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School assignment5
- Please copy these teaching material, find some new vocabularies and find their
English similar
Meaning (you can join with other 2 classmates)

SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
For 11th Grade
International Relations

Text 1 The United Nations Organization at a Glance

It is an international organizations covering= lie, extend over the whole world. The
United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945 when the UN charter had been
ratified= confirmed ( by signature) by a majority of the original 51 member states. The day is
now celebrated every year around the world as the United Nations Day.
The purpose of this organization is to bring all nations of the world together to work for peace
and development based on the principle of justice, human dignity= true worth/the quality that
earns or deserves respects and well-being= welfare/health/happiness and prosperity of all
people.
The United Nations Organization have aims to keep peace throughout the world, developing
friendly relations between nations, working together to help people live better lives, to eliminate=
remove/take or put away/get rid of poverty disease and illiteracy in the world, to stop
environment destruction and to encourage= give hope/courage or confidence to/support
respect for each other’s rights and freedoms. In addition, the United Nations is to be a centre for
helping nations achieve these aims.
The United Nations presently has 185 Nation members. They meet annually in The General
Assembly, a legislative body to a world parliament. Each country, large or small, rich or poor, has a
single veto=the right to reject or forbid a decision or proposal of a law. . However, none of
the decisions taken by the assembly are binding= tie/oblige sb. to do sth.
The UN headquarters is in new York city but the land and buildings are an international
territory. The UN have also offices in Geneva (Swiss), Vienna (Austria). Economic Commissions in
Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), Amman (Jordan), Bangkok (Thailand), and Santiago (Chile). Six official
languages used at the United Nations are English, Chinese, French, Arabic, Russian and Spanish.
The specialized Agencies, while part of the UN system, are separate, autonomous
intergovernmental organization which work relating to specific fields such as trade, communications,
air and maritime transport, agriculture and development. Although they have more autonomy, their
work within country or between countries is always carried out in partnership with those countries.
They also depend on funds from Member states to achieve their goals.
International conferences recently organized by the UN have gained significance=
meaning/importance. United Nations conferences have been held since the 60’s but the
conferences turned into a live forum in 1992 to decide national and international policy regarding
issues that affect everyone.
The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992 is one example when the non-government
organization (NGOs) can voice their concern= have relation to/affect/be of importance to
alongside those of government. Such conferences focus world attention on these issues and place
them squarely= fair/equality of opportunity on the global agenda, but once the international
agreements produced by these conferences are signed. It is still up to each individual country to
carry them out.
Yet, with the moral weight of international conferences and pressures of media and NGOs,
Member States are more likely to endorse= approve/ support a claim or statement to
agreements and to put them into effect.
The United Nations provides the focus for a common global effort. Here is the world
organization created to serve all people at the whole nations and the machinery=
methods/organization (e.g. of government) that able to transform= change the
shape,appearance,quality or nature of into a responsible instrument= implement used in
performing action essential to the realization of humanity’s finest hopes.

Adapted from : United Nations

Report.

Text 2 UNICEF
Impressive= making a deep impression economic growth has lifted many of the half of
children living in East Asia and the Pacific out of poverty. They are better protected with health care
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and vaccination compared to children in other parts of developing worlds, stand=remain
without change a greater chance of completing primary school and grow up in smaller families.
However, a significant number still live amid= among/in or into the middle of both familiar with
poverty and new forms of deprivation=take away from prevent from using or enjoying
(involve with right).
Using the under-five mortality rate as a yardstick to measure progress in child health, the
disparity-ranging from the lower of 6 deaths per 1,000 births to the highest of 181 per 1,000 births
between countries, and between rural and urban populations within them, is an indication= a sign
of/suggestion of the challenge=order given by a sentry to stop o and explain who one is
and potential of the region as a whole.
UNICEF works to improve the general health and education of all children for which a series of
year 2000 and 1995 goals have been set to augment the implementation efforts of governments,
NGOs and communities. These goals are endorsed by the majority of the World’s political leaders in
the Declaration and Plan of action , mapped= planned/arranged by the World Summit for Children
in 1990, setting= cause sb/sth to begin to do sth the stage= point/period or step in
development for bringing children into the mainstream=dominant trend or tendency political
agenda at national and international levels by the 21st century.
UNICEF collaborates=work in partnership with governments and NGOs to meet=
satisfy ( a demand) the needs of children in their own communities in ways that are simple, cost-
effective locally sustainable= enable to keep up/maintain. An important part of these efforts is
to help people make the changes necessary to improve their lives, including acquiring= gain by
skill/ability, by one’s effort or behaviour new skills and ideas. UNICEF uses social mobilization
approaches that include advocacy, partnership building, cooperatives programmes and
communications to galvanize= shock or rouse political leaders and communities into action. The
most notable= deserving to be noticed/remarkable success in the past decade has been the
achievement of Universal Childhood Immunization that now protects 90 per cent of new born infants
in East Asia and the Pacific against six common childhood diseases.
The Convention on the Right of Child, which came into force in 1990 as international law and
has now been ratified by 179 countries, including 24 in the region, underpins= place a support or
masonry (under a wall) or support/form the basis for ( a case/argument) UNICEF’s recent
advocacy effort. The convention provides a framework and an agenda for children’s rights and
seeks the commitment of States parties to give priority consideration to children in their policy-
making process. This legally binding instrument also requires governments to report to an
international body of experts on steps they have taken to implement the Convention in all aspects of
child survival, development, protection and participation.
UNICEF also builds partnerships with regional institutions such as the Association of South
East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to strengthen= make/become stronger cooperative programmes
and services for children. An important outcome= effect/result of an event/circumstances has
been the endorsement by Ministers in charge of social welfare of an ASEAN Plan of action for children
in each of its member states to oversee= look after/control (work, workmen) in the
implementation.
In recent years, the most urgent challenge has been the protection of children in especially
difficult circumstances=condition, fact, etc. connected with an event or person (Don’t
judge the crime until you know the …..). The phenomenon is in part a by-product of the region’s
economic boom=sudden increase and the consequences of rapid urbanization and social change,
which have hastened= move or act with speed the rise of abuse= wrong use/unjust custom
or practice that has been become established, neglect and exploitation of children, family
violence and the threat of HIV/ AIDS. UNICEF initiates= set working programmes with
governments and NGOs to prevent the cross-border trafficking of children, to help street-children
and those objected to exploitative labour, and assists in educating school children about HIV/AIDS.
Throughout the region, it also uses radio and video productions, soap operas and street theatre,
leaflets, posters and public forums to help spread information about children’s welfare and rights.

Adapted from : United Nations

Report.

Text 3 UNDP
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the world’s largest multilateral source
of grant= consent to give or allow/agree technical assistance and the central coordinating
organization for the United Nations development activities world-wide. It assists countries in building
institutions and organizations to further social and economic development and encourages the
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empowerment of men and women to become more active partners in the development process.
During the last thirty years, UNDP has invested over US $ 5 billion in the Asian and Pacific region.
These investments have enabled governments in the region to improve their national regional
policies and make their agencies and departments more efficient. Funds have also been used to
create networks to promote research and production and to establish= set up/put on a firm
foundation national development programmes.
Thousands of people have been trained in almost all economic and social sectors in the
region. Since 1990, UNDP has given more than 500,000 fellowships= friendly
association/companionship worldwide to develop human resources and thus= in this way/so…
far/ to this point build up national capacity. In the Asian and Pacific region, recipients= person
who receives sth.
of UNDP fellowship have been promoted to high- level policy-making positions in areas such as
maritime affairs, chemical technology research, internal revenue= total annual income of the
state, statistics, agriculture etc. During the period 1971 to 1994, China, Fiji, Sri Lanka and Indonesia
each received more than 1,000 fellowships. From 1960 to 1993, the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea, Malaysia and Pakistan each received more than 5,000 fellowships. Nepal received 9,019
fellowships during 1961- 1993. The recipients were given training both in their own country and
abroad, and advisors were brought in to provide assistance in many areas. Studies were
undertaken= make oneself responsible for/agree to generate= cause to exist or
occur/produce investments in the respective=for/belonging to/each countries, especially with
the assistance of multilateral lending agencies.
UNDP’ s role has changed over the years. In the early years, when a large number of newly
independent countries were engaged= take part in/busy oneself with in institution building,
UNDP programmes were broad= wide/extending in all directions and covered many different
sectors. Later, as the national institutions have become more
sophisticated=refined/complex/subtle (latest refinement/improvements), projects are more
selective and focused. National execution= the carrying out or performance of a piece of
work of projects and cooperation among the developing countries themselves are the guiding
principles.
UNDP’ s priority themes today are alleviation= make (pain, suffering) less or easier to
bear of poverty, protection of the environment, advancement of the cause of women and creation of
jobs. These themes, within the largest framework=that part of a structure that gives shape
and support of sustainable human development, now guide UNDP’ s actions all over the world.
Sustainable human development is development that not only generates economic growth but
distributes=put in different places/give, send out/spread out its benefit equitably=
fair/just/reasonable, protecting the environment rather than destroying it. UNDP programmes are
aimed at helping countries achieve sustainable human development through dialogue with their
governments and organizations.
UNDP has been at the vanguard=advance party of an army, as a guard against
surprise attack/ persons who leads a procession or a movement of the United Nations’
service to the world’s poorest countries and has contributed= to unprecedented=never done
or known before progress in living standards in all regions, especially in Asia and the Pacific,.
Where more and more countries are reporting impressive gains=increase in amount and
power/possessions in human development and economic growth. Still, the battle on the economic
and social front is far from over. In Asia and the Pacific for example, millions of people have not yet
benefited from rapid economic advancement. In fact, the region is home to more that half of the
world’s poor.
UNDP is helping the Asian and Pacific countries meet the poverty challenge by supporting
local, national and regional initiatives that boost= gives (sb. Or sth.) a push up/increase the
value/reputation economic growth and equitable distribute the fruits of that growth to all people.
Only through efforts=attempts to promote= help the progress sustainable human
development can poverty be eradicated= put an end to/get rid of in Asia and other regions as
well.

Adapted from: United Nations

report.

Text 4 International Labour Organisation

The International Labour Organization (ILO) was established in 1919 and became the first
specialized agency of the United Nation in 1946. The main goal of ILO is to promote social justice,
the overriding=prevail over (sb’s opinion/decisions, claims, wishes) aspect of which is the
fair and honest treatment of working people everywhere.
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ILO is unique= having no like or equal/being the only one of its sort among
world organizations in that workers’ and employers’ representatives have an equal voice=right to
express an opinion on with those of Governments in formulating its policies. It has a highly
effective process of three-way negotiation among the main social partners of codes of conducts,
standards and laws that are equitable to all. These efforts were recognized=know/identify again
by the award of the Nobel Prize to ILO in 1969.
ILO’ s main undertaking is the promotion of the International Labour Standards (ILS) which
consist of contentions=argument used in contending (quarrelling or disputing) and
recommendations covering a wide range of social problems including basic human rights matters,
minimum wages, labour administration, industrial relations, employment policy, working conditions,
social security, occupational safety and health and employment at sea. ILO also implements a large
technical cooperation programme throughout the world, carries out studies and research on labour
problems and suggests ways of solving them, and means= methods/process by which these
solutions can be put into practice.
ILO’ s Regional Department for Asia and the Pacific comprises= be composed of/ have as
a part or members the Regional office in Bangkok and a network of nine offices in Beijing,
Colombo, Dhaka, Islamabad, Jakarta, Manila, New Delhi, Suva and Tokyo. ILO maintains close
relations with Governments to increase awareness of ILS, in order to promote their wider observance
and implementation in the region. National, Sub-regional, and regional seminars are organized on a
regular basis to enable= make possible member states to become acquainted= make familiar
with/ reveal to with the standards setting procedures, the substance of International Labour
Conference discussions, and the relationships between ILS and technical cooperation.
On employment issues= come, go, flow, out, the Asian Regional Team of employment
Promotion (ARTEP) has carried out problem-oriented research work, country specific projects,
advisory services and dissemination of information through training programmes, seminars and
publications.
Under a regional project entitled the Asian Network of Human resources Development
Planning Institutes, ILO organizes training courses on employment and manpower implications of
industrial restructuring, the introduction of computer software, documentation exchange, advanced
techniques of labour market analyses and studies on employment expansion and occupational
diversification= make diverse/give variety of women.
The ILO also operates a sub-regional project for South Pacific countries on employment
promotion, manpower planning and labour administration is being implemented in Thailand and
Philippines. From 1992 the project has been extended to cover Bangladesh and Pakistan.
The ILO has also established a regional information network on overseas employment to
provide technical and financial support to major labour-sending countries (Bangladesh, Pakistan, the
Philippines and Sri Lanka ). It was established in response to requests made these labour sending
countries affected by the Persian Gulf crises in 1990.
ILO provides assistance to improve productivity, competitiveness and the quality of work-life
by training managers and the development of professional consultants. A regional project covering
Bangladesh, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand provides technical assistance to upgrade skills
and improve the productivity of numerous small enterprises.
The ILO’ s vocational=qualified for certain kind of work/ aptitude rehabilitation
programme consists of regional projects for community based rehabilitation of disabled=
deformity/make unable to do sth. persons, including drug addicts. Activities in other technical
fields such as labour administration, workers and employers activities, improvement of working
conditions and environment are carried out through regional and national projects, training courses,
and advisory services. A regional programme on occupational safety and health is assisting countries
in the region to improve their national capabilities and facilitate the exchange= the giving and
receiving of expertise and information.
Besides the regional technical cooperation programme, ILO field offices implement a large
number national technical cooperation programme in various ILO fields mentioned above, undertake
research and studies and promote tripartite relation at the country level.

