NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

(Prof. Dr. Shalihuddin Djalal Tandjung, M.Sc.)

Introduction

The study of natural environment (or ecosystems, ecological

systems) has become a topical and important subject relevant to

everyone. In recent times human activity has disturbed the natural

environment to an unprecedented extent. We have reached a point in the

earth’s history where a knowledge of ecology or natural environment is

essential for a viable human future. It is therefore important for managers

of society whether in government, business, agriculture, transportation,

industry or education, etc. to appreciate this phenomena.

Ecology is the study of totality or pattern of relationship between

organisms and their environment (Odum, 1971). The ecology is studied

under many different titles such as natural environment, ecosystems,

ecological changes, environmental biology, life science, conservation; and

in many different sorts of department, schools, faculties, and institutions

e.g. anthropology, biology, chemistry, demography, economy, engineering,

forestry and geography under subject title of environmental anthropology,

environmental biology, environmental chemistry, environmental

demography, environmental economy, environmental engineering,

environmental forestry and environmental geography.

In the context of Natural Environment for General Business

Environment, the issues of our discussion are based on the reciprocal

relationship between business and ecology and the effort to reach out for

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 sustainable development (Figure 1). This figure is the resume of natural

environment lecture.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
(Ecosystems, Ecological Systems)
Business Ecology
Reciprocal relationship

Entropy, Residue

ƒ Environmental Pollution:
- Air, Water, Land, Cross
Media
ƒ Non point polluton:
Chemical substances

Increasing Regulatory Public Customer Competitive International New and

cost of demands, demands for demand requirement trade alternatives
pollution Corporate environmental for clean Ecolabel agreement technologies
control Social protection processes for pollution
Respon-
products prevention
sibility

Control Regulation Maintenance Restoration Supervision Utilization Development

Environmental Business opportunities Natural Resource

Management System and threats Conservation

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Figure 1. Natural Environment (Ecosystems)

The reciprocal relationship between business and ecology, and
sustainable development

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 The background study on the Natural Environment based on two (2)

reasons: the ecological crisis of the world (figure 2) and the UNCED,

United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (figure

3). From those 2 monumental events, the natural environment or ecology

become the object of study at all level of education, from primary school to

university.

Ecological crisis occur all over the world of natural environment; it

took place e g in:

1. Danora Valley USA 1984, toxic air killed 20 people, and 6000 people

suffer of respiratory deseases.

2. London, UK 1952. The smog, toxic substances in the air formed of

chemical reaction between smoke and fog, killed 4000 people.

3. USA, 1962, Silent Spring, the environment without animals, reported

by Rachel Carson. The animals, non target organism killed as an

impact of application of 32 kinds of insecticides.

4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006. Mud Volnanoes Blow Out. The hot mud

spout out at the ground of Lapindo Brantas inc. geothermal project.

Inundated 10,426 houses, 77 mosques, 30 factories, 18 schools and

many other building, and about 1900 people lost their job. No less than

25,000 people evacuated, and about 2000 livestocks of chicken,

sheep, cow, and deer killed (Anonymous, 2008). Farmers suffer from a

loss of 25.61 ha for sugarcane plantation and 172.39 ha for ricefield.

Six hundreds (600) hectars of agricultural and are inundated.

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 ECOLOGICAL CRISIS

1. Danora, USA, 1948:

Toxic chemical from factories caused air
pollution which killed 20 people, 6000 suffering
2. London, 1952
Smog pollution killed 4000 people
3. USA, 1962
Insecticides pollute the air, land, and water
exterminated all animals and other living form
4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006
Mud Volcano Blow out. Present: 11.000
buildings/constructions inundated underwater;
25000 person evacuated. Future: river and
ocean pollution forever.

