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Objectives:
to
learn
the
nomenclature,
theory,
and
experimental
procedures
for
conducting
kinetic
experiments.
Specific
skills
to
be
acquired
are
quantitative
transfers
by
pipette
,
spectrophotometric
measurements
and
data
reduction
via
Excel
spread-‐sheet.
General:
Kinetic
is
concerned
with
the
question
of
“
How
fast
do
reactions
proceed”.
Most
of
your
experience
up
to
now
has
addressed
the
question
of
“
How
far
do
reactions
proceed
before
they
stop.”,
i.e.,
matters
of
equilibrium.
In
fact,
kinetics
is
the
more
fundamental
concept
because
the
equilibrium
constant,
Keq
,
is
the
ratio
of
the
rate
constants
of
the
forward
and
reverse
reactions.
From
a
practical
point
of
view,
a
knowledge
of
how
to
speed
up
a
reaction
can
result
in
the
savings
of
millions
of
dollars
per
year
in
chemical
manufacturing
processes.
The
knowledge
of
how
to
retard
biochemical
reactions
can
be
matters
of
life
and
death.
Such
knowledge
is
fundamental
to
the
understanding
of
chemical
processes
Theory
and
Nomenclature:
The
“
holy
grail”
of
kinetics
is
the
rate
law
expression.
This
is
an
equation
which
accurately
relates
the
rate
of
a
reaction
and
the
factors
which
affect
the
rate.
The
rate
of
a
reaction
is
expressed
as
a
quotient
of
the
change
in
concentration
over
the
change
in
time
,
i.e.,
dC/dT.
By
convention
it
is
always
positive.
Any
reactant
or
product
which
can
be
conveniently
measured
can
serve
as
a
measure
of
the
rate.
For
example,
in
the
reaction
selected
for
this
study
:
CH3COCH3 + I2 = CH3COCH2I + HI , the rxn of acetone (Ac) and iodine to produce iodoacetone and hydroiodic acid,
2 _______________ __________
3 _______________ __________
5 _______________ __________
7 _______________ __________
The
absorptive
power
of
a
solution
(A)
at
a
specific
wavelength
is
proportional
to
the
molar
absorptivity
(a),
the
cell
path
length(b),
and
the
concentration
of
the
absorbing
species(c),
i.e,
A
=
abc
.
This
relation
is
known
as
Beer's
law.
Thus,
a
plot
of
absorbance
(
Y
axis)
versus
Concentration
(
X
axis)
allows
us
to
relate
a,
the
molar
absorptivity
to
the
slope
of
the
line.
Carry
out
this
analysis,
individually,
and
turn
in
your
plot,
labeled,
with
slope
computation
and
your
name
and
date
on
the
plot.
USING
THE
SQ690
or
Buck
Spectrophotomenters
1.
Turn
on
instrument;
(
SQ690
will
carry
out
a
number
of
internal
checks,
about
8
minutes,
and
display
[690-‐-‐-‐])
2.
Set
wavelength
by
pressing
[lamda
nm]
,
then
4,0,0
ENTER[Display
moves
from
690
to
400];
3.
Place
blank
(
cuvette
with
water)
in
light
path
by
lifting,
loading,
and
lowering.
DO
NOT
DROP
CUVETTE
INTO
LIGHT
BEAM.
Press
[
Ref
Set].
[SQ690
will
display
0.000]
4.
Remove
cuvette
and
rinse
and
fill
with
each
solution
in
sequence.
Record
absorbance
for
each
solution.
Kinetics,
Part
Two,
The
Rate
Law
Expression
Using
the
generalized
procedure
presented
below,
we
will
generate
data
for
the
following
scheme:
(Experiments
will
be
designated
:
“10-‐10-‐10”
@
25
degrees,3
min
intervals,
that
is
,
10
mL
Acetone,
10ml
HCL
and
10mL
Iodine
at
25
degrees,
sampled
at
3
minute
intervals.)
10-‐10-‐10
@
25
degrees(3min,
sample
interval)
base
experiment;
05-‐10-‐10
@
25
degrees(6
min
sample
interval)
reduced
acetone;
10-‐05-‐10
@
25
degrees(6min
sample
interval)
reduced
acid
;
10-‐10-‐05
@
25
degrees(3min
sample
interval)
reduced
iodine..
Notice,
in
these
cases,
Step
1
Will
read:”
….pipette
5.00mL
HCl
for
xx.xx
mL,
etc”
Assignments
will
be
as
follows;
Each
team
will
execute
one
of
the
first
three
above.
You
will
be
briefed
as
to
which.
Instructor
will
carry
out
the
10-‐10-‐5
experiment.
PROCEDURE
1.
Clamp
a
250
mL
Erlenmeyer
flask
into
the
waterbath
set
at
xx.x
C0.
This
will
be
referred
to
as
the
Rxn
(reaction)
flask.
Pipette
accurately
,in
order
,xx.xx
ml
1.097
HCl,
and
yy.yy
mL
acetone
into
a
100
mL
volumetric
flask.
Fill
to
mark
with
DI
water
and
swirl
to
mix.
Pour
contents
into
the
reaction
flask.
Clamp
also
ca
25
mL
of
0.0518
M
iodine
contained
in
a
50
mL
Ehrlenmeyer
flask
into
the
water
bath..