Adapted from : The United Nations

Report.
Text 5 WHO : Illnesses Will Threaten the World

Chronic= continual, lasting for a long time diseases such as cancer and heart disease,
leading killers in rich countries, will strike hundreds of millions of people in developing nations in an
unfolding= come to and end global epidemic.

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The outlook is a crisis of suffering on a global scale. Some 24 million people die each
year from chronic conditions, nearly half of the global total of deaths from all causes.
The WHO’s 1997 world health report warns that cancer cases will double in developing
countries, and jump by 40% in richer ones with about 15 million people expected to develop cancer
2020, compared with about 100 people a year presently.
One key-reason is that people in poorer countries are now acquiring many of the unhealthy
lifestyles and behaviours of the industrialized world: sedentary= done sitting down (at desk)
occupations, inadequate physical activity, unsatisfactory diets, consumption of tobacco, alcohol and
drugs.
The Jakarta Post
Text 6 UNICEF to Set Up Children’s Rights Body In Indonesia
The Ministry of Social Services and UNICEF officials plan to establish the Child Protection
Institute. The Institute will focus on providing and protecting neglected, exploited and
abused=wrong used/unjust custom children.
In Indonesia, children are classified as those under 21 years old. They are usually considered
merely= only, simply objects, but in fact, they are also subjects whose rights cannot be ignored=
take no notice/refuse to notice and must be developed properly. The institute approach is to
treat the causes and effects of children’s problems in Indonesia.
Although it is very difficult to eradicate the dilemmas= to choose between 2 things of
child labour, the organization tries to improve child’s workers conditions by humanizing work
environments, limiting working hours to a maximum of four hours a day and adjusting= set right,
put in order, regulate, make suitable or convenient to use jobs to the individuals abilities.
The Jakarta Post
Text 7
The United Nations Organizations
In June 1945, an international organization, which is known as the UN, was founded and the
international declaration which set up the UN was signed by 50 countries known as the first UN
members. The role of the UN was to protect the world from war and to support basic human rights.
Wars have made millions of people suffer from hunger, poverty and disease as happened in World
War II. Millions of people died in that war, countless persons were made homeless, hungry and cold.
It became the main reasons why an international organization like the UN was urgently needed so as
to prevent quarrels between nations and also to help the member nations in their fight against
hunger, poverty, injustice and oppression=to rule a or treat in a continually cruel or harsh
way.
The UN has six major organs to carry out the work of the organization. The organs are the
General assembly, the Security Council, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social council, the
International Court of Justice and the Trusteeship Council. Beside these six major organs, the United
nations also has a number of specialized agencies which deal with problems such as
communications, food and agriculture, health and labour. Some of these agencies are very popular
among developing countries, such as: the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the International Labour
Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
United Nations has four purposes as listed in its declaration. The first is to preserve= to
keep sth. In its original state or in good condition world peace and security. The second is to
encourage nations to be just in their actions towards one another. The third is to help nations to co-
operate in trying to solve their problems. The fourth is to serve= to work for sb./perform duties
for company, organization,etc as an agency through which nations can work toward these goals.
After so many years of efforts, the UN is still working hard for its main goal, that is peace and
better conditions of living for the whole world. And although many international disputes= to
argue about sth./argument and discussion, great and small have been settled= reach an
agreement about sth. successfully by the UN, this international organization will continue working.
One of these disputes was that between the Republic of Indonesia and the Netherlands, which
started in 1945. As it became more serious, the UN tried to help arrange a cease-fire which was
accepted by both sides. The organization must have been thinking of only one thing : The prevention
of another war. In 1949 the dispute was settled.
Today, after celebrating its 51st anniversary, the UN is still struggling to be an important and
reliable= consistently good in quality or performance body in helping its members to cope
with their problems although we realize that failures still occur in its work. For example,
disagreements among the UN members prevent the organization from doing a completely affective
job of peacekeeping.

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Adapted From : The Jakarta Post

Text 8 ASEAN has Enough Members for Now

In the past five years, ASEAN has nearly doubled in size. Vietnam joined the grouping in July
1998 and Cambodia in April 1999, bringing the number of ASEAN member countries to 10.
Geographically, the only country which could be considered inside the current ASEAN
boundaries= which is not a member is the embryonic nation of East Timor. A number of ASEAN
member countries, including Thailand, have said they would welcome East Timor under the ASEAN
umbrella. But East Timor under spokesmen have stated their wish not to be in ASEAN, mainly
because it would mean sitting at a table with their foes Indonesia.
Wound heal slowly but it could well that in time these countries will mend their relationship.
East Timor join the Philippines as a Christian member of ASEAN and would have similarities and
associated problems to that of Brunei due to its size. But, East Timor today does not have an
economy or a government, which are the two main beneficiaries of having a strategic alliance in
ASEAN.
Since its inception, ASEAN has granted “dialogue” status to selected nations and some of
those nations have then used this status to push for full membership. Currently South Korea, China,
and Japan could be considered in this category, while the other dialogue partners are Australia, India,
Canada, the European Union, New Zealand, Russia, and the United States. Papua New Guinea holds
‘special observer’ status. Pakistan, Mexico, and the Andean Group (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
and Venezuela) have applied to join dialogue in certain sections.
ASEAN’ s newest members- Laos, Burma, and Cambodia- are still coming to grips with ASEAN
processes and need time to fully adjust and appoint appropriate people to the various committees
and sub-committees which abound in the secretariat. Only when these countries are fully
established in ASEAN will the benefit of their contribution be fully appreciated.
And while it is appropriate to inform East Timor the ASEAN door will be open to them, it is
not necessary to set a time frame for that opening. In July, 2000, ASEAN would do well to place a
three year moratorium on the acceptance of new members so that it can consolidate and meld
into the constructive and esteemed representative body this region is seeking.

Text 9 Student Exchange Program

Student Exchange Program is a voyage that begins with happiness, nervous anticipation and
tears. Each year thousands of exchange students around the world leave their countries. They bed
emotional farewell to their parents. They are about to leave behind all that they have known their
family, their friends, the familiar comfort of home for a voyage into the unknown.
For the next few weeks or an entire year, the young people will live abroad to experience a
new way of life that may seem completely alien to them. The mission they have is to make friends
in order to promote world understanding. The motto ‘strangers are delayed companion to create the
world peace and love’ is expected as path finders of a new world of service.
The transition may be a struggle at first, accompanied by homesick and culture shock. But as
the comprehension becomes increasing, the stay develops into something more than a just a
tourists’ visit. The host parents lavish the same care and attention to the students as they give to
their own children. In fact, many students come to feel as one of the family members, and the
parents feel as if they have ‘son’ or ‘daughter.’
The parents play central role as host families and encouraging their own children to study
abroad. Their sacrifice and commitment make the programme possible and pave the way for
understanding the world at the family level.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Text 10.

II. Profession
Summer Jobs
Some high school and college students have part time jobs. They do them at different times:
before school, after school, and at weekends. Some people believe this is good. By doing part-time
jobs students earn money and learn to be independent. They help themselves and their families
financially. They appreciate the value of money more than students who jus ask their parents for it.
Some people, however, think that students should not work. They believe that students have
two full-time jobs already: growing- up and go to school. According to them, part time jobs make
students tired. Tired students cannot study well. They tend to lose their tempers easily. They also
tend to fall asleep. For these people, education is more important than money. Students should not
do part-time job.
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What about summer jobs? Summer jobs are part-time jobs, too. However summer jobs are
done during the summer months, when students have a long holiday. Everyone seems agree that
doing summer jobs doesn’t harm students. In fact, it is good for them, at least for those who cannot
afford to travel to places of interest. Doing nothing makes life dull. A long holiday without any
activity bores students some may even get into trouble. Doing summer jobs keeps students busy.
Moreover, they earn money and experience life. They can learn things from summer jobs that they
cannot learn at school. Summer jobs are a change from school life; and a change is as good as a
rest. There are numerous summer jobs. Some high school students wash cars, others especially girls,
baby-sit. Some students work in shops, others take care of lawns and clean houses. College students
love to do jobs related to their fields of study. However, they seldom to find them, and are usually
happy with what they can get. Some college students type theses, others drive taxis. Some works on
farms and others paint houses. Whatever they are ; summer job can be an excellent way for college
students to explore different fields and see what interest them.
Adapted from :
Grafindo
Text 11
Career
Nowadays, we always hear about someone’s growing career in the company where he or she is
working. He or she has a bright career in his or her office. He or she gets a steady position easily
and in a short time. Someone’s position is usually reached by working hard and a good relation to
others. But what does the career mean in our job or work?
It is difficult enough for us to define the career in acceptable words. Some experts define that
career is a better position which everyone wants to get, but the others say that career is a path of
earning a living or the better earnings. The career doesn’t mean a big salary, or a better position, but
a challenging position or job. There some definitions of career. The definitions depend on our
background of mind, psychology, sociology, or others.
The most important is how to get a better career or a challenging job in our office or work. To
get a better career needs some efforts, such as, working hard, studying hard, making friends with
the others, knowing one’s talent, and having a big tolerance.
By working hard we can do the jobs given by the company. By studying hard, we will understand
the standard operation procedure of the company, the real situation of the world competition, or the
next position which will be reached. Through making friends with the others and discussing with our
friends, it makes us more flexible to finish our jobs.
Besides we have done the ways given before, it would be better for us to be a proactive person.
What does it mean? The proactive person means person who always tries to be active if the
company faces the problems in its activities. He always gives ideas to overcome them; his ideas deal
with the problems faced by the company. So the managers realize that he is potential to improve not
only himself but also the company. The proactive person is one of the profitable assets of the
company.

Text 12
Problems At Work

Jean Anderson is 38. she is very talented computer software specialist who started her own
company at the age of 29. The company was successful, but in her early thirties. Jean met and
married a rich and successful solicitor and she gave up her career to have a child. Problems
developed in her marriage and she got divorced when the child was 4 years old.
She had to go back to work in order to support herself and her daughter. Because she wanted
security and felt she did not have the time to give to setting up her own business again, she took a
job as a computer programmer with a large manufacturing firm. She became an assistant to Bill
Blows. Bill is 55 and was in the account department before the introduction of computers. He was
made head of the computer section because of his long service with the firm but he had a little
experience of the type of work.
At first, Jean and Bill got on very well together. However, after about 6 months she realized that
there were a lot weaknesses in the organization that many of the projects she was working on
needed changing and that most people in the department came to her when they wanted
something, not to Bill. This meant a big increase in her workload. She talked to Bill and made some
suggestions for improving things. At first, he seemed interested and asked her to write them down,
but when after looking at them he said they were impractical and would not work. Jean’s workload
continued to increase and she became tense and upset, she wanted to leave the firm, but she had
just bought a house and her daughter was happy in her new school. She decided that the answer

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was to avoid Bill as far as possible in the future and only to do what she was especially asked to
do. After 11 months she took her annual holiday.
When she returned she found that her ideas for change had been implemented by Bill in her
absence. She was about to go and speak to Bill when she received a note to go and discuss the
possibility of transferring to another branch of the firm in a different part of the country with the
personnel manager. The reason given was her lack of co-operation with Bill Blows.

Adapted From :
Grafindo.
Text 13
Job Opportunities
Finding a job is not always easy. Some have to leave their family and homelands to try their luck,
abroad. Yenny Kwok, a contributor to the Jakarta Post, recently went to Hong Kong to observe the
condition of Indonesian migrant workers on the island. The following article is his report.
HONG KONG (JP) ; In Victoria Park, not far from the Causeway Bay shopping area, some brown
skinned young women swayed their bodies to the dangdut music that blasted from a cheap
portable stereo.
Some walked around with Sogo or Daimaru shopping bags. Hundred of others sat on the grass,
having a picnic and chatting in Javanese language.
“ I am here just to have fun, trying to forget my problems and stress,” said Endah on why she
spent her Sunday with hundreds of fellow Indonesians in the park.
Endah, a petite and felicity woman from East Java, is one of 19,800 Indonesian women work as
domestic helpers in this ex British colony. For the past three years, they have annually donated
Rp 50 billion of remittances to their home country.
Behind the happy faces during the days outing, however, many hide stories of abuse. Indonesian
domestic helpers are generally underpaid and overworked. They do not have any support group in
case of troubles, and the recruitment agencies usually keep their passports and other important
documents which are sometimes essential to file complaints.
Hong Kong labor ordinance stipulates that the minimum wage for a domestic helper is HK $
3,860 (Rp. 1,200,000) per month. However, a salary for an Indonesian worker usually falls between
HK $ 2,000 to HK $ 3,000, said Rex Farona, a coordinator at the Asian Migrant Center.
The cheap rate of Indonesian workers is a public secret in Hong Kong. Remy Borlongan, the
chairperson of the Asian Domestic Workers Union (ADWUI), once saw people distributing flyers
promotion cheap Indonesian domestic helpers in Hong Kong subways.
In on employment contract, agencies and employers usually quote an employee’s wage as HK $
3,860 or higher, but in reality the employees are paid a lot less.
Indonesian workers are not the only ones whose wages are below minimum rates, said Devi
Novianti, advisor at the Helpers for Domestic Helpers, a church based volunteer organization. Indian
and Sri Lankan workers know about it but choose to remain quiet.
Most Indonesian workers are recruited by employment agencies from rural areas in East Java.
They are usually graduates or dropouts from secondary school. The usual justification for lower of
their lack of work experience and their inability to communicate with employers.
Endah admits that her wage is below the minimum wage, but she accepts it. “ I deserve it
because my English is not good,” she said.
The Indonesian Consulate General in Hong Kong acknowledges the reduced wage problem.
While they have pledged to help any Indonesian workers , grievance claim over reduced wages,
they are not always in a position to stop the agencies’ practices, according to Suhadi Salam, the
head of the Consulate’s information section.
“ If we limit the agencies, they may be reluctant to recruit more domestics workers. The ones
who will suffer are Indonesian workers themselves. There will be no more remittances to East
Java,” Suhadi said.
For a long time, Filipina workers, who now total 135,000 have been Hong Kong’s favourite choice
for domestic helpers because many of them, like Barlongan, have a university education. The
employers are willing to pay the minimum wages to Filipinos because they can speak English and
can teach it to the employers’ children, Varona said.
However, the trend is that Indonesian are going to Hong Kong at a much higher rate than their
Filipino counterparts. The Philippine government has tried to reduce exporting workers, and
consequently, people will now look for Indonesians,” Varona said.
The reduced wage has been the main attraction for Hong Kong people to hire Indonesians. The
number of Indonesian workers in Hong Kong now only ranks second after the Filipinos. The past
three years has been the biggest boom for Indonesian workers.
The Indonesian government itself has long promoted labor exportation.
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But in 1990’s, the strategy has become more necessary to relieve the unemployment of
unskilled workers and to generate foreign remittance to help pay off foreign debts. Currently,
Indonesia’s outstanding foreign debt amounts to more than US $ 90 billion, the second largest debt
among Asian countries after China.

