OPERATING SYSTEM

Synopsis

Date of Submission : 25/03/2011

Submitted by:
SAURABH BHATT
ECE/10/150
ECE-A
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................................................1

2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................................2.
3 ADVANTAGESAND DIS-ADVANTAGES.......................................................................................9.
4. RESOURCES AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT..............................................................................`10.

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 ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT

An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware
(i.e., all computer resources).

It is just like our secretary. The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the
computer system convenient to use and secondary goal is to use computer hardware in an
efficient manner.

It controls all other components of the computer system. Major components of computer
system are:
1. The Hardware
2. The Operating System
3. The application program routines (compilers, linkers, database management systems)
4. The Humanware (users).

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system
acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware although
the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently call the
OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a
computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web
servers.

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 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on
computers and manages computer hardware resources[1] and provides common services for
efficient execution of various application software.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system
acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware although
the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently call the
OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a
computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web
servers.

Examples of popular modern operating systems for personal computers are (in alphabetical
order): GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows and Unix.

o Types of Operating Systems

Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at executing

real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized scheduling
algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The main object of
real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events. They either
have an event-driven or a time-sharing design. An event-driven system switches between
tasks based on their priorities while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on
clock interrupts.

Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems: The operating systems of this type allow a
multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be
classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through
the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a multi-user operating
system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to have multiple accounts on a
Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user system. Rather, only the network

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administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like operating system, it is possible for two users
to login at a time and this capability of the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.

Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is allowed to

run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in case the operating
system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking
operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types namely, pre-emptive or co-operative. In
pre-emptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to
each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-
emptive multitasking. Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to
give time to the other processes in a defined manner. MS Windows prior to Windows 95 used
to support cooperative multitasking.

Distributed Operating System: An operating system that manages a group of independent

computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed
operating system. The development of networked computers that could be linked and
communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing. Distributed computations
are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a group work in cooperation,
they make a distributed system.

Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer
systems are known as embedded operating systems. They are designed to operate on small
machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate with a limited number of
resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design. Windows CE and Minix
3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.

THE NEED OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Hardware is nothing but finely designed machinery. A machine is ultimately a machine only,
which is always made to work. In case of computers, it is either us if we do that or ‘some
other’ which does it for us. This ‘some other’ is nothing but our very own OPERATING
SYSTEM.

It is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware. It is just like our
secretary. As the boss gives orders to his secretary and the secretary does all the work for his
boss. The secretary himself decides: How to do? ; What to do ? ; when to do ? same in this
way operating system does it for us.

TYPES OF SERVICES

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1. Program execution
The operating system is responsible for executing various programs whether user programs
or system programs i.e., special programs required for the machine functioning.

2. Handling I/O Operations

The operating system is responsible for the handling various types of inputs (input from
keyboard, input from mouse etc.) and various types of outputs in the appropriate manner.

3. Manipulation of file system

This task involves the making of decisions regarding the storage of files i.e., where (whether
on floppy disk or hard disk etc.) and how a particular file is to be stored.
4. Error detection and handling
It is also responsible for detecting any type of error that occurs and then properly handling it.

5. Resource allocation
This task aims at proper use of resources available.

6. Accounting
The operating system keeps an account of what type of functioning is taking place and what
type of errors have occurred.

7. Information and resource protection

It is responsible for ensuring that the information and the resources available on machine are
used in the correct way. The operating system foils the attempts to use them incorrectly.

OPERATING SYSTEM’S FUNCTIONS

Major operating system functions are given below:

 Processor Management
 Storage Management
 Information Management

SOME COMMONLY USED OPERATING SYSTEMS

1.LINUX
Linux is the name of a popular computer operating system. It is the most famous example of
free software and open source development, and it is not only freely available, but also its
underlying source code is available to all and anyone can freely openly use it, modify it and
redistribute it.
The linux kernel was written originally by a Finnish university student Linus Torvalds.first
two versions of linux was released on Internet in September and october’91 respectively and
since then thousands of enthusiastic programmers/students/developers around the world have
participated and contributed in its further refinement and development.

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2. WINDOWS
Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of GUI (Graphical User Interface)
operating systems by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named
WINDOWS in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest
in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world’s
personal computer market, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced previously. The
most recent client version of Windows is Windows Vista.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 ADVANTAGES:-
1..easy to use
2.user friendly
3.intermediate between all hardwares and softwares of the system
4.no need to know any technical languages
5.Its the platform of all programs.

 DIS-ADANTAGES:-

a. If any problems affected in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been
stored already.

b. .Unwanted user can use your own system

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 RESOURCES AND SCOPE

 RESOURSES:

 www.Google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.Cworld.com
 www.bing.com
 www.blackle.com

SCOPE:-

Early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Operating
systems did not exist in their modern and more complex forms until the early 1960s.[5] Some
operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as monitor programs that could
automatically run different application programs in succession to speed up processing.
Hardware features were added that enabled use of runtime libraries, interrupts, and parallel
processing. When personal computers by companies such as Apple Inc., Atari, IBM and
Amiga became popular in the 1980s, vendors added operating system features that had
previously become widely used on mainframe and mini computers. Later, many features such
as graphical user interface were developed specifically for personal computer operating
systems.

An operating system consists of many parts. One of the most important components is the
kernel, which controls low-level processes that the average user usually cannot see: it
controls how memory is read and written, the order in which processes are executed, how
information is received and sent by devices like the monitor, keyboard and mouse, and
decides how to interpret information received from networks. The user interface is a
component that interacts with the computer user directly, allowing them to control and use
programs. The user interface may be graphical with icons and a desktop, or textual, with a
command line. Application programming interfaces provide services and code libraries that
let applications developers write modular code reusing well defined programming sequences
in user space libraries or in the operating system itself. Which features are considered part of
the operating system is defined differently in various operating systems. For example,
Microsoft Windows considers its user interface to be part of the operating system, while
many versions of Linux do not.

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