Figure 2: Ecological Crisis of the World

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 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT
AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED)
STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972

WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCED 1972 - 1987

BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987. OUR COMMON FUTURE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
RIEMA 1982 DAN 1997

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

CONTROL, REGULATION, MAINTENANCE, RESTORATION,

SUPERVISION, UTILIZATION, AND DEVELOPMENT

Figure 3: Stockholm Conference. UNCED and RIEMA for Sustainable Development

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Natural Environment and Sustainable Development

Based on the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No 23 of 1997

concerning the Management of the Living Environment or Environmental

Management Act (RIEMA) 1997 (Undang - undang Pengelolaan

Lingkungan Hidup, UUPLH) the environment is defined: "The living

environment is the spatial entity with all objects, potentials, conditions and

living organisms, including man and his behavior, which influence the

continuance of the life and welfare of man and other living organisms. The

elements of the living environment are resources consisting of human

resource, organic natural resource, inorganic natural resources, and-made

resources. (figure 4).

Human resources

SDH
SDF

Organic Inorganic
natural resources natural resources

Man-made resources

Figure 4. The environment consists of organic, natural resources, human resources,

inorganic natural resources, and man-made resources

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ABC Environment, The Components of Natural Environment.

The inorganic natural resources (Physical environment, sumber

daya alam non hayati, sumberdaya fisisk, SDF) is Abiotic Environment.

The organic natural resources (Sumber daya alam hayati, SDH) is the

Biotic Environment. The human resources (Sumber daya manusia, SDM)

and man-made made resources (sumber daya buatan, SDB) is combined

as the Cultural Environment (sumberdaya SOSEKBUD). In short, the ABC

environment consists of Abiotic, Biotic and Cultural Environment. Abiotic or

physicochemical environment consists of 3 elements: water, land, and air

Including mineral/in its. Biotic or ecological environment consists of plant

(flora), animals (fauna, satwa) and microbe (bacteria, yeasts, fungi).

Cultural environment (lingkungan SOSEKBUD) consists of individual

environmental interests, individual well-being, social interactions, and

community well-being. Each component of the natural environment, e.g.

the biotic environment consists of living organisms, which interact with

each other and are inseparably interrelated with their abiotic and cultural

environment (figure 5).

Effort to reach out for sustainable development goes together with

conservation of natural resources and management of natural environment

(Anonymous, 2001). Environment management is an integrated effort to

preserve environmental function, which covers regulation (planning policy),

utilization (exploitation), development, maintenance, restoration

(reparation), supervision, and control (RIEMA 1982, 1997).

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 Proposed Action

Abiotic Biotic
Environment a-b Environment
(A) (B)
a-b-c
a-c b-c

Cultural
Environment
(C)

Figure 5. The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on a-b and c on b-c
Interaction of environmental components occur on a-b-c

Abiotic Natural Environment of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipellago of 17,508 islands stretching between

two continents, Asia and Australia. Total coastline of Indonesia is 80,791

km (FAO 1991 cit. Anon., 1995), this is the longest in the world.

The abiotic or physical natural environment of Indonesia is

composed of:

A. Land …………………………………………………… 1.91 million sq km

B. Ocean

Territorial Waters ………………………………………. 5.1 million sq km

Continental Waters ……………………………………. 3.0 million sq km

EEZ …………………………………………………….. 2.7 million sq km

Total = 12.71 million sq km

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C. Coastal Area

Coastal length ………………………………………………… 81,000 km

Marshes …………………… ……………………………… 10,000,000 ha

Mangrove …………………………………………………... 3,600,000 ha

Brackish Fish Pond (tambak) ………………………………. 183,000 ha

D. Inland Waters

Open Waters

(lake, river, reservoir, swamp. etc) ……………………….. 13,700,000 ha

Fish pond ……………………………….……………………….. 40,000 ha

Rice Field Waters (for minapadi) ………………… ..…………. 61,000 ha

E. Mountain and Hill

Volcanoes more than one hundred ……………………………….. 100

Biotic Natural Environment

On the 191 million ha land of Indonesia we used to have 143,970

million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38 % of land is covered by forest, the

highest percentage among the tropical rain forest in the world, (table 3),

Among the 143,970 million ha forest is designet for the:

1. Production forest : 64,392,000 ha

2. Conversion forest : 30,537,000 ha

3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha

4. Protected forest : 30,316,000 ha

Now, the size of tropical rain forest decreasing, due to deforestation.