Taken from : The Jakarta

Post.

Women’s affair
Text 14.
1. Women’s Movement
When we read history, we will be conscious that women have usually had fewer rights and a
lower status than men. Most women’s lives were centred around their households, for instance,
raising children, cooking, spinning, weaving, etc. in 1500’s Reformation, the religious movement in
Europe gave rise to Protestantism. It encouraged women to be clergywomen. As time goes on,
women’s status, roles and movements increase. Many women took part in politics, economy, social,
culture, sports, science, and even in defence and security.
The prominent women in politics who have played important role in governing their country
are Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom, Indira Gandhi of India, Benazir Buhutto of Pakistan,
Corazon Aquino of the Philippines, Megawati of Indonesia, etc. Their role undoubtedly made their
people proud. In sports we know Susi Susanti- and Indonesian shuttler, Steffi Graf- a German tennis
player, etc.
In this modern time many women hold more movements. This is caused by the gradual
expansion of women’s educational opportunities since 1800’s and the globalization era. The
movements include politics, social, and education. Some demand the women’s rights. They want to
be equal to men in the fields of politics, job opportunities, etc. some others establish social
movements to help the poor, children, the old, etc.
In short, women dislike to be inferior to men; many do not want to be housewives anymore
but career women. Consequently, they hire maidservant to handle the household. And in fact, this
not husband’s problem. Further, many husbands are proud of having such wives.
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III. Communication and Information Technology
Text 15.
1. Communication Satellite
A spacecraft is placed in orbit around the earth to intercept and retransmit radio signals. The
communication satellite may also amplify, sort or route these signals. The communication function is
similar to a ground repeater relays communication satellite signals which connects many locations
both fixed and mobile over a wide area.
There are two types of communication satellites o0f practical interest; passive and active. There
is no amplification capability in a passive satellite; it simply reflects incident signals. Passive
communication satellite systems fall into two types: One uses large discrete structures, such as the
Echo satellite, the other uses the west Ford approach in which a large volume of space is filled with a
large number of tiny passive satellites. The general disadvantage of passive systems is the limitation
on message capacity resulting from the extremely low level of reradiated energy.
In all active satellite systems, complete electronic equipment for processing and transmission of
signals must be carried. Also, means must be provided for directing antennas and maintaining
desired satellite orientation and orbital position. With on-board electronic processing capability, an
active satellite can amplify, modify, and retransmit the signals as appropriate. Active satellite can
also be considered as two basic types: the store-and-forward- design and the message real time-
repeater. I9n the store and-forward type, an earth station transmits a message to a satellite passing
overhead. The message is stored in an on-board recorder and later played back through the satellite
transmitter when the satellite passes over the appropriate earth receiving stations. The only
communication satellite now considered for practical use is real-time repeater. Operation of this
instantaneous repeater requires the transmitting and receiving stations to be simultaneously in view
of the spacecraft The first satellite with the primary purpose of communication was Score,
launched on December18th, 1958. It received messages from Earth stations in the United States and
recorded them on tape for later transmission when the satellite was over the receiving stations. Echo
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I, launched on August 12th, 1960, was the first artificial satellite whose primary purpose was to
provide real-time relay of messages. It was a metallic coated plastic balloon 100 feet (30 m) in
diameter which could only reflect the signals directed toward it. The American Telephone and
telegraph Company developed and built Telstar, which was launched by NASA on July 10 th, 1962. it
was the first active communication satellite with the real time repeater. Telstar provided the first live
television between the United States, Europe, Japan, South America, on July 26th 1963.

Text 16.
Tiny satellites and Communications future
two miniature satellites, not much bigger than cellular phones and using the same wireless
technologies, have paved the way for the future of communications, scientists said.
The satellites, the smallest ever to be sent into space, are known as “picosats.” They were
launched on Jan. 26 and weigh less than one half pound (226 grams), measuring just 4 inches (10
centimetres) by 3 inches (4.9 centimetres) by 1 inch (2.5 centimetres).
The mission ended on Friday when their batteries began running out of power. They had started
their transmissions to Earth on Monday after being released from a ‘mother’ satellite, Aerospace
Crop, which controlled the mission, he said.
The two tiny satellites proved their capability to receive and transmit signals from Earth, opening
a new era of mini-satellites that would inevitably replace the many large and costly satellites circling
the globe today, said Ernest Robinson, the mission project leader at Aerospace, and independent,
non- profit, El Segundo, California based company that controlled the experiment. Rockwell
international Corp’s Science Center, which supplied the micro-machined silicon relays and wireless
networking technologies, said the technologies promised to “dramatically reduce the size, power and
cost of future satellites used for such applications as telecommunications and weather imaging.”
The picosats are seen as forerunners of an envisioned new breed of mini satellites called “
nanosats,” which would be slightly larger than the picosats and would be sent into space in clusters
to form mass communications centers.
Robinson said finding the two tiny satellites in the vastness of space was, in itself, a major
achievement, liking it to finding a needle in a haystack.
The two crafts were tethered by a thin wire into which was inserted thin strands of gold, allowing
the U.S. Space Surveillance Network to locate them, he said.
The experiment also marked the first launch of the Air Force’s new four-stage rocket made up of
the Minuteman II Inter- continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) and XL launch vehicle. In addition, it was
the first launch from the new commercial spaceport at Vandenberg Air Force base in California.

Taken from : Jakarta Post Feb. 14,

2000
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Text 17.

Telex and Facsimile

Modern communication networks connect the world widely scattered resources and
population. They make it possible to move information across great distances. Long ago people
knew little about what was happening in the rest of the world. telegraph, telephone, radio, and
television provide fats communication between places on opposite sides of the world.
Measured in time rather than distance, the world has become much smaller. Communications
satellites transmit telephone conversations and television pictures over vast distances in an
instant. Today no place in the world is really very far from any other place.
When you dial a number on your telephone, and speak to a friend far away, you are using
modern methods of communication, because they depend on the flow of electronics through
transistors and other electronic devices. The word telecommunication is often used in talking
about these methods. The telegraph, telephone, radio and television are the most familiar
devices of telecommunication.
The first practical telegraph was invented in 1837 by Samuel F.B Morse (1791-1872), an
American, painter and inventor. In using the Morse telegraph, an operator sent a series of short
and long electrical impulses over a wire. He did this by pressing the switch key of an electric
circuit in a pattern of `short and long intervals, called dots and dashes. The system of dots and
dashes is called the Morse Code.
Improvements in the telegraph came quickly. One improvement, multiplex telegraphy, made
it possible to send many messages at once over the same wire.`
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Facsimile, a method of sending pictures over telegraph wires, was developed. Pictures,
drawings, maps, documents, and any other material that can be put on a written or printed page can
be sent by wire. The facsimile transmitter covers about 100 square inches per minute. What it sees
is changed into electrical current. This current control apparatus at the receiving station. Making a
reproduction of the material in the precise form of the original. This system can send written
material faster than a skilled operator.
The teletypewriter was a major development. It has replaced Morse code telegraphy almost
completely. A teletypewriter, machine, or teleprinter has a keyboard like that of a typewriter. As the
operator types the message, one or more teleprinters in other places receive and type it out
automatically. Teletypewriters are used by news agencies to send reports to newspapers and
broadcasting stations. Telegrams are sent by teletypewriter. Many businesses have teleprinters in
their offices. Each machine, like a telephone, has its own number. Thus, there is a network of
teletypewriters that can ‘talk’ to each other, leaving a printed record of their ‘conversation’. This
network is called TWX or telex.

I. ECONOMY
Text 18. Money and Banking
In the ancient markets mechanism, when people lived modestly, people bartered their goods. It was
easy to do whenever the kinds and the number of goods were limited. But time went on. People needed
something that was accepted by the society to use as a medium of exchange. Shell, Jewels, and gold were their
first accepted media; the latter was the only one to be not low-priced goods. People then used to buy low-
priced- goods. People then used silver and bronze as small change. These were used for centuries. Although
these precious metals are imperishable and valuable, people did not use them to be their money any longer
because:
a. The greater the trade volume, the greater the precious metal is used as money were as their
quantity was limited.
b. It was hard to carry a great number of such media.
c. The value of silver and bronze were not stable.
d. Every country had its own money with different shape, quality, weight, and value.
To solve this problem, people began to use paper to be their money called paper notes with their
value printed on them. Now money is not only to buy things, but also to pay taxes and services, to be a capital,
to buy shares, to donation for orphanage, etc. Saving, buying and selling money are now trendy. In connection
with a healthy economic system, money must balance the products, or else it will create inflation where there is
a rise in prices because of the increase in the costs of production or an increase in money supply.
Selling and buying money has been practiced since thousands years ago. To control and to curb the
unexpected practice, banking then was organized. A bank is a financial institution whose business is handling
people’s money. It helps people get rid of a moneylender of profiteer, a person whose business is lending
money and makes unfairly large profits. Besides, a bank also provides credit and other financial services,
includes saving and depositing money. Customers freely deposit their money. They can choose and demand
deposit, from which a depositor can draw his money on a fix time. People can also save their money in a saving
bank. By saving and depositing money, consumers will receive interest. The interest rates very considerably
according to risk. They are controlled by the government financial policy.
As many tycoons set up banks, tight competitions in different ways are unavoidable. To attract
customers, some banks provide money lottery, property, bonus, and other attractive promotions. Some banks
offer credits to creditors with any benefits like easy to do credit, low interest and so on. The development of
banking cannot be set aside from the fast growing of high technology. All the banking works are now
computerized. With an automatic teller machine (ATM) card a customer can draw his money at any place and
any time where the ATM is available. A customer of an on line bank can draw his money from the nearest bank
whenever he is. People do not bring a great amount of money any more, but cheques, credit cards or ATM cards
instead.
A banker must manage his bank wisely to make credibility of his customers, because most of the
circulated money is his customers’. Otherwise, his bank will go bankrupt.
The Indonesian banking system is based on the Bank Code No. 14/1967 which states that functionally,
banks are divided into central bank, general bank, saving bank, development bank, and secondary
bank. Under the bank code no 13/1968 Bank Indonesia as the central bank and circulation bank is a
state- owned bank which is headed by a bank governor assisted by some 5 to 7 directors appointed by the
President. According to the code, Bank Indonesia has the rights of supplying and circulating money,
keeping the stability of the value of rupiah, the Indonesian standard currency, being responsible for
coordinating and controlling other bank’s operations, etc.

Free Trade
Text 19. Let’s Protect Our Trade
According to the latest figures from the World Trade Organization- The International Organization that
looks after the global trading system- the value of trade in 1993 rose above 4,000 billion dollars. That is a very
large amount of money.

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In theory, countries can organize their trade in two ways. First, they can try to promote local
manufacturers by stopping goods from other industrial nations to enter their country. This is called
protectionism because it tries to protect local manufacturers from foreign competition.
A protectionist government can place a tax, known as a tariff, on foreign commodities. This means
that imported goods become more expensive than local goods and so are not attractive to the consumers. A
protectionist government can also limit the amount of foreign goods that can be imported. This is called a
quota. It can also have rules or standards that make it difficult to import foreign goods. In one example of this,
the French government insisted that all foreign video recorders had to first be checked in and checked out of
custom by a certain man before they could be removed and sold. As a result there were tens of thousands of
Japanese video recorders lying in containers, waiting for that certain man to check them in and out before they
could be delivered to the shops.
The second way in which a country can organize its trade is known as free trade. Supporters of free
trade believe that there should be no artificial barriers – taxes, quotas or rules- against the implementation
of a world- wide economic market. They argue that trade can no longer be implemented along national lines
because of the growing importance of companies, known as multinationals, that have projects in many
countries. Free traders say better transport and communications have made it easier to move goods around the
world, which has now become a ‘global village’. As a result, free- traders say that international is just a few
steps away from the way we organize our lives in our own towns and villages.
In a small village it would be possible for everybody to grow their own food, build their own houses,
teach their children and so on. But in practice, this would be a very inefficient way of doing things. Due to the
fact that everybody is good at something, (for example, building houses), they would be wasting their time
doing things they are not good at, e. g. growing food or teaching. People usually specialize in what they are not
good at. People organize what is called as ‘division of labour’ so that one person does all the teaching in the
village, another runs a shop and yet another builds houses. In this system we can say that each person should
have a comparative advantage when it comes to building houses or teaching students or running a shop.
At a national level, the idea of comparative advantage means that each country should specialize in
what it is good at, and then trade with another country that is good at something else. It works like this. A
farmer, Arman, grows rice in East Java. He sells his rice to a merchant at a particular profit- margin- the
difference between what it costs Arman to grow the rice and the price he gets for selling it. The merchant then
sells it to an exporter and also makes a profit. The rice is shipped to an industrial country and sold to a
commercial organization who makes it into a breakfast cereal- Rice Crisps. An industrial worker buys this
commodity in the supermarket and eats it before he goes to work. He works in a tractor factory and the tractors
he makes are shipped in containers to Indonesia. A trader from East java buys a number of the tractors. One
day he sells one to Arman the rice farmer, and so it continues.

