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I. INTRODUCTION 0.03 m
f
2 2
2
b Go 3 1 a Go 1
2 2 1 1
2 2 6 3
b1 50
B 9.99995
e
32
GE B 101.8587
32
GH A 124.7516
GE GH GE GH
Dp
32 50 50 50 50
10.1859
e h e h
E. Gain
F. Directivity
C. Bandwidth
Directivity in dB= 19.46+2.7= 22.16dB
For this design, bandwidth is referring to the difference
between upper and lower cut-off frequency at -10 dB because
the transmitted power is assumed to be 90% of the received
power. Bandwidth for this horn design is assumed to be more
than 10GHz.
IV. DISCUSSION 10. The waveguide length is assumed based on the value
must be less than the assumed value of a which is
1. Simulation of the designed aperture horn antenna is 6cm for this design.
done using CST Microwave Studio.
V. CONCLUSION
2. In terms of return loss, the horn antenna produced The horn antenna is designed with measurement a=6cm and
return loss S11 of -30.167dB , drop at frequency b=3cm, waveguide length is 11.43cm. With reference value
9.61GHz which is close to the set value of frequency; chose for directivity 22dB, gain 20dB and frequency 10GHz,
10GHz.
the return loss for this antenna is lower than -10dB which is
-30.167dB. This antenna can perform at frequency 9.61GHz
3. The bandwidth of the antenna is the difference
and radiates well according to radiation pattern obtained.
between upper and lower cut off frequency at -10dB,
for this designed, the S-parameter Magnitude doesn‟t
shows at range -10dB, by that, bandwidth is assumed The horn antenna is a particularly useful form of antenna
to be more than 10GHz for this horn antenna. for use with RF microwave applications and waveguide
feeder. Although it is not used below RF microwave
4. As the return loss drop at frequency 9.61GHz, the frequencies because waveguides are not used at low
gain obtained at the frequency is 19.40dB, compared frequencies as a result of the sizes needed, the horn antenna is
to gain at 10GHz is 19. From the simulation of the nevertheless a very useful form of RF antenna design for use
designed horn, the value of gain obtained is 19.40dB at high frequencies.
which is slightly different to the theoretical gain,
20dB.
REFERENCES
5. The directivity of the antenna observed is 19.46dBi. [1] C.A Balanis (1997) Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design John Wiley
As converted in dB, the directivity is 22.16dB which and Sons.USA.
is slight different from the set value of 22dB [2] Horn Antenna (Dec 03, 2000) Retrieved from
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/horn-antenna
directivity. [3] Horn Antenna – Radiation Patterns (n.d.) Retrieved from
http://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/aperture/horn3.php
6. From the observation of the radiation pattern of the [4] Horn (telecommunications) (n.d) Retrieved from
designed horn antenna, there are major lobe and side http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(telecommunications)
[5] Horn Antenna (n.d) Retrieved from http://www.radio-
lobes. Major lobe is the maximum lobe in radiation electronics.com/info/antennas/horn_antenna/horn_antenna.php
pattern which is intended to be along the forward axis [6] J. E. Hansen, Spherical Near-Field Antenna Measurements. London,
and which gives effect of a beam while the side lobe U.K.: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1988, 387 p.C. H. Schmidt, M. M. Leibfritz,
is a radiation lobe in any direction other than main T. F. Eibert, “Multilevel fast near-field to far-field transformation for
electrically large antennas,” in 2008 IEEE AP-S International
beam. Symposium and USNC/URSI National RadioScience Meeting (AP-S’08),
San Diego, USA, July 2008, paper 439.10.
7. Full null beam width (FNBW) is the angle between [7] K. L. Walton and V. C. Sundberg, “Broadband ridged horn design,”
two vectors, originating at the pattern‟s origin and Microw.J., pp. 96–101, Mar. 1964.
[8] C. Reig and E. Navarro, “FDTD analysis of E-sectoral horn antennas for
tangent to the main beam at its base.. Half power broadband applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 45, no. 10,
beam width (HPBW) is angle between two vectors, pp. 1485–1487, Oct. 1997.
originating at the pattern‟s origin and passing through [9] C. Bruns, P. Leuchtmann, and R. Vahldieck, “Analysis and simulation
these points of the major lobe where the radiation of a 1–18-GHz broadband double-ridged horn antenna,” IEEE
Trans.Electromagn. Compat., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 55–60, Feb. 2003.
intensity is half its maximum. For this antenna, the [10] M. Kanda, “The Effects of Resistive Loading of „TEM‟ Horns,”
FNBW is 135o and HPBW obtained is 16.2o. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC
24,2, May 1982, pp. 245-255.
8. Theoretically, HPBW is FNBW/2, but for this design, [11] R. J. Wohlers, “The GWIA, An Extremely Wide Banawidth
the FNBW/2 is 67.5o, a large different compared to Low-Dispersion Antenna,” Calspan Corp., Buffalo, NY, Tech.
the simulated result which is 16.2o. Rep., 1971.
[12] R. T. Lee and G. S. Smith, “On the Characteristic Impedance of
9. There are slight different of directivity, gain and the TEM Horn Antenna,” March 2004, to he published in
frequency obtained from the designed antenna IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.
compared to the calculation value. The HPBW
simulated also different to the theoretical value. This
might be due to assumption of value a and b and the
waveguide length also is an assumption value.
Besides, the return loss drops at 9.61GHz instead of
10GHz.