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 Indonesia tropical rain forest plays an important role in maintaining

the atmospheric balance, prevents the global warming or green house

effect, by absorbing the CO2 in photosynthesis process. Industrialized

countries are responsible for the majority of the current and historic

emissions, but many developing countries are significantly increasing

share in contributing GHG (green house gas). Combussion of fossil fuels

in industrial countries are the major contributor to climate change

(Anonymous, 2006). Earlier statement of UNEP (Anonymous, 2006), is an

agreement with United nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change, that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of

GHG, has originated in developed countries ((Anonymous, 1999)

Ecosystems Type

Based on the vegetation type ranging from alpine meadows of Irian

Jaya to a wide variety of humid low land forest, the biotic natural

environment forms at least 42 different major natural terrestrial

ecosystems. Based on the physicography of the ocean there are 5 marine

ecosystems in Indonesia.

In terms of species diversity, Indonesia is a very rich country.

Although it occupies only 1.3 % of the world's land area, it possesses up to

about 17 % of the total number species in the world, which include 10% of

the world's flowering plant species, 12% of the world's mammal species

(Table 1).

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 Table 1. World's biodiversity of major groups

Groups Total number of species

World Indonesia
Mammals 4,000 515
Birds 8,900 1519
Reptile 8,000 600
Amphibia 6,000 1,000
Fish 38,000 9,500
Gastropods 150,000 20,000
Insects 1,250,000 250,000
Plants 300,000 25,000
Moss 13,000 1,250
Algae 16,000 1,500
Fungi 210,000 1,800
Bacteria, and 100,000 12,000
Blue algae 2,700 300

Indonesia's species-rich forests harbor the world's greates diversity

of palms, more than 400 species of dipterocarps (the most valuable

commercial timber trees in Southeast Asia) and an estimated 25,000

flowering plants as well as rich and diverse fauna. Indonesia ranks first in

the world for species richness for mammal (515 species, 38% endemic),

first for Shallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44% endemic), third for reptiles

(600 species), fourth for birds (1519 species, 28 % endemic), fifth for

amphibians (270 species) and seventh for flowering plants (BAPPENAS,

1993, cit. Anon., 1995). For that reason, Indonesia is called as a

megabiodiversity country.

The biotic natural environment of Indonesia offers a wide range of

genetic resources among both plant and animals which are valuable for

immediate and long-term use. At least 6.000 of Indonesia's native species

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of plants and animals are used on daily by Indonesians for food,

medicines, dyes, and for a great number of other purposes.

The ocean of Indonesia, the biggest part of natural environment,

supports a highest degree of marine biological diversity, as shown in

table.2.

Table 2. Megabiodiversity of marine life in Indonesia

(Soegiarto and Polunin in Haeruman 1985)

Major groups Groups Number of species

Plants Green algae 196

Brown algae 134
Red algae 452
Sea grass 13
Mangrove 38
Corals Scleractinians >70
Mollusca Gastropoda 1,500
Bivalvia 1,000
Crustaceae Stomatopods 90
Portunids 124
Echinodermata Sea lily 91
Sea stars 87
Brittle stars 142
Sea urchins 84
Sea cucumbers 141
Fish Pelagic fish >200
Reptile Turtle 5
Birds Sea birds 158
Mammalia Whales and dolphins 24

Overfishing is one of the culprit of the environmental degradation in

Indonesia. Coral reef ecosystems is a home for many species of biota. We

used to have 85,000 km square of coral reef, now we have only les than

50 precent of it, about 40 km2. In 1966 Department of Public Work (PU)

stop the illegal using of the coral reef for construction (Zimah, 2004).

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 It is assumed that there are a huge number of Indonesia's marine

biodiversity that are still unknown and underutilized (Anon., 1995).