Text 20. Exports and Imports

Exports and imports are the articles shipped out of and into a country. Export comes from the Latin words
ex and portare meaning to carry out. Import, from the Latin words in and portare, means to carry in.
Country export goods under the following conditions : if it produces the goods and relatively lower cost
than other countries; if its goods are in demand because they are of outstanding quality; or if it can produce
certain goods at the season of the year when other countries need to import them.
Most imports consist of goods that are not produced domestically. For example, the climate in Europe is
not suitable for growing coffee. For this reason, European import coffee beans from Latin America and Africa.
A nation’s pattern of exports and imports tend to change over the years. This change in trade patterns
may be due to technological developments. For example, the discovery of synthetic substitutes for such natural
products as silk and rubber reduces the need to imp[ort these natural products. Foreign investments, such as
building factories in other countries, also causes important changes in international trading patterns.
Government policies may affect the exports and imports of a country. For example, lowering of trade
barriers by other countries opens markets for exports.
Government policies aimed at economic development have a substantial effect on the trade patterns of
the country and its trading partners. For these reasons, nations find it useful to discuss the policies in
international organizations and to make agreements.

Taken from : The World Book Encyclopedia, vol. 6, pp 430-431

Text 21. Indonesian Textile Industry

During the last decade, the Indonesian textile industry has grown very rapidly. Textile demand is
increasing in accordance with population growth and because of the sharply rising demand for Indonesian
textile on the world market.
Export of textile products has marked a sharp growth from US $ 127 million in 1981 to US $ 2,9 billion in
1990. In recent years, textile has become a leader in non oil export earning and will remain such also in the
future.
In the nine o’clock news, on Wednesday evening, March 6th, 1996, Minister of Information stated in the
annual report that industrial textile export remains dominant to be the most noticeable export commodity.
As cotton is not produced in sufficient quantities for textile industry, the other raw material, as natural
as cotton, is chosen to be a mere substitute for textile raw material due to its properties and advantages.
As a result, production volume of synthetic textile fibre can be produced in an industrial process with
more specifications such as its independence on factors such as climate, weather and soil fertility.

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The raw material of synthetic fibre is wood pulp; more comfortable to wear, soft to touch, woven
as fine as silk or as thick as wool. Its is also apt to blend with cotton, wool, and other synthetic like polyester.
This mixed material produces textile clothes with providing luxurious, fine texture, and most at ease to wear
due to their better hygroscopic nature. The use of the synthetic textile through out the world is extensive,
representing 6% of the world fibre consumption.

Text 22. Supermarket

Market is the centre of community life. It is the place where social and mainly economic activities of the
community turn. Now there are old and modern markets. The old is called traditional supermarket which is
easy to be found in villages. Towns, and big cities, and the modern one is called supermarket, shopping centre
or shopping mall.
A supermarket is well organized and is beautified with landscape gardening, facilitated with large
parking lot and spacious clean air- conditioned room. It is so pleasant that attracts crowd of people. The
goods are arranged and displayed so attractive that shoppers feel relaxed to find and select the goods they
need.
Shopping in supermarket is self- service. A customer may take the fixed-price goods freely. Many kinds
of people’s needs are on sale in separate departments such as shoes, shirts, watches, jewels, rice , fruit,
vegetables, flowers, TV sets, electricity, books, medicines, etc. Selecting the goods the shoppers enjoy soft
music. Escalators are installed to let them easy to reach other high floors. When thirsty or hungry, they may
have drink, snack, or lunch at a fine restaurant
Shopping is not a must. A visitor may walk around the spacious room, mangling with the crowds,
passing one hour or two without spending a cent. He may read books or magazines available just for killing
time. For someone, visiting a supermarket may be one of his hobbies as he can meet people from all walks of
life such as employees, students, executives, housewives, and so on. It seems for him, that supermarket is a
place that is fun to be in.
Now there are dozens of supermarkets are built in cities, it is easy to find Matahari, Ramayana, Hero
Supermarket, etc. in towns or cities. However, traditional markets are still needed especially by villagers and
low income people.

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Text 23. Retailers
Retailing is selling goods or merchandise, usually in small quantities, to the general public or their own
use, not to other producers or firms for resale. It is the final step in bringing goods to consumers on trading.
Retailing is not only selling goods but also offering service such as renting tools for home use or renting care for
immediate purpose or urgency. The retail sector is important as it servers or sells goods to consumers directly.
Tradesmen who sells goods by retail are called retailers. They know well what consumer’s needs
because they contact them day- to- day. That is why most retailers stock variety of goods that are best on
sale. They may sell their goods in cash or by extending credit. For example, one who wants to buy a car must
go to a showroom where cars are displayed. He negotiates with the dealer what kind of purchasing they make.
A dealer is a retailer. To attract consumers sometimes retailers help promote the producers goods. And
advertisement is likely to be the most effective.
Retail firms can be classified into individual proprietors, cooperatives, nation chain, etc. Consumers
can buy goods they need in stores, traditional markets, or modern ones. Today there are many kinds of stores
where consumers can meet their needs. Single type of merchandise, such as books, sports equipments, shoes,
clothing, jewellery, electronic, etc. can be found in special stores. Departments stores are actually special stores
grouped in one building. In 1930’s the United states sell many other products. Buying goods in a supermarket is
clean and fresh environment, self- service, spacious room, etc. When consumers need goods or other things
delivered at home, they can get them by mail order, telephone, or from door-to- door visits. This kind retail is
called non-store retailing. Door-to-door visits can be practised in mobile shops. They operate in places far from
other kinds of shops. This retailing is useful especially for elderly people who are unable to get goods easily.

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Text 24. Shop ‘til You Drop
The shopping mall, like most ambitious developments in the retail business, originated in the USA.
Essentially, the shopping mall is a large building which contains many shops under one roof. Inside,, the
shopping mall looks like a small town with walkways or streets and along these streets are the shops, cafes and
restaurants to suit every taste.
The advantage of the shopping mall for the retailer is that it is built only for one purpose- selling goods.
The ordinary streets in a city or town have been built for a number of purposes- to allow people to move rapidly
from one place to another, to allow people to enter their houses, to provide places where buses stop, etc. All
these other purposes mean that retailers have problems in attracting customers. The shopping mall streets, on
the other hand, have only one purpose- to assist shoppers to move from one shop to another in comfort.
Everything in mall is designed for one purpose and one purpose only, to encourage people to buy- to shop until
they drop from exhaustion.
The malls attract many shoppers because it contains shops that sell almost everything. Shoppers go to
mall to buy, for example, a ready-made dress. When they have bought their dress, they walk around the mall
and perhaps, buy themselves a snack in a café. Then they walk around some more and notice a shop selling the
latest fashion in skirts. They enter the shop and purchase a skirt. In this way many shoppers who originally
wanted just one commodity (e.g. dress rend up purchasing much more. This makes the retailers very happy.
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Another advantage of shopping malls for retailers is that the malls have parking spaces for
customers’ cars. Consequently, people with cars are attracted to shopping malls because they can easily find a
parking space for their cars. It is well known fact that people who have enough money to buy a car can also
afford to buy other things as well. They have what is called ‘purchasing power’ (money to spend on luxury
goods). These people make very good customers and certainly make shopkeepers very happy.
Shopping malls suit customers because they can visit many different shops without having to walk long
distances between shops. Another advantage is that the malls are protected by roof from rain. Furthermore,
many malls are air-conditioned against the heat. Lastly, many malls employ security men to keep thieves away
and so customers can shop without worry.
The negative sides of shopping malls is that many shoppers spend more money than they intend. The
attractive shop windows tempt shoppers into buying something they do not really need. Shopping malls
encourage what is called ‘impulse buying’ – you see a dress in an attractive shop window, and without thinking
whether or not you need another dress, you buy it on impulse. Afterwards you say to yourself, ‘I don’t know why
I bought that dress: I don’t even like it now!’ The answer is that you couldn’t resist the temptation of the
shopping mall and modern retailing techniques.
-STYD-
II. Science and Technology
Text 25. Research
A dictionary explains that research is an advanced study of a subject, so as to learn new facts or
scientific laws. Perfectly, an encyclopedia explain that research is a systematic investigation of a
particular subject. In science, it continues, it is an effort to discover new knowledge or to develop new
processes of products. In laws, it is a collection of information that already exist. The difference is
because a dictionary explains words and encyclopedia explains facts.
When someone wants to write a biography of a famous person, he might read that person’s letters,
diaries, and other
writings, and collect the details of the person’s life. This work is also called a research.
A researcher might be interested in:
a. The investigation of the origin of the universe
b. Developing new materials for particular industrial uses
c. Examining the molecules that make up the cells of plants and animals
d. Finding ways to detect and cure diseases
e. Discovering how to prevent crime
f. Studying about why people buy certain products
A researcher must work in a series and well organized. He must follow the following research steps:
a. defining the problems
b. studying existing information
c. forming a hypothesis
d. collecting evidence
e. drawing a conclusion.
The conclusion drawn must be logical and statistical. He writes the results of his work and presents
them at the meeting of professional societies. When valid, his work is protected by a patent.
There are two type of research. They are basic research and applied research. Basic research is used to
know better about a particular subject and solve practical problems. Applied research aims at the developing of
a new product. It stresses at a practical goal, that is why it depends largely on trial and error.
Often, a research is one branch of science helps research in another. For example, a research in crime
has played an important role in the development of social studies which then stimulates the educational
system.
Since research requires a large amount of money for researchers salary, equipment and laboratories, it
can only be carried out with the funds provided by the government or business firms sponsor the research.

Text 26. The Impact of Science and Technology

When we visit villages we will notice that many villagers now on television set. Proudly, they place it in a
living room. As villagers, they bought TV set for home entertainment, so it is normal if they mostly enjoy films,
quiz, magic show, humour, sports and even advertisement. It is unusual for villagers to be newspaper
subscriber, because they almost never think of politic, economy, social affairs, etc.
Since TV reaches villages, it becomes the only effective medium to transfer science and technology to
all people whoever they are. It must be used in such a way that students, scientists, politicians, farmers, and so
on can get any information broadcasted.
The development of technology is useful to the development of science and vise versa. The
development of science and technology is very much useful to the effectiveness of human activity. Most works
are now computerized. In a very short time a computer operator can programme enormous date. A computer
works accurately. If a computer makes mistakes, he will correct them immediately. Computer is not noisy as in
the case of traditional typewriter and that is why no one will disturb the others when working.
By using computer, people can send news, messages, and other information from a distance. Facsimile,
teleprinter, and internet are the advance of computer. News sent from the northern hemisphere in only a few
seconds, or those programmed in Jakarta will be promptly printed in Bawen, Central Java. Now distance is not a

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problem any longer. That is why something happened in one place will soon spread without any interference.
The world border lines have been wiped out.
Unfortunately, the success of science and technology brings negative effect to people. Children stay in
front of TV or play games on a computer for hours. Indubitably, if they always busy with these devices they will
be lazy, introvert, not to be able to communicate with brothers, and not be creative. Watching sadistic films,
their emotion and character will be badly driven. Physically, their eyes will be irritated, too.

Text 27 Do You Really Need A Personal Computer?

The personal computer has come to dominate the nineties. It has moved from being a ‘toy’ of
electronics students to a million dollar industry. The personal computer is also influencing the way in which
people organize their work. Nearly 50% of businesses now use a computer of some sort.
The early personal computers were much less powerful than the computers of today. The typical early
personal computer was limited by the design and speed of the microprocessor, the high cost of memory chips,
and by the ability of users to create their own software. During the seventies many small software companies
sprang up in the US, writing and designing the first word- processing program, games and eventually the first
spread-sheet, visicalc.
Very soon software companies began to produce the product that started the personal computer
revolution. After visicalc came Lotus 1-2-3, and after the first PC word processor, EZ Write, came IBM’s Display
Write program. Today, the PC is still wholly dependent on software to change it from a box of useless silicon into
an important information management tool.
Everybody is talking about the PC, but do you really need one? You do not really need a PC to do your
English homework. Most PC’s are not being used most of the time. For example, the secretary sitting in front of
a Windows-based word-processor will only use 17% of the program. Similarly, the average office worker will
never use most of the software’s potential. In fact, the average PC user will usually spend more time exploring
work on the computer.
Personal computers have become desirable consumer objects, just like televisions, record-players and
telephones. People buy them because the advertisements say that nobody can live without one. The truth is
that, at the moment, most people don’t really need a PC at all, but the PC companies need to sell more and
more to remain profitable.

