Genomic DNA :

Genomic DNA is the set of DNA which comprises the genome

of an organism. The term “genomic DNA” is used to distinguish this type of
DNA from other kinds of DNA; although many people assume that all DNA is
found in the genome, this is not, in fact, the case. Plasmids, for example,
contain DNA, but this DNA is not part of the genome, even though it can be
inherited and passed on to future generations.

1. Genes :

Genes are working subunits of DNA. DNA is a vast chemical information

database that carries the complete set of instructions for making all the
proteins a cell will ever need. Each gene contains a particular set of
instructions, usually coding for a particular protein
 2. DNA :
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and
almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same
DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA),
but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is
called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).

The information in DNA is stored as a code

made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A),
guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases,
and more than 99 percent of those bases are
the same in all people. The order, or sequence,
of these bases determines the information
available for building and maintaining an
organism, similar to the way in which letters of
the alphabet appear in a certain order to form
words and sentences.

DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T

and C with G, to form units called base pairs.
Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule
and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base,
sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide.
Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands
that form a spiral called a double helix. The
structure of the double helix is somewhat like a
ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and
phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.

An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself.

Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating
the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new
cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.

DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate

backbone.
 3. Non coding region :

A segment of DNA that does not comprise a gene and thus does not code for
a protein. Non-coding regions are interspersed throughout DNA.

4. Untranslated region (UTR) :

5' UTR is the portion of an mRNA from the 5' end to the position of the first
codon used in translation. The 3' UTR is the portion of an mRNA from the 3'
end of the mRNA to the position of the last codon used in translation.

5. Open Reading Frame :

Regions of DNA that encode proteins are first transcribed into messenger
RNA and then translated into protein. By examining the DNA sequence
alone we can determine the sequence of amino acids that will appear in the
final protein. In translation codons of three nucleotides determine which
amino acid will be added next in the growing protein chain. It is important
then to decide which nucleotide to start translation, and when to stop, this is
called an open reading frame.

Or open reading frame (ORF) is a DNA sequence that contains a start

codon and a stop codon in the same reading frame. An ORF is supposed to
encode a protein, but in some cases the protein encoded by an ORF is not
known

6. Primase :
An enzyme involved in the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
replication that catalyzes the polymerization of short ribonucleic acid
(RNA) primers on the template DNA.
Promoter region :
A specific region just upstream from a gene that acts as a binding site for
transcription factors and RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription

Or … 1. a segment of DNA usually occurring upstream from a gene coding

region and acting as a controlling element in the expression of that gene.
2. a substance in a catalyst that increases its rate of activity.
3. a type of epigenetic carcinogen that promotes neoplastic growth only after
initiation by another substance.