Indonesia is often called the megabiodiversity country in the world.

Cultural Environment

Indonesia has 300 ethnic groups, and very rich in cultures and

traditions which play an important role of life or her people. The traditions

has various patterns of motifs in which ethnical norms are formulated and

ethical decisions are implemented. (Tandjung, 1982). According to latest

research (Abdullah, 2005) there are 512 ethnic languages in Indonesia. In

conclusion, Indonesia is not only a megabiodiversity but also a

megaecodiversity (figure 6) as well (Tandjung, 2004).

BIOTIC ENV.
ABIOTIC ENV.
25.000 sp
17. 508 Islands Flowering plants
100 Volcanoes 400 sp Meranti timber
47 Ecosystems 12.000 spVertebrate
515 sp Mammals

300 Ethnic groups

512 Ethnic languages
Multicultures

CULTURAL ENV.

Figure 6: The Megaecodiversity of Indonesia Natural Environment

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Religion and Ecology

Religions play an important role in natural environment

conservation and management. Tandjung (1990) figures out that the role

of Indonesian traditions, values, and beliefs in natural resources

conservation and environmental management are very significant in

Indonesia. In the most cases the traditions symbolized concepts of

ecological wisdoms. The statement is based on the fact of practicable of

the consepts, for instance in Bali. In the survey on the Bali traditional life

style and ecological conservation, an important note is recorded. Some of

the Bali Hindu basic philosophies are Tri Hita Karana, Yadnya Rwa

Bhineda (Semara Ratih) and Awig-awing. In this essay Tri Hita Karana will

be discussed.

Tri Hita Karana

Tri Hita Karana means three causes of goodness. There are

several concepts derived from Tri Hita Karana, e.g. Tri Angga concept

divides everything into 3 components of zones. The implication and

practice of this concept is for instance a home yard consists of 3 parts

Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan. A spatial arrangement is

beginning here. Those 3 spaces have been provided for growing a certain

plants and raring animals.

a. Parahyangan

Parahyangan is a place for growing all kinds of flowers and shrubs and

for the site of pura (offering quarter) usually placed in front of the house

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 or at north. Flower is an important material in Hindu Balimese Religion

for offering (sesaji, yadnya) to Sang Hyang Widhi (God Almighty). The

religion is to Balinese both race and nationality. The existence of

Parahyangan is to maintain the relationship between man and his

creator. Their loses automatically the right to be called Balinese if they

changes their faith (Budihardjo, 1986).

b. Pawongan

Pawongan is a place for growing medium size trees of fruits, situated in

the midlle, between Parahyangan and Palemahan. The fruits are given

to neighbours, friends, guests and visitors. The practice of this conduct

is to maintains relationship to other people.

c. Palemahan

Palemahan is a habitat for tall trees animal house and fish pond

lacated at the back of the house, those plants and animals represented

the environment.

There are two important values of the zonation. Firstly that

Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan are three habitats (spaces) for

certain purposes for growing different groups of green plants and raring

animals: Parahyangan for shrubs and flowers, Pawongan for medium

trees of fruits, and Palemahan for tall trees, and raring animals. The three

types of habitat provide variety of species. The resultante of it is the

Spatial Arrangement and Ecological Diversity. It should be remember that

Parahyangan symbolized the relationship between man and Gods,

Pawongan for the harmony of man and man, and Palemahan is the

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relationship between man and the environment. Surveys showed that

there was surprisingly good agreement on the similarity meaning of the

concepts; to me the Parahyangan for Bali Hindu is equal to the

hablumminallah of muslim, and the Pawongan is the hablumminannas in

Islamic teaching (Tandjung, 1988). More study on the Hinduism in Ecology

reported by Chapple and Tucker (2000). The role of religions in Ecology

have been studied by many scientists and sociologist, for example

Barbour (2002), Abdel – Halim (1998) and Canan (1995). Recent

publications on Islam and Ecology (Foltz et al., 2003), and on Judaism and

Ecology (Tirosh – Samuelson, 2002) are from Harvard.