Text 28 From Magic To Science

Many ancient philosophers believed that there were four basic elements, namely: earth, fire, air and
water. Most of them agreed that all the countless different things on earth consisted of those simple substances,
mixed in different proportions. Many learned men thought that they could make life longer, and, with the help of
what they called the ‘philosopher’s stone’, change cheap metals into gold. This science is called alchemy.
To the modern mind, their practices look like magic. Many people in Europe in the Middle Ages believed
that it was possible to change something into nothing, and that nothing could become something. They saw
candles burning into nothing, and they noticed fungi appearing on their bread.
However, some people held different views. Roger Bacon, the famous English thirteenth-century
scientist, although he shared some of the beliefs of the alchemists suggested that their efforts should be
directed towards finding ways to help people live better lives. He also said that although things may change,
nothing is really lost. The amount of matter in the world is always the same.
Another pioneer, Paracolsus, who helped alchemy develop into modern chemistry, declared that salt,
sulphur, and mercury, mixed in the proper proportions would be good for our health. He also insisted that the
search for gold should be stopped.
An important chemist in eighteenth- century in France was Lavoisier. His experiments convinced him
that burning was caused by the union of oxygen with other chemicals. He called this process oxidation.
In the early nineteenth-century, the English chemist John Dalton declared that matter is composed of
very small particles called atoms, and that the atoms of various elements differ in their weight. The atomic
theory also states that a union of two or more atoms comprises a molecule.
At about the same time, an Italian Physicist, Avogadro, added the idea that a volume of one kind of gas
contains the same number of molecules as an equal volume of any other kind of gas, if both are under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure. This is called Avogadro’s law.
The search for gold by the ancient alchemists has given way to the search for other materials, which are
not less precious, and probably even more useful. Although in a limited way, they have also fulfilled the dream
of the ancients, to lengthen man’s life.

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Text 29. Electric Power
Electric power is energy produced by an electric generator and capable of being used by an electric
motor or other electric devices. The initial source of electric energy may be the blowing wind, flowing water,
heat from the burning of coal or gas or it may be produced by a conversion of energy derived atomic particles.
In technical term ‘energy’ refers to the capacity to do work, ‘whereas ‘power’ refers to the rate of doing
work. The watt is a unit of power, and it is a rate of conversion of energy. The kilowatt (kw) is 1,000 times as
large as a watt, and is equivalent to about 1,25 hp.
The production and distribution of electric power grew as a means were invented and developed, and as
the demand for it increased. During 19th century several experiments were made to exploit electromagnetic.
The electric telegraph was the first large-scale application of this project, and the telegraph grew as the railroad
system expanded. The growth of the telegraph provided a support for some electrical experimenters and as a
result the steam-engine using electric generator was successfully developed in 1870’s. This machine provided
the first electric power source of sufficient size. By 1880, electric lighting, in the form of lamps for lighthouses,
had been invented and developed.
Adapted from: Encyclopedia International, Lexicon Publications, Inc.
1997.

Text 30. The Inventor

Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1847 in Ohio, the USA. As a little boy he was very inquisitive. He
always wanted to know how things were done. Very early in life he showed that he was full of curiosity, a
quality which is so important to inventors.
In 1869 he went to New York, where he worked for some time as a telephone operator. But soon, he
became interested in inventions. In a very short time they became his chief business., which was to become his
life’s work, he built a laboratory at Menlo Park, where he had gone to live. His first great invention was a system
of telegraphy. Soon afterwards he invented phonograph, the first form of instrument that we now know as the
gramaphone or record player. The word ‘phonograph’ means something that can ‘write’ or record sound.
Other scientist before Edison had thought of instruments which would do this, but Edison was the first to
make an instrument which actually worked. He also invented the incandescent lamp, a lamp in which the light is
caused by a heated wire called a filament. The wire is heated by an electric current. People could now use
electricity to illuminate their homes. By the time Edison died in 1931 he had about thousands of inventions.
-STYD-

III Art and Culture

Text 31. Cremation Ceremony
In big cities like in Jakarta, Surabaya and Bandung, people may witness several kinds of funerals
because of various citizens backgrounds. Islamic funeral is familiar to us since most Indonesian are Moslems.
The mourner holds three religious ceremonies in home, mosque and cemetery. The corpse is covered with a
piece of cloth called ‘pocong’ and carried to the cemetery in a bier. It is buried in a grave by orienting the
corpse toward Mecca. The burial needs only a short time and the funeral is simple.
Christian’s funeral is almost the same with Moslem’s. the dead person is fully dressed and beautified as
if it is still alive. Holding a Gospel and rosary, the dead is placed in a coffin and buried. The religious
ceremonies are also held in home, church and cemetery.
Some Moslems and Christians are still practising a very traditional ceremony heavily influenced by
Hinduism. They are telung dina, mitung dina, matang puluh dina, nyatus, nyetahun or mendak pisan, ngrong
tahun or mendak pindo, and nelung tahun or ngentek which mean the third, seventh, fortieth, one hundredth,
three hundred and thirty sixth, seven hundred and thirtieth, and one thousandth days after the death.
Cremation is a Hinduism or Buddhism funeral. In this ceremony the corpse is placed in a heap of wood
and burned. For not wasting time some people choose electricity use instead of wood. The ashes of the dead
who has been ceremonially buried are sometimes put away in a funerary urn. Among the cremations, Balinese
Hinduism’s ceremony costs of the most. That is why it is hard for the poor people to cremate the dead directly.
They must save their money until they feel that they are able to do cremation. Generally, to minimize the cost
they cremate the dead together with some others. Waiting for the cremation day, the corpse is buried in
temporary grave.
A unique funeral is seen in Trunyan, a very small village located on the shore of Lake Batur, Bali.
Trunyan people, the native Balinese, are only about one hundred persons. When a native dies, the fully dressed
corpse is not buried or burned but laid on the ground under the Trunyan trees. Surprisingly, although decayed,
the corpse is not odorous at all. A bier is used to shelter the corpse from being eaten by dogs or crows. When
the flesh is extinct the bones and the skull are placed on a provided altar. Only natives are permitted to be laid
on this unusual cemetery. The dead of immigrants though they are husbands or wives will be sent to their
homeland.

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Text 32. Javanese Traditional Ceremonies
Welfare and happiness are needed by people to support their spiritual life. To obtain this, people had
created norms which gradually became traditions. Each nation and tribe has different tradition, and Javanese
tradition may be the most complicated in the world. From mother’s womb until three years after the death,
Javanese go through periods of certain ceremonies.
Following are some Javanese tradition ceremonies:
a. Traditional ceremony held for a woman who has been pregnant for seven months is called mitoni or
tingkeban. The ceremony is aimed at the education given to the baby to- be since it is in mother’s
womb. The baby to –be receives the education indirectly through it’s mother emotion. The ceremony is
always held on Wednesday or Saturday of the middle of the month at nine to eleven o’clock in the
morning. In this event the mother to –be is bathed by her parents, grandparents, and other older
relatives. The water used is mixed with any kinds of flowers called kembang setaman, flowers picked
from one garden.
b. The first earth-touching ceremony is a ceremony for a baby who is allowed to touch the earth for the
first time. It is called Tedak Siten. Tedak means to step down from mother’s carrying and siten or siti
means earth. This ceremony is held when the baby is about 254 days old, in the morning of his or her
birthday, in the front yard.
c. Exorcism ritual. This rite is called Ruwatan, a ceremony held to save children from any disturbances,
accidents, and fatalities. Most Javanese believe that a family that has only one child, two children of
different or same sex, five sons or daughters, and some others must hold such ceremony. Otherwise,
the child will be swallowed by Divine Ogre. This belief and ceremony have been existing since the
Majapahit Age.
d. Circumcision or Sunatan, or Tetesan is a ceremony for boys. Parents must circumcise their sons marking
their readiness to become a fully grown person. It is originated from Jewish tradition. Jewish baby boys
of eight days old must be circumcised as a covenat between God and His people. But now, teenagers
are expected to do circumcision.
e. Wedding ceremony is held in series, from bathing the bride to-be and the groom to-be called Siraman, a
day before the wedding party, and is continued with Malam Midodareni, the night in which the bride to-
be is isolated from the groom’s sight. In this event the bride to-be is treated as a goddess. Both
ceremonies are perfectly prepared with prayers asking God’s bless and expecting the smooth and
happy wedding, beautiful and elegant aristocratic ceremony is performed.
f. Funeral and commemoration of the dead people are the last ceremonies held for the sake of people’s
welfare and happiness now, and in the hereafter. The commemoration after the death is held for the
first day after one’s death continued to the third day, seventh day, fortieth day, one hundredth day, first
year, second year and third year.
In all the traditional ceremonies, neighbours participate in ritual gathering. They involve in ritual prayers
and eat ritual meals. One who holds the ceremony must offer flowers and food to spirits.

Text 33. Local Arts

Yogyakarta and Surakarta in Central Java are generally regarded as the twin capitals of classical batik,
which used only three colours- blue, brown and white- to produce delightful and graceful motifs on cloth.
These cities, which were important during the Indianized period of Indonesia’s history (AD 600- 1500), lie at the
cultural heart of Java. The remains of prehistoric man dating back half a million years have been found to the
North of Surakarta. The 1,100- year old Buddhist temple of Borobudur and the tenth-century Sivaite temples of
Prambanan lie between Yogyakarta aand Surakarta, while the temple-covered Dieng plateau is situated to the
north. Despite conversion to Islam during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, you can bet that aspects of
the ancient Hindu- Javanese culture have lived on. This influence appears in the composition of the classical
batik design of the region.
Yogyakarta, with a population of over half a million, has a reputation as a centre of higher learning.
Many of our leading artists, carvers, pottery and ceramic makers and other craftsmen live in this city. The city is
dominated by the high whitewashed walls of the sultan’s palace in the South-east. There are over 600 batik
workshops in the Yogyakarta area. Most of these workshops are in the Taman sari and the Jalan Tirtodipuran
areas.
Yogyakarta designs by and large, are very traditional and until recently appeared static. The Kawung ,
parang, and semen designs featuring garuda wings have a great reputation. The city is also a centre for batik
painting, an art which has become very popular in recent years. Apart from the usual tourist-trade village
scenes which are exhibited everywhere, some very delightful compositions are being made by artists who use
ethnics and other traditional motifs to compose and produce interesting pictures.
Similar in size to Yogyakarta is the city of surakarta. It is possibly the oldest city in Java. Surakarta is the
home of a profitable batik industry which is generally seen as more attentive to the consumer’s needs than
Yogyakarta. The batik industry of Surakarta is organized on a larger scale than that of Yogyakarta. Some of the
biggest batik batik companies in Indonesia, such as danarhadi, Batik Keris and Batik Semar, have their
headquarters in Surakarta. Batik keris, which has shops all over Java, is situated on a large site where a
modern complex employs 8,000 workers. A sister company, Dan Liris produces the fabric used for batik. While
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this factory produces mainly for the home market, ten per cent of its production is for export to other ASEAN
countries, Japan, Europe and Australia. There is a global demand for modern style batik.

Text 34. Some Other Traditions in Indonesia

1. The most delightful and graceful carving in the Batak lands is probably the magic wand. This is a
wooden ceremonial stick used by magicians. There are two different kinds of wand. The tunggal malek is
topped with a man riding a horse; the other wand is without decoration. The tunggal panaluan is likewise
topped with a mounted man, but the entire wand is carved with a variety of figures such as snakes and water
buffaloes.
2. The life-sized puppets known as sigale- gale originated from the island of Samosir and a few
villages on the southern shores of Lake Toba. The puppets were used mainly during funerals of rich men who
had died without leaving a son behind. According to belief, without the help of the puppet, the spirit of the dead
man would not enter the region of the dead and would haunt the living instead. Sigale- gale figures were carved
to look like an adult person and were sometimes accompanied by a child.
3. The Nias people have produced large numbers of wooden figures. Of these the most important were
the ancestor statues, adu zatua. People believed that the spirit of a dead person maintained contact with the
living and could influence what happened to the living. Thus, a wooden image was carved after death to
receive the spirit of the dead person. It was believed that the spirit did not leave the body until sometime after
death, and then in the form of a small spider. As soon as the relatives found such a spider at the grave they
took it to the adu zatua where the spirit was supposed to enter the carving.
-STYD-
Text 35. Art and Artist

Art is the creation or expression of what is beautiful. An artist is a person who creates or expresses it.
People classify art according to their purpose, their intentions, their effects and their media. Based on their
media, art can be classified into visual art and auditory art, verbal art, and mixed art. Visual art is art that can
be seen, such as painting, drawing, sculpture and architecture. Auditory art is art that can be heard such as
music. Verbal art is art that can be read aloud such as poetry. Mixed art is the combination of the three,
including all the arts of performance, such as dance, opera, drama, song and motion pictures.
Drama combines both the verbal and visual arts of costume, stage design, and special effects, such as
sound, lighting, and so on. Opera combines the art of music with the art of drama, and the visual art of stage
design. Dance combines the visual spectacle of moving in bodies, called choreography. Song combines words
with music. The motion picture combines a series of pictures presented in rapid succession which appear to be
moving, with both verbal components. (script) and the musical background.
Very often an artist does not choose an art career. It is the art career that chooses him. He may choose
to attend art schools, a university with an art department or study independently but his talent is innate. From
the earliest moment he is eager to draw, write, use crayons, caricature his teachers, work in clay, make a table
or cut on it. if he has understanding parents or an encouraging teacher or an interested friend, he is way ahead.
If he has problems, then he wants to solve them on paper, canvas in bronze, with clay or by weaving.
He also has to meet and deal with people and he has to be able to communicate verbally as well as visually.
In choosing an art career one will have to decide whether to become a designer prepares for a career
so that his talent will support him, whereas a fine artist often works to support his career. Aesthetically, the
designer is more interested in the utilitarian, whereas the fine artist deals with the interpretive. There can of
course be an overlapping: designers who paint and sculpt, and ceramists, painters, and sculptors who design
products and make crafts. In making their choice they will have to question their aims and sensibilities, knowing
that design is more practical than fine arts.

