, July 2009.
from other power systems, it may prove desirable to [20] Shigemitsu Okabe, Masanori Kohtoh; Influence of Diverse
Compounds on Electrostatic Charging Tendency of Mineral
supplement or modify the model parameters needed in a Insulating Oil used for Power Transformer Insulation. IEEE
particular application. Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 16; No.
3; June 2009, pp: 900-908.
REFERENCES [21] Verband Der Elektrizitaetswirtschaft (VDEW), Stoerungs-
und Schadensstatistik, Verlags-und Wirtschaftsgesellschaft
der Energiewirtschaft, Frankfurt/Germany, 1961-1998.
[1] Matti Lehtonen, Dr. Lina Bertling, Asset Management in Power
Systems, A Ph.D. course in co-operation between KTH and TKK
2005.
[2] P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, EPRI Power
System Engineering, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[3] B. C. Lesieutre and E. G. Verghese, A Zero-Reflection Controller
for Electromechanical Disturbances in Power Networks, Power
Systems Computation Conference (PSCC), Sevilla, June 2002.