Problems and Issues

The condition of Indonesia environment affected by global changes

and activities. There are also many local or regional activities which

produce a great impact to Indonesia environment. Global climate change

such as green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, green

revolution and sustainable agriculture, and industrial waste dumping are

the examples (See Appendices).

Green House Effect

Green house effect or the increase of temperature in the world

(global warming) is believed to be the result of the trap of heat energy in

our environment. This situation exactly similar to the year around hot and

warm in the experimental glass house or green house. The culprite of

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green house effect is CO2 gas. It is believed that more than 50% of green

house effect phenomena is caused by CO2. Other gases that also promote

the green house effect are CH4, CFC, N2O, and other industrial wastes. It

is important to remember that there are two kind of CO2:

A. Fossil CO2 resulted from burning of fossil fuel such as gasolin,

kerosine, avtur, natural gas, and coal.

B. Present CO2 which are released by life activity as physiological

phenomena. This CO2 is released from man and animal during their

respiration activity and released by plant in the night or in the dark

when this green plant do not conduct physiological activity so-called

photosynthesis. The burning of today material or natural material such

as wood and paper is also releasing present CO2. All the present CO2

or may be we called as natural CO2 is absorbed or used by green

plants for their photosynthesis, phisiological activity, and in return those

plants give us oxygen (O2) for our respiration. If in the night there is no

photosynthesis activity some of CO2 fill the surrounding as a normal

condition in the nature, the absorb the heat of infrared radiation from

suroundig resulted the temperature of the environment in about 15-35

o
C in tropical country. Some of CO2 become a part of cloud for that

reason it produces rain water which a normal acidity of pH 5.6. Actually

if some forest is burning the CO2 resulted from this accident will be

absorbed by the forest neigbourhood which are needed for

photosynthesis activity during the day. If The forestfire occur in the

night all of this natural CO2 most probably "waiting" for 12 hours before

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it is used for photosynthesis locally or will be transported to the other

side of the world. This CO2 will not increase the earth temperature

because they only absorb the heat from infra red radiation, and this

infra red radiation only exist during the day when there is a sun in the

sky. And during this time of course all the CO2 will be used for

photosynthesis so there is no way to blame forest fire as a culprit for

the green house effect. In conclusion the green house effect is caused

by excessive production of fossil CO2 from fossil fuel combustion in

industrial activity by developed nations. We believe, it is not fair to say

that the green house effects caused by present CO2 emision. The

issues is that the green house effect may cause the melting of ice in

the polar region. Many scientist believe if the increasing of world

temperature up to 2oC in all parts of the world occur, the flooding will

enundate most of coastal area of American continent and West

Europe, Japan and Korea probably also a part of China land. This

happen because of increasing the ocean surface up to 90 m. This

"doomsday" scares most people who live in those areas mentioned

earlier. The problem rises when the question how to protect the earth

from the green house effect is not agreement with our scientific or our

knowledge to day. May be it is not fair to feel that the question arise by

industrial countries such as how minimize or to reduce the amount of

CO2 the produce. Industrial countries do understand, naturally or

according to natural law, the CO2 will be used by green plant for

photosynthesis. And they understood that the exixtence of green plant

18
 the year around only on the areas which are not experience fall or

autumn season. The area is the tropical countries. Today Brazillia,

Congo (Zaire), and Indonesia are the biggest country with tropical rain

forest. It is not make a sense when industrial countries ask (hope) that

those three countries not to use their forest or minimize the use of

forest for their economic development. Industrial countries such as the

United States of America considers the tropical rain forest as a carbon

sink. Carbon trading maybe the answer to solve this global warming

problems.

I think every party in world should understand that for the

atmospheric balance it is a must for every country to have about 30-40%

of forest for land cover that green around the year. In tropical country the

efficiency of forest as a green cover is 100% because the forest is green

around the year. In subtropic countries such as in the United States,

Canada, West European Countries and Japan the efficiency is about 41-

50% because during the fall and winter most of the plant have no leaves.