IV. People and Society

Text 36. Transmigration
Demographers notice that there has been a rapid growth of population in this decade, meaning that the
birth rate has been exceeding the death rate.
The explosion of population worries the world because fast growing population without increasing food
production will cause danger. Greater need of food production, dwellings and job opportunities are
consequently demanded. If the supply doesn’t meet the need, there will be famine and the tendency of crimes
increases.
The density of population in the world varies. Some countries such as India and china are densely
populated while some others are not. This also happens in our country. Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and
Irian Jaya/ Papua are considered to have a small number of population. While Java, Madura and Bali are densely
populated islands. To lessen the density of population in certain areas, the Department of Transmigration

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under the control of Ministry of Home Affairs arranges transmigrations program. The purposes of
transmigration are people’s welfare and nation’s defence and security.
There are five kinds of transmigration :
a. General transmigration
General transmigration is a transmigration in which every transmigrant is provided a low cost house, 2.5 ha
prospective agriculture area, agriculture tools, daily expenses for a year and periodical training.
b. special transmigration
It is on of that is held cooperatively between the department of Transmigration and other Departments. The
transmigrants are military personnel’s or boy and girl scouts.
c. Bedol Desa Transmigration (Transmigration of an entire village)
It is meant that the transmigration are all villagers including their head and staff.
d. Local transmigration
In this kind of transmigration, the transmigrants are transmigrated from one place to another in the same
province.
e. Spontaneous Transmigration.
It is a transmigration in which the transmigrants are not subsidize financially or facilitated by the government
except land to cultivate and house.
Usually, the transmigrants are people who are from barren or disastrous areas, jobless or pauper. The
transmigration program seems successful because most transmigrants do not leave their transmigration areas
for their home village.

Text 37. Effects of Urbanization

Lots of young villagers abandoned their home village and move to big cities. One who graduated from
universities feels that village is not the place where he can advance his knowledge, science and ability. The
other considers that being a villager will only become a farmer or a peasant who harvest his crops only two or
three times a year while some others believe that being citizens will heighten their status, prestige and
dignity. Above all, cities have dozens of attractions like amusements centres, sport stadiums, shopping malls,
various kinds of jobs, and other facilities. Living in cities ones will earn more money than what they can do in
villages, therefore, cities are their target.
It has been proved that moving to cities or urbanization creates problems. The incessant problems are
suffered by citizens who live in big cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, Bandung, etc. They are pollution, crimes, and
other social problems. Citizens who live in elite housing complex tend to be selfish and those who live in
ghettos or slum areas are easy to be provoked to make disturbances. The haves pollute the city with the
emission of their cars, whereas the have-nots scatter garbage and dirty their residence because they are not
accustomed to cleanliness and healthiness.
Crime is a problem that threatens the citizens. Theft, snatching, robbery, murder, suicide, and rape are
cases that happen almost every day. Many criminals have been arrested and jailed, ironically, the crimes
become more and more violent and arbitrary, it is undoubtedly suffered by citizens, visitors and urbanites
themselves.
The question is who can stop urbanization whenever there is no balance of development programme on
any sectors applied both in cities and villages. Then, this becomes the burden of local authority because
stopping urbanization is violating of human rights. It is, of course, an unsolved problem, and return to home
village is still a dream of a very few people.

Text 38. Population Problems

As early as 1798 Thomas Robert Malthus, an English economist, expressed his concern about the rapid
growth of the world’s population in his ‘Essay on the Principle of Population’. He stated that population
increased in a geometrical ratio. Consequently, unless there were checks on the growth of the population, a
dearth of material for subsistence would soon prevail. All plans for social reform would be in vain unless the
included a lowering of the birth rate.
It is now nearly 200 years since Malthus’ views were first published, and even though science and
technology have advanced far and been very successful in increasing subsistence, there is still no certainty
about the future unless population growth is checked. ‘Zero population growth’ has become a popular motto in
campaigns for family planning and birth control.
In 1930 Indonesia had a population of 60 million; in 1954 it was 81 million; the present estimate is about
150 million. The average annual rate of increase is around 2.2 percent. If the population continues to grow at
this rate, in the year 2000 we will have a population of over 200 million.
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To get an idea of how enormous and complex the problems are, let us suppose that the population
increases by 2 percent per year. That means about three million more people each year which means that each
year there will be three million more people to be fed, housed, clothed, and educated; in short, to be taken care
of. Cities will grow larger and larger, streets will be more and more crowded.
There will be more cars, more motorcycles, and consequently accidents will be more and more likely to
happen. As people’s needs increase, so industries will grow up to produce the things needed for building roads,
houses, and cars; for making clothes, , food stuffs and so on. However, besides its positive role as a producer of
goods and employer of labour, industry has an undesirable side of the sea. Legislative measures should be
taken to prevent, or at least minimize pollution.
It is, therefore, of the greatest importance that population growth be checked. To do this it is necessary
to know its causes. They are a high birth rate and a low death rate. Of course, if the death rate is low, it should
not be tempered with; it is, in fact, the result of better living conditions, and better medical care. Thus, there
is no alternative but to lower the birth rate, by encouraging birth control. The government’s campaign for birth
control must succeed. If it does not, all our plans and all our efforts to improve the nation’s prosperity will be in
vain.

-STYD-

V. Politics
Text 39. Political words
absolute (adj.) complete, total, unlimited. The King had absolute power.
Appoint (V) to give a job to : many people feel that more women should be appointed to important positions
within the government.
Bill (n) a plan for a new law: The Members of Parliament are discussing the new health bill.
Coalition (n) when two or more political parties join together.: the Green Party and the Socialist party formed a
coalition government.
Conservative (adj.) not open to change.
Debate (n) a public talk/ discussion about something important: The members of a new political party had
many debates before deciding on their policy.
Dictator (n) absolute ruler of a state: Hitler was a dictator who caused the second World War.
Election (n) the choosing of people by vote for important positions such as in committees or government:
Budi was elected as a class representative by his classmates
Leadership (n) the people who are in charge : The leadership of the party have made this decision.
Left wing (n) a person or party that wants to change the political system: The left wing wants to make the rich
pay more tax.
Left- wing adj. : Left-wing ideas, policies.
Parade n public march or military display: The soldiers were on parade outside the presidential palace.
Principle n a rule for living in a way that is thought to be correct.: the Minister said that it was a principle of his
always to be honest.
Right wing n a person or party that wants to continue the traditional political system: The Right Wing were
against making any changes in the law.
Secret n to be kept private, not to told to other people: Every government has knowledge which they wish to
remain secret.
Socialist n (a) supporter of socialism. (b) member of a socialist party or movement- adj. Characterized by,
supporting or relating to socialism : The socialist party supports government control of factories and farming.
Solidarity n coming together to support each other: all the political parties showed solidarity with the prime
Minister.

Text 40. The French Presidential Election

The man who wins the French presidential election will become the only person in France who can
declare war, press the nuclear button and sign peace treaties with other countries. The French president also
appoints the Prime Minister and signs all the bills passed by parliament.

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Presidential elections take place every seven years. The lections must take place on Sunday and the
winner must get an absolute majority of the votes (50 % plus). All French citizens over the age of eighteen years
are entitled to vote.
The candidates must be French and aged at least 23 years old. they must also have completed their
period of military service and not have a criminal record. If they meet these qualifications, the next step is to
pay a deposit of 10,000 francs and get the backing of 500 elected individuals in France.
The first round of the election will decide whether or not there is a winner with an absolute majority. If
there is not a winner with an absolute majority, there must be a second round of voting. The election campaign
can begin no sooner than 15 days before the Sunday election. The reason for these time limits is to restrict the
amount of advertising by the richer candidates and so make the elections more democratic. No candidate is
allowed to spend more than 90 million francs on the first round. Each candidate is given two hours of free radio
time, in addition to taking part in debates and interviews.
If no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round, there is a second two weeks later. There
are only two candidates in the second round- the two who received, the largest number of votes in the first
round. (in the 1995 election it was the conservative Jacques Chirac against the socialist Lionel Jaspin. The right
wing candidate went on to beat the candidate of the left wing). For the second round the campaign can start no
sooner than twelve days before the Sunday election and must end on the Friday before. The candidates must
not spend than 120 million francs on the first and second rounds.

Text 41. Politics and Law in Britain

The British political system is rather unusual in combining monarchy with parliamentary democracy. In
fact, the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, has relatively little political power now, though she retains the
title. Head of state, and plays a formal part in the political process. For example, the Queen opens each
parliamentary session with a speech prepared for her, outlining the government’s programme for legislation,
and the Queen’s signature is also necessary on all legislation. Political power rests with the elected government
(led by the Prime Minister and the cabinet) based on the strength of their support in Parliament. For most of this
century the government has been formed from one of three major parties: the ‘Labour’ party, Conservative’ and
the ‘Liberals’.
Parliament consists of two chambers or Houses: the house of commons and the House of lords. The
House of lords is made up of lords Spiritual and Lords temporal. Lords spiritual comprises religious leaders such
as the Archbishops and Bishops. Lords Temporals are secular, hereditary and life peers and peeresses of the
United Kingdom. The Queen acting on the advice of the Prime Minister, confers temporal peerages, usually in
recognition of service to the country or to procure the talents and abilities of men and women whose advice is
beneficial to the government but who do not wish to become members of parliament. This includes the law lords
who are created life peers to assist the House to carry out its judicial duties. However, it is the house of
Commons, the elected chamber, which is the main area of British politics, the Lords being mainly a revising
chamber.
The House of commons consisted of 650 full- time, salaried members, each of whom represents a
constituency, or particular geographical area . members of parliament (MP) must put themselves forward for re-
election at least once every five years when a general election is called. Until now, the leader of whichever
political party wins most seats has been asked by the Queen to form of a government. Within the five-year
periods, elections can be called at the political convenience of the Prime minister or if the Government is no
longer able to command majority support in the House of Commons.

Text 42. Elections in The United Kingdom

Election to form a government from the political parties are an important part of liberal democracies. The
elections are secret so that no one is pressurized or forced to vote in a particular way, and all voters cast their
votes in a secret ballot.
In Britain the method of voting and allocating seats in Parliament is called ‘a single majority’ or ‘first past
the post’. Each constituency has only one candidate from each political party and each voter has only one vote:
single member constituency and single vote. The party which elects the most MPs (Members of Parliament)
forms the Government. But because each MP is elected by a majority in a constituency, it is possible that there
might be more votes casts over the whole country for a party which does not win the most seats. For examples
a party that came a close second in a large number of constituencies, and therefore received many people’s
votes, could still have no MPs.
This system is not necessarily fair, but it leads to stronger governments which do not have to compromise.
There is a lot of debate about which system is the fairest and which best reflects public opinion.
Each of the main political parties is seen as having different aims and policies, but all operate within the
liberal democratic tradition, which means that they have to attract and keep the support of the electorate. In
this way strong and stable government is ensured, but it also means that dramatic changes are unlikely to take
place as this could lose public support.

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Who can Vote ?
All adults, that is, everyone over the age of eighteen, can vote if they are on the current register of
electors and are British subjects or citizens of the Republic of Ireland. People disqualified from voting are :
aliens, prisoners serving a sentence of more than one year and people who have been found guilty or corrupt
practices at elections.
Elections held at least every five years mean that the party chosen at the last election cannot afford to sit
back when in government, or to pass a series of unpopular policies. They have to go back to the voters in five
years to be rejected or chosen again.
It is possible that none of the political parties or candidates at an election will reflect the whole range and
diversity of opinion among the electorate. So people are forced to vote for a candidate who only represents part
of what they want. For example, most governments since the second World War have not had the support of the
majority of the electorate.
The system of voting enables a party which has less than half the votes cast across the country to take a large
proportion of the seats in the house of Commons and so form the Government.
It is very difficult to win a seat at a general election as an independent candidate, who is not a member of
one of the major political parties. Even the smaller political parties, such as the Liberals, find difficulty in gaining
a seat under the system of elections.
The leaders of the political parties and indeed many of the MPs are mainly from social and economic
backgrounds different to the majority of the population. A high majority of both labour and Conservative MPs
are from middle class, professional backgrounds. Many were educated at public schools and only a few are
women or black. The people have very little control over who their leaders are, only some control over which
general policies their parties will pursue.

Text 43. The House Of Representatives

In Indonesia, the Parliament, or the House of Representatives is the highest body or institution of the
state. It consists of representatives of the people elected to the office through the political parties and the
functional groups. The structure of the body is prescribed by statute, and it is to sit at least once a year. All
statutes of the nation require its agreement or approval in order to become law. This law making process is
shared with the President, who must ratify all statutes.
The parliament is given power to determine the annual budget to fix taxes, to prescribe kinds and value
of currency, and in general to regulate the financial matters of the nation. With the President, it declares war,
makes peace and concludes treaties. It is explicitly authorized to determine the divisions of Indonesia and the
structure of regional government, the form of the People’s Consultative Assembly, and Supreme Advisory
Council and of itself, to regulate Judicial Power, to prescribe the structure of the courts and the conditions for
becoming a judge, to determine the condition of citizenship and national defence needs, and to regulate the
nation’s educational system.
The parliament has no authority amend the constitution, that functions in the hands of the People’s
consultative Assembly. The legislation power of Parliament as stated above, seems to be unlimited, especially
from the point of view of Parliament as a manifestation of the sovereignty of the Indonesian people. Parliament
does not only have legislative power, but it also possesses budget rights; thus, parliament has financial control
over the government.
The President of the Republic of Indonesia holds office in the government according to the constitution,
in performing his duties as President, he is assisted by a vice-President. The president and the Vice-President
are elected by the People’s Consultative Assembly by a majority of votes for a five-year term.
As Head of state and chief executive officer of the government, his powers are substantial, but not
without limits. For example, although he has ultimate power over the armed forces, the all important budget
must be approved by the House of Representatives. Although he has power in emergencies to promulgate
regulations equivalent to statutes, those regulations are subject to ultimate recall by Parliament. Although no
statute can become law without his signature, the legislative power itself rests with the Parliament. And
although he has substantial regulatory power, regulations are generally confined to the implementation of
statutes.