Let
equilibrate
15
minutes.
During
your
wait,
prepare
six
100mL
volumetric
flasks
containing
10.00mL
1.0
M
sodium
acetate.
Also
turn
on
SQ690.
2.
Stand
ready
with
your
stopwatch.
Pipette
10.00
mL
of
equilibrated
iodine
solution
taken
from
the
50
ml
Ehrlenmeyer
into
the
Rxn
flask.
Start
timer
when
first
drops
enter
the
Rxn
Flask.
Swirl
to
mix.
Appoint
a
prompter.
The
prompter
will
announce
when
z
minutes
and
45
seconds
have
elapsed.
The
extractor
will
remove
a
5.00
ml
aliquot
from
the
Rxn
Flask
and
deposit
into
the
first
previously
prepared
100
mL
flask
as
close
as
possible
to
the
z
minute
mark.
The
first
sample
will
be
made
up
to
mark
with
DI
water
,
mixed
and
its
absorbance
read
on
the
SQ690.
Continue
reading
samples
at
the
designated
minute
intervals
until
the
absorbance
falls
to
less
than
0.010.
Tabulate
your
data
on
the
form
attached.
Data
Handling:
You
will
plot
using
Excel,
concentrations
of
iodine
(
in
rxn
flask)
vs
time
in
seconds.
Concentrations
are
computed
using
Beer’s
Law
solved
for
c,
i.e.,
c
=
A/ab.
Use
c
as
Y
and
time
as
X,
your
slopes
correspond
to
the
rate
of
the
reaction.
We
will
share
rates
at
our
third
meeting.
We
will
use
the
initial
rates
to
determine
the
rate
law
expression
and
compute
k.
We
will
compute
the
actual
values
of
the
orders
with
respect
to
the
individual
reactants.
This
completes
Part
Two.
DATA
:
This
data
is
for
scheme
___-‐___-‐___
@
___C0
;
acetone
:
density
0.7908gmL-‐1;
F.W.
58.07
g/mol
Lapsed Time(sec) Absorbance@400 nm Conc. By Beer’s Law Conc. Rxn Flask1
Initial Concentrations: Note 1: “Test” Flask conc. X 20 = Rxn Flask conc.
Acetone HCl I2
Data
Treatment:
Using
Excel,
plot
I2
Rxn
flask
concentrations(
moles
per
L)
vs
Time(seconds)
and
evaluate
the
slope
and
intercept.
Your
slope,
the
change
in
conc.
over
change
in
time
is
the
rate
of
reaction.
Report
here
Rate
_____________;
Intercept
__________
(
Should
approximately
agree
with
your
calculation
of
initial
I2
conc.
above.)
Worksheet
Part
Two
As
a
group,
we
measured
the
rates
of
the
reaction
at
25
degrees
C
for
several
concentration
schemes.
Enter
your
information
from
your
assigned
scheme
and
from
other
groups.
Use
the
above
data
to
set
up
appropriate
expressions
of
the
generalized
rate
expression
to
allow
calculations
of
x,
y,
and
z.
Round
your
results
to
the
nearest
whole
number.
Your
final
rate
law
expression
by
your
data
is:
Finally,
using
the
rate
law
expression
with
appropriate
exponents
calculate
the
k
for
each
case
and
enter
result
in
Table
2.
above.
Kinetics,
Part
Three
In
the
last
session
we
learned
how
to
determine
the
rate
of
a
reaction
and,
therefrom,
the
rate
law
expression,
order
and
evaluation
of,
k,
the
rate
constant.
Today
we
will
use
the
same
procedure
to
determine
rate
constants
for
the
base
reaction
at
a
series
of
temperatures
and
use
this
data
to
determine
the
activation
energy,
Ea,
and
the
preexponential
factor
B.
Procedure:
1.
Set
up
the
10-‐10-‐10
concentrations
as
in
Part
Two
and
carry
out
the
determination
of
theassigned
reaction
rates
in
the
same
manner.
1/T(K0)
Rate
k
lnk
Note:
k
=
rate/
[Ac][HCl]
2. Plot lnk vs 1/T and calculate Ea and B from the slope and intercept
Checklist
for
final
report:
Note:
there
are
three
plots.
All
should
have
you
name
on
them
and
should
be
done
with
your
own
hand.
This
will
usually
mean
your
plot
will
not
be
identical
to
other
members
of
the
class.
From
Part
One,
attach
your
plot
of
absorbance
@
400
nm
vs
iodine
concentrations
and
highlight
your
value
of
molar
absorptivity
,i.e.,
your
slope.
Attach
your
calculations
of
the
concentrations.
Also
submit
Worksheet
for
Part
One
,Mark
Appendix
One
From
Part
Two
,
Attach
your
report
of
the
rate
(
highlight)
of
your
assigned
reaction.
Attach
your
sample
calculations
of
concentrations
and
and
your
plot.
Attach
your
Worksheet
Summary.
Show
your
rate
-‐
law-‐expession,
Show
calculation
of
exponents
x
and
y
from
pooled
data.
Mark
this
Appendix
Two
From
Part
Three,
attach
your
Plot
of
lnk
vs
1/T
and
report
(and
highlight)
your
value
of
Ea
and
B.
Attach
your
calculations
of
Ea
and
B.
Attach
Worksheet,
Part
Three.Mark
this
Appendix
three