By calculation Indonesia has about 75% of forest land cover the meaning

of this, we may use our forest as half of it or we still have forest two and

half time as much as the amount we need (table.3). And by calculation the

Nederland has 7% and USA has around 15% only (Anon.,1994). Logically

industrial countries have no right to ask tropical countries not to use their

own forest since the still have more than they need, in other way the

industrial countries pollute the air with CO2 that causes green house effect

and hope another country such as tropical country to clean the mess.

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Ozone Layer Depletion

The uses of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or Freon for sprayer, air

condition, refrigerator, and other conviniencies has resulted in depletion of

ozone layer of stratosphere. The stratosphere ozone is the shield of earth,

to protect the life from the danger of the UV light. It is believed that this UV

light may kill microorganisms (for that reason it is used also for

sterilization), affects the physiological activity of plant (causing the

decrease of yield crop, even kills the plants). In human the UV light cause

skin cancer. The only way to avoid those misseries mentioned is to

replace CFC with another chemical compound that not affect the ozone

layer and safely to use. The Dupont Company of the US has been trying to

find the substitute for CFC. The introduce the new formula so called H-

CFC which they believe will not react with O3, the ozone layer.

Table. 3. The distribution of the world's major forest

Temperate & Boreal Forests

Country Percent of Forest
The Nedherland 7
USA 15
Canada 19
Germany 19
Tropical Rain Forest
Country Percent of Forest
Indonesia 75
Zaire 71
Brazilia 69
(Anonimus, 1994)

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Acid Rain

Acid rain has a the acidity lower than pH 5.6. It is caused by the

emission of Sulphurdioxide from power plants especially coal power plants

which contribute 70% of acidity to acid rain. The other 30% caused by NOx

from automotive and other electric power equipment (Tandjung, 1982).

The problem of acid rain is that the target area is out side the country that

produce SO2 and NOx. Pollution knows no national boundaries, so the acid

rain that fall in the USA for instance in Adirondack of up State New York

comes from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Acid rain in Scandinavian

Countries come from West Central Europe. Because of industrial activity

now become world wide it is posible that acid rain will be a global problem

later. In Indonesia occasionally acid rain occur in Jakarta, Palembang and

Surabaya. The source of the acid perhaps from the Pulau Gadung

Industrial Estase, Oil refinery and Fertilizer Company along the Musi River

dan Surabaya Industrial Estase Rungkut (SIER)

Green Revolution & Sustainable Agriculture

In green revolution movement the usage of pesticide and fertilizer

are encouraged. For that reason the technology to produce pesticide and

fertilizer by the industrial countries are exported to the developing

countries. The target to produce enough food in most countries are met.

However the side effect of using pesticide and fertilizer is very costly.

Ufortunately the so called developed (or industrial countries which involved

in the green revolution export the insecticides that caused silent spring to

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all over the world (see table 4). Environmental pollution and degradation

occur in many places of the worlds. The persistance of pesticide residue in

our water and land may cause environmental pollution. The excesive use

of fertilizer cause eutrophication of reservoir and other water bodies and

this may resulted in lack of water, fish killing because of suffocation

(hypoxia, anoxia : less or lack of oxygen), disturbance of irrigation and

hydropower generation).

Sustainable agriculture is agriculture without destruction of

environment. In this case farmers have to use the pesticide and fertilizer

very carefully or back to the natural farming system or traditional

agricultural system. Natural fertilizer such as green or manure fertilizer

from leguminosae plant and animals are used for fertilizing the soil.