Text 44. What is Democracy ?

The word ‘ democracy ’ comes from two Greek words which when translated mean ‘people power’. The
origin of the ideas about democracy came from the ancient Greek city-state of Athens. In Athens they practiced
a form of direct democracy in which all qualified citizens were expected to take part in the government of the
city. Outdoor public meetings wee held as often as forty times a year to decide everything from how public

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money should be spent, whether or not go to war. Everyone there had a right to speak and decisions
were taken by a majority vote of all those present.
This system is often held up as the ideal form participative direct democracy. However, even in Athens
not all people were considered to be qualified citizens. Women, slaves and anyone under eighteen years old
were excluded from the democratic processes.
Nevertheless, Athens was far more democratic than other states of the time. Most countries were ruled
by a monarch or another unelected leader (such as an emperor or tyrant) or by an oligarchy ( a group of a few
nobles). So most people were not part of the government at all.
It was thought by the nobility that the mass of the people were not capable of governing themselves or
taking any part in government. The nobles believed that only they had the necessary education background and
inherited qualities to make good decisions.
The idea that democracy is not possible without high level of education and that some people are born
to be leaders still persist today. However, there are more examples from industry in this country and in the
Third World countries to show that all sorts of people, even those without formal education and qualifications,
can make sensible decisions about their own lives.
Toward the end of the eighteenth century democracy began to re-emerge in Europe. The all-powerful
rule of monarchs was threatened by the French revolution, By then the nations in which democracy was
developing were much larger than Athens. This led to the development of representatives democracy. Instead
of all qualifying citizens being involved in their own government, system of indirect democracy developed in
which the people elected their representatives. These representatives made decisions on behalf of the people
who elected them.
During the nineteenth century two different views of democracy emerged and both of them exist today.:
democracy as an ideal and democracy as a system.
Democracy as an ideal means the people who supported this view were mainly those who were fighting
for a working class party. They saw democracy ass a way to give more people the opportunity to take part in
government. They wanted power and control to be shared more equally so that all people could be involved in
determining their own lives. From this view, democracy is an ideal to be worked towards. The political system
would need to change to include more people in more ways of making decisions. Democracy as an ideal, was
becoming popular at the beginning of this century.
The view of the democracy as a system was supported by those already in power in the government;
Liberals and Conservatives. They saw democracy as a way of choosing a government. Democracy for them
meant giving people the vote so they could elect leaders. Once the vote had been extended to include all
adults, then democracy had been achieved. In this sense of democracy people do not have any direct part in
government, only an indirect one through their elected representatives. The influence of this second version of
democracy as a system has been the strongest of the two in Britain.
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VI. ENVIRONMENT
Text 45. THE ECOLOGY OF A POUND

Ecology is the study of the relationships of living things with their environment. Thus is we talk about the
ecology of a pond, essentially we talk about the inter- relationships of living things found in the pond. In other
words, we talk about the pond as an eco-system.
There are various living things in a man-made or natural fish pond, which can all be grouped into three
main types: plants, bacteria and animals. Water lilies and pondweed are often found in ponds, together with
numerous algae. Animals, include fish, frogs, snails and various insects.
One inter- relationship between the plants and the animals in the pond concerns the supply of oxygen and
carbon- dioxide. Animals need the oxygen, which plants help to provide. Thus, the animals in the pond use the
oxygen provided by the water lilies and pondweed. In return the fish and other animals in the pond give off
carbon- dioxide, which is taken by the water lilies and pondweed.
Another inter-relationship of these living things concerns the food- supply: what eats what. Let us begin
with the plants. Plants are unique among living things in that they manufacture their own food. Thus the algae,
the water lilies, and the pondweed all manufacture their own food, which they do with the help of sunlight.
Some small insects, or their larvae, eat algae. Mosquito larvae, for example feed on algae. In turn, bigger
insects eat the mosquito larvae or other smaller insects, and in turn, too, the bigger insects are eaten by fish or
frogs. Some fish also feed directly on larvae.
How about the water- lilies and the pondweed? Certain insects eat the leaves of water lily, but by and
large the leaves serve as a “grazing” place for small water insects. These small water insects are either eaten
by bigger insects or directly by fish. Fish also eat snails which in turn feed on water-pond leaves. Fish also eat
other fish: the bigger ones eat the smaller ones.
Where do bacteria fit in to the system? Bacteria do not eat plants or animals directly. They decay dead
plants and dead animals, so that the dead plants and animals decompose into, among other things, nitrogen
compounds. The nitrogen compounds enter the pond soil, where the roots of the water lilies and pondweed take
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them as the material for food. Incidently, the animals in the pond also directly provide the plants with
nitrogen compounds in the form of waste which the animals excrete.

Dikbud, 1988, Book 3a

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text 46. Survival Tactics In The Animal World
Just as soldiers need riffles, guns, etc., animals also need weapons to enable them to attack their enemies
or preys or defend themselves. for them, the weapons are natural ones- provided by God, one might say. They
come in different forms, such as teeth, claws, and horns. The hind legs of a horse can also be regarded as
weapons, as can the venom of a snake. Not all animals have those kinds of weapons, though. Some animals do
not even need any weapons, since they hardly ever attack. In order to ‘defend’ or protect themselves, that is, in
order for them to survive, some of these animals rely on their ability to run from danger. Take a rabbit, for
example. What means of survival does it have? In order to protect itself it relies on its ability to run at high
speed. And a skunk. How does it protect itself? One way is by producing a bad smell which deters its enemies.
While a skunk produces a bad smell to protect itself, a cuttlefish produces something different. Sensing
danger it sprays an ink-like liquid that darkens the surrounding-water. The darkened water, then, serves as its
hiding place, and it has a good chance of surviving the danger so long as it is hidden from its enemy.
There is yet another means of survival in the animal world. it is camouflage. Certain animals have colours
which are similar to the colour of their habitats. Those that live on the ground, for example, are usually brown or
black, while those that live in trees are sometimes green. These animals cannot change their basic natural
colours, however. They are not as ‘clever’ as the chameleon. This strange- looking animal can change its colours
to suit that of its surroundings. In green- surroundings it is greenish. In brown surrounding it turns brownish.

Text 47. VOLCANOES

Probably the best known volcano in Indonesia, or in the whole world for that matter, is Mount Krakatau. It
erupted violently in 1883. what caused it to erupt? Or, more generally, what causes volcanoes to erupt? In order
to know the answer, it is necessary for us to know what a volcano is. In Indonesia we call it ‘Gunung Berapi’, or
‘gunung api’ for short. The question is, where do the heat and fire come from? According to geologists, deep
beneath the ground there are chambers which contain molten rock. Because of high pressure, the molten rock
is forced up the passage which connects the chamber and the opening in the crust of the earth. This molten
rock flows out of the opening as lava (magma), and along with it is emitted ashes and gases. A volcano, then, is
a mountain with an opening at the top, from which flows lava, hot ashes and gases. Eventually the lava cools off
and becomes solid rock. Sometimes the solid rock blocks the opening and eruptions stop. However, if high
pressure builds up in the chamber, the blockage may re-open and the volcano erupt once more.
Very often a volcanic explosion. Like the 1883’s explosion of Mount Krakatau, causes a great deal of
human suffering. That is why people often associate volcanoes with disasters. That is not wholly correct, of
course, since there are also some good things. Firstly, volcanoes, like mountains in general cause clouds to rise
and then cool off to form rain. Secondly, the materials thrown up by volcanoes contain minerals needed by
plants. after many years the volcanic materials make the soil fertile.
Not all volcanoes are found on land, however. Many of them are found under the sea. These are called
submarine volcanoes. Whether land or submarine, usually volcanoes have one thing in common, they are cone-
shaped.

Text 48. FORESTRY

Forest were once abundant all over the world. Through the centuries vast areas have been destroyed.
Some have been destroyed by disease and some by fire; most of them have been destroyed by man. In Java, for
example, we cannot find forest any more. There are woods in Java now, but woods are not forests!
Forests have four very important uses: they provide wood products essential to civilization; they prevent
floods and erosion; they regulate streams, and protect water sources, they shelter wildlife. Knowing the
priceless service which forest can give us, we should think twice, three times, or maybe ten times before we
decide to cut down trees in a forest just for easy, short- term profits. Trees should be treated like any other
crop: they are harvested and replaced.
To assure sustained yield, two methods of logging are now used. One is selective logging and the other is
block logging. In the former method, only mature trees are cut. With more space and sunshine, the remaining
trees grow faster. In the latter method, blocks of seed trees are left uncut. Within ten years, wind-borne seeds
from the seed block restocks the land where its trees have been cut down.
The following are other terms usually used in forestry or forest-related industries:
1. Timber = the wood of trees.
2. Forester = a person trained in forestry
3. Forest protection = the protection of forests
4. forestry service = a branch of forestry office

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5. tropical forest = a forest found in the tropics
6. lumberjack = a man whose work is cutting down timber; a logger
7. wood pulp = soft material made of wood, used in making paper
8. sawmill = a factory where logs are sawed into boards
9. hardwood = any tough, heavy timber.
-STYD-
Text 49. WATER
Water is an essential component of all living matter. The body itself consists of more than 70 % water.
Water is necessary for weathering processes that convert rock to soil and for the transport of soil nutrients to
plants. In other form of vapour, it provides protection for us against the harmful radiations from outer space and
the chilling temperatures at night. Water is so much a part of our daily lives that we take all this for granted, we
drink it, wash with it, use it to dispose of our waste products and for countless other domestic purposes.
The widest use of water in some countries is for irrigation. The farmers grow rice extensively to satisfy the
need for this staple food. With the programmes’ priority being to increasing rice production, the heavy use of
water for agriculture will continue in the future.
Water is also used to produce electric water. Many hydro-electric power plants provide electricity for
cities, towns and villages.
Industry depends on water. The manufacture of foodstuffs, textiles, paper-making, steel industries and
the production of thermal power are enormous water consumers.
Increasingly, water is being used for recreation. In addition to rivers, man-made dams now attract more
and more people for fishing, boating and other recreations.
Water sources can be classified as either surface water or ground water. surface water originates from
two main sources, rivers and rainfall, which act as the sources of water in urban areas. Rain water falling on
land areas partly infiltrates the earth’s surface and partly intercepted by plants, while some evaporates. Water
collected in lakes, swamps, streams and rivers can be used to provide an urban water supply.
It is a natural tendency to think of our water supply in terms of surface water, but the amount available
at any given time in streams, lakes and rivers is less than 3%. The largest amount, more than 97 % is ground
water. Therefore ground water resources still serve as the major source.
With the growing demand for clean water we have to look for new sources. In addition to spring water,
Indonesian cities at present obtain water through the purification of surface water, by means of deep wells, and
in some instances also from shallow wells. Jakarta and Bandung are examples of cities that obtain additional
water from deep wells. Madiun gets water from a battery of shallow wells, at depths varying from 8 to 17
metres.
More and more water can be made available by technological advances in de-salting, control or
evaporation, increased artificial recharge of ground water reservoirs, water saving from industrial processes,
increased use of low quality water for cooling and improved treatment of waste water to permit more extensive
re use.
It is also necessary to improve the processing of water in the water treatment plants particularly in
combating pollutants and ensuring the hygienic purity of water supplies.
-STYD-

Text 50. FAUNA AND FLORA FOUND IN WATER

Living things are generally grouped as plants or animals. Most of them grow or live on land but some of
them grow or live in water. In this “Vocabulary builder” you are going to learn about some plants and animals
found in water.
Algae are chiefly water plants growing in oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers and ditches. Brown algae, for
example, are sheet-like or ribbon-like. Some kinds of mosses also grow in water or along streams. People use
water moss for home aquariums. Lotus, water lilies and sea- weeds grow in water. Lotus only blooms in the
morning.
Animals found in water range from single cell animals to vertebrates. Worms, molluscs, snails, starfish,
jellyfish, sea-urchins, shells, crabs, lobsters are some of the invertebrate group. The following classes of animals
such as fishes, reptiles, amphibians, mammals and birds belong to vertebrate groups. Have you ever heard such
names as gold-fish, tuna, salmon, herring and shark? Some reptiles found in water are snakes, turtles, and
crocodiles. The same class as turtles are tortoises , but they live on land. Turtles and crocodiles, for example,
lay their eggs on land in the sand. Their babies will go back to the as soon as they hatch from their shells.
Frogs spend part of their lives in water and part on land. Thus, they are called amphibians which means
‘both-life creatures’. Salamanders belong to the mammal class. They spend all their lives in the sea, surfacing
only to breathe. Other mammals found in the sea are dolphins, sea-lions, sea otters and walruses.

Text 51. MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT

As man’s industrial and technological ability has advanced, so has his ability to manipulate the
environment. His remarkable success in combating disease and exploiting natural resources has led to a vast
increase in the size of population. The growth curve of the population takes the form of an exponential curve.
Inevitably the curve must flatten out at some stage in the future or the population will outstrip food
resources. Improved methods of food production will help solve this problem but the only solution must be a
reduction in the birth-rate. The increase in human population has meant that Man has affected his environment
in two major ways, by the exploitation of natural resources and by industrialization.