Table 4. The cancellation of all uses of several insecticides in the USA

(Ludvik, 1980; Risebrough, 1980)

No. Names/Year No. Names/Year

1. DDT 1968 8. Heptachlor 1978
2. Aldrin 1975 9. Chlordane 1978
3. Dieldrin 1975 10. Endrin 1979
4. Toxaphene 1976 11. Diazinon 1979
5. Endosulfan 1976 12. Malathion 1979
6. Kepon 1976 13. Parathion 1979
7. Mirex 1976 14. and 19 other organophosphorus
insectisides
Note: 1 – 10 are orghanochlorine insecticides
11 – 14 are organophosphorus insecticides

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Industrial Waste Dumping

The hazardous chemical of industrial waste are shipped by

industrial countries to developing countries. Most of Indonesian scientists

consider this pratice agains the human right. Developed country so called,

understod already that the hazardous chemical, the toxic industrial waste

will kill human being. So, it raises a question about the reason why they

sent those materials to other countries. Many pratice of developed

countries agains human right. For instance in the USA the production of

DDT has been stopped in 1960 and the use of DDT and 31 other

insecticides in this country has been banned since 1968 because they

know the danger of this chemical (table.4). It raised the questions why

they export the pollutants to developing countries.

Air Pollution

The other problem in our natural environment is air pollution,

especially from translportation. The government has to pass laws requiring

that the money from vehicle tax is established for the compensation. The

time of usage of car should regulated, for example in the USA and

Singapore for 10 years.

The action of taking the environment into proper account in this

matter is not to reduce the number of vehicle registration or the ownership,

but the control of emission is a must, a necessity. Environmental

management and natural resource conservation, the tool to conserve our

23
natural environment, have to be brought to bear and to solve the

problems.

In effect, as suggested in the inauguration speech, we should

have a regulation, decree or even an act concerning the responsibility for

all people to grow green plant as a universal absorber for absorbing all the

energy and substance that causes the air pollution (Tandjung, 2001).

Perhaps it is needed a law that regulate the sellers of automobile have to

plant a tree for each car they sold.

Indicator of Sustainable Development

The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development

(UNCSD) and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social

Affairs (UNDESA) four major dimensions of sustainable development:

social, economics, environmental and institutional. (Anonymous, 2005). In

term of environment, energy is one of the indicator. Environmental impact

of energy production and use significantly affect the sustainable

development process. Among the environmental dimensions related to

energy production and use are green house gas (GHG), ambient

concentration of air pollutant, air pollutant emission from energy system,

contaminant discharges in liquid effluents, oil discharges into coastal

water, rate of deforestation etc (IAEA, 2005; EEA, 2003; EEA, 2004; EEA,

2005)

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Alternative energy for sustainable development is renewable energy

instead of fossil fuels. Among the renewable energy that are currently in

wide use in many areas of the developing world are:

¾ Biogas for decentralized cooking and electricity

¾ Small Hydro Power for local electricity

¾ Small Wind Power for water pumping and local electricity

¾ Solar Photovoltaics (Solar PV) for local electricity

¾ Solar Collectors for water and space heating

¾ Ethanol and Biodiesel for agriculture and transportation

¾ Large Hydro Power for grid electricity

¾ Geothermal Energy for heat and grid electricity

(Anonymous, 2005)

Finally, we may say that sustainable development in United Nations

Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) must goes together with alternative

energy service (EREC, 2005)

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 Reference

Abdel-Halim, H. (ed.) 1998. Islam and the Environment. Ta-Ha Publishers.

London.

Abdullah, I. 2005. Personal Communication. Sarasehan Budaya Imlek dan

Integrasi Bangsa. Center for Religious & Cross Cultural Studies
(CRCS) Graduate Program, Gadjah Mada University – Pembina
Iman Tauhid Islam – Persatuan Islam Tionghoa Indonesia (PITI).
Jogyakarta.

Anonymous, 1997. Environmental Management Act.Office of the State

Minister for Environment. Jakarta

Anonymous, 2008. Lapindo Brantas Mud Volcanoes Blow Out.

Compilation of Mass Media Reports. Jakarta

Anonymous, 1994. World Resources 1993/1994. World Resources

Institute New York

Anonymous, 2001. Environmental Management 1997. BAPEDAL. Jakarta

Anonymous, 1995. Country Paper on the Implementation of Biodiversity

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