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In agriculture, for example, to fulfil the demand for food supply, Man tends to concentrate on growing
a single species of plant (monoculture) in one area. High densities of crops provide optimum conditions for
pests and spread disease. To kill pests and the spread of disease Man the uses pesticides, especially
insecticides. Though effective, it is expensive and can kill many other organisms which are harmless to Man’s
crop so upsetting the balance of the ecosystem. They may kill the pest’s natural enemies, thus removing a form
of biological control of the pests. Moreover, pesticides, DDT for example, can accumulate within the tissues of
organisms, and be passed along food chains where they increase in concentration. Animals at the end of the
food chain may receive doses large enough to be fatal.
Industrialization pollutes the atmosphere, soil and water. The main factors in this are the release of
chemical wastes from industrial processes, the use of pesticides and herbicides, accumulation of unwanted
materials (rubbish) and the increasing disposal of radioactive wastes.
The only means of preventing over-exploitation of plants, animals and natural resources, and preserving
the stability of the ecosystem is by conservation. The government gives protection to the species and animals
threatened with the extinction and campaigns to conserve energy. Forest conservation, re-forestation, re-
greening, National Parks, like Ujung Kulon, give protection for the species and animals living there. It is against
the law, for example, to hunt, kill or trade in protected animals such as elephants, orang- utans, rhinoceros, and
cassowary. Recent efforts to transfer elephants from the neighbouring areas to Air Sugihan in South Sumatra is
a means of protecting elephants from extinction.
All this has to be done to raise the quality of the environment and to produce a balance of nature.

Text 52. Ecology

The study of the relationship between living organism and their environment is called ecology. there are
three major environments are : marine, freshwater and terrestrial ( land and earth ) containing many r……….
the environment can be divided into two natural divisions –the ab…..or non living environment. These two
interact in such a way as to produce a balance system called the e………
The main feature of the non-living environment concerns the climate, the n….cycles and soil. These
factors influence the number and the distribution of organisms within a given area. While primarily affecting
plant growth they also affect the animals which feed on them and the whole b….of nature.
Some plants respond to long periods of daylight by flowering, while others flower only when daylight is
short. This response to light is termed p….Green plants can utilize solar energy which is converted into sugars
through photosynthesis. Plants are able to build up proteins, fat, and vitamins from sugars. They are thus called
the p…..of the ecosystem. All animals or c….derive their energy for growth and metabolism from producers.
These feeding relationships can be summarized as a food c…. where each stage of the chain is known as a
tropic level. Microbial consumers which aid the decay of dead organic matter at all levels are called d…..
Populations of organisms fluctuate in response to changing conditions within an ecosystem, but over a
long period of time the average size of each of population remains the same. If the p….become too numerous
they will deplete the numbers of h…. then the predator number will decline because of food shortage.
Subsequently, with few predators the herbivore numbers will again begin to rise.
Thus, over a period of time there is a general balance in numbers of predator and p… it is not an
absolutely steady state and is often referred to as a state of dynamic e…

New Vocabularies : abiotic; biotic; balance- equilibrium; carnivore; capillary; consumer; carbon- cycle;
decomposer; ecology; habitat; food- chain; herbivore; nutrient- cycle; photoperiodism; prey; predator; producer;
resources; symbiosis; water cycle.

I. Trade and Commerce

Text 53. Supermarket
Market is the centre of community life. It is the place where social and mainly economic
activities of the community turn. Now there are old and modern markets. The old is called traditional
market which is easy to be found in the villages, towns, and big cities, and the modern one is called
supermarket, shopping centre or shopping mall.
A supermarket is well organized and is beautified with landscape gardening, facilitated with
large parking lot and spacious clean air- conditioned room. It is so pleasant that attracts crowd of
people. The goods are arranged and displayed so attractively that shoppers feel so relaxed to find
and select the goods they need.
Shopping in supermarket is self-service. A customer may take the fixed-price goods freely.
Many kinds of people’s needs are on the sale in separate departments such as shoes, shirts,
watches, jewels, rice, vegetables, fruit, flowers, TV sets, electricity, books, medicines, etc. selecting
the goods the shoppers enjoy soft music. Escalators are installed to let them easy to reach other
higher floors. When thirsty or hungry, they may have drink, snack or lunch at a fine restaurant.
Shopping is not a must. A visitor may walk around the spacious room, mingling with the
crowds, passing one hour or two without spending a cent. He may read books or magazines available
just for killing time. For someone, visiting a supermarket may be one of his hobbies as he can meet
people from all walks of life such as employees, students, executives, housewives, and so on. It
seems, for him, that supermarket is a place that is fun to be in.

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Now, there are dozens of supermarkets are built in cities, it is easy to find Matahari,
Ramayana, Hero Supermarket, etc. In towns or cities. However, traditional markets are still needed
especially by villagers low- income people.

Text 54. RETAILERS

Retailing is selling goods or merchandise, usually in small quantities, to the general public or
their own use, not to other producers or firms for resale. It is the final step in bringing goods to
consumers on trading. Retailing is not only selling goods but also offering service such as renting
tools for home use or renting cars for immediate purpose or urgency. The retail sector is important
as it servers or sells goods to consumers directly.
Tradesmen who sell goods by retail are called retailers. They know well what consumers
needs because they contact them day to day. That is why most retailers stock variety of goods that
are best on sale. They may sell their goods in cash or by extending credit. For example, one who
wants to buy a car must go to a showroom where cars are displayed. He negotiates with the dealer
what kind of purchasing they make. A dealer is a retailer. To attract consumers sometimes retailers
help promote the producers goods. And advertisements is likely to be the most effective.
Retail firms can be classified into individual proprietors, co-operatives, nation chain, etc.
consumers can buy goods they need in stores, traditional markets, or modern ones. To day there are
many kinds of store where consumers can meet their needs. Single type of merchandise, such as
books, sports equipments, shoes, clothing, jewellery, electronic, etc. can be found in special stores.
Department stores are actually special stores grouped in one building. In 1930’s the United States
sell many other products. Buying goods in a supermarket is clean and fresh environment, self
service, spacious room, etc. When consumers need goods or other things delivered at home, they
can get them by mail order, telephone, or from door- to- door visits. This kind retail is called non-
store retailing. Dorr- to- door visits can be practised in mobile shops. They operate in places far from
other kinds of shops. This retailing is useful especially for elderly people who are unable to get goods
easily.

II. International Relationship

Text 55. Non- Aligned Movement

Not long after the World War II ended the two super- power countries, the US and the
USSR, competed to attract and influence other countries to be their partners. The US struggled to
extend capitalists- democracy whereas the USSR made great efforts to form communist society
throughout the world. the conflict between the two bore impact as if the world was split into two
different side i.e. Eastern Bloc or Communist Alliance and Western Bloc or liberal Alliance.
Geographically the Eastern European countries joined the Western countries joined the Western bloc
headed by the Soviet Union and the Western European countries joined the western Bloc which was
under the control of the US. The Western Bloc organization is called North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) and the Eastern Bloc organization is named Warsawa Military Fact.
It is easy to understand that the conflict between the two different alliances threatened the
world peace. Anticipating this dangerous condition which could explode into another world war,
some countries which love peace established Non- Aligned Movement (NAM). The prominent figures
who master- minded the establishment of this movement were the late president Soekarno of
Indonesia, the late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, the late president Gamal Abdel Nasser
of Egypt, and the late president Josef Brozz Tito of Yugoslavia.
Indonesia took part in the establishment of NAM because it carried out the message stated
in the Preamble of the 1945 constitution paragraph four which says “…and contributes the
establishment of a world order based on freedom, peace and social justice.” It is in compliance with
the foreign policy, which is both independent and active. The policy is independent because
Indonesia does not side with world powers, and it is active to cooperate with other nations to abolish
colonialism and imperialism in all their forms and manifestations for the sake of world peace and
social justice. Indonesia was one of the founding members of NAM.
NAM is an international organization, so it has to enhance the partnership and maintain the
unity among member countries. Its mission is to cool down the word tension and create the world
peace. Summit conference have been periodically held. The first was in Beograd, Yugoslavia in 1961,
and the eleventh was in Cartagena, Columbia in 1995. Indonesia hosted the conference in 1992. the
conference is the event in which decisions and decrees are made and are about to be implemented.
Now, its members are 113 countries.

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Text 56. APEC

The Asia Pacific Economic cooperation (APEC) was officially established in Canberra,
Australia in November 1989. Its objective is to promote economic cooperation among Asia- Pacific
member countries. It is a regional economic cooperation forum. Members of this forum are ASEAN
member countries and countries of Non-ASEAN members, they are Australia, New Zealand, Japan,
South Korea, China, Hongkong, Taiwan, The United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile, and Papua New
Guinea.
APEC Ministerial Conference is held every year, and the host countries are alternatives
between ASEAN and Non-ASEAN members. For example, the first conference was held in Canberra in
1989, the second in Singapore in 1990, the third in Seoul in 1991,etc. Indonesia hosted the
conference in 1994. The meeting was attended by eighteen APEC heads of governments including
President Bill Clinton.
APEC’s works are among others to solve the challenges of global economy, to support an
open free- multilateral trading system, and to continue to reduce trading barriers. It must also work
together with World Trade Organization (WTO). To enhance trade and investment within its member
countries, the forum agrees to adopt the free and open trade. It also promotes the free flow of
goods, services and investment. It commits to complete its achievements of the goal of free and
open trade and Asia- pacific by 2020. all of these are aimed at the trade and investments
liberalization in the world as a whole, to intensify the development cooperation among the
community of asia- Pacific countries, and to enable the APEC member countries to develop more
effectively the human and natural resources of the ASIA –Pacific region. The cooperative
programmes of human resources cover education and training, and improve the management and
technical skills. Effective cooperation is also developed on environmental issues.
Every meeting always reviews the results the previous Meeting, Round held a year before,
evaluates the implementation and the implications for the region. Then the forum considers a next
step in line with regional and global trade liberalizations.
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III. Energy
Text 57. Electricity

Electricity is one of the most important forms of energy. We can not see, hear or smell
electricity, but we know about it by what it does. Electricity produces light and heat, and it
provides power for household appliances and industrial machinery. Electric power also
enables us to have telephones, computers, films, televisions and radio.
Most of the electricity we use daily consists of a flow of tiny particles called electrons.
Electrons are the smallest units of electricity. They are much too tiny to be seen, even with a
microscope. Everything around us, including our bodies, contains electrons. Therefore, everything
can be thought of as partly electrical. Some of the effect of electricity may be seen in nature. For
example, lightning, is a huge flash of light cause by electricity. Certain eels and other fishes give
electric shocks. Yellowstones made of a substance called amber become electrically charged when
rubbed with a cloth.
Almost of the world’s electricity is produced at power plants by large machine called
generators. Most of these plants burn coal or oil to make steam, which provides the energy to run
the generators. Thick wires carry electricity from the plants to homes, schools, shops, farms,
factories and other places where people need it.
Electricity is a handy source of energy, but it must be used with great care. Faulty wiring or
an overloaded socket can cause a fire. An electricity supply even one of low voltage- can kill you if
you touch a bare wire wet hands or while standing on wet floor.

Text 58. Oil and Gas

Many countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Venezuela, China, and Indonesia
produce oil. For along time, oil or petroleum becomes a vital need because land, water, and air
transportations depend mostly on it. It is felt that many nations have suffered oil shortages. It will be
worse because oil cannot be replaced and the result is the supply will be rapidly running out.
Oil is used :
a. in transportation, in factories, for farm equipments, and to produce heat and electricity. Fuels
provide
power. Most motor vehicles and airplane use petrol. Large trucks, train, and ships use diesel fuel.
b. to reduce friction between the moving parts of equipments. This petroleum product used is called
lubricant.
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c. in the manufacturing of fertilizer, insecticides, plastics, synthetic fibres, furniture polish, wax,
candles
and asphalt.
d. to produce liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It is used for heating, cooking, cutting and welding
metals,
operating equipments, etc. now some vehicles like taxi also use LPG for their engine.
Petroleum or oil was formed from remains of organism that died millions of years ago and it
buried far beneath the earth’s surface. When people want to find the place where petroleum might
have accumulated, they drill the earth with a rotary-drilling. Mud or crude oil is pumped through the
well to clean. When reaching the surface, it is transported to a refinery. From here, petroleum
products are delivered to markets.
Most industrialized countries depend heavily upon oil especially those that do not produce it
themselves. They dare to buy it at high price. As a result the competition of marketing of oil is
sometimes unfair. This is not a problem for the rich countries, but how about the poor ones? This is
the case that sometimes exporting oil becomes a political and economic weapon used by some
countries. This means that in this decade oil is still a vital need in line with the world economy
network. That is why the world organizations involved in the business of oil products, exporting, or
marketing like Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) must be fair in distribution.
IV. Banking
Text 60. Saving
It is wise when people save their money because they cannot predict what will happen in the
future, moreover, they should plan what they are going to be. Followings are questions that
people cannot ignore. Will people and their family always be healthy? Will the people of goods
and other people needs are stable or, will inflation become worse? Will political situation and
national security and defence guarantee the people’s peace? And still there are some more
questions concerning the people welfare.
Naturally, people wish to be better day-to-day. To meet their ambition, many people arrange
various plans for education, job, house, car, jewellery, other properties, etc. Their ambition will
be fulfilled when they do not spend their money wastefully.
There are some ways to save money which people usually take from time to time. Some time
ago when banking did not reach rural areas, villagers saved their money by putting it under the
mattress, in a piece of bamboo, ,etc. it is, of course, not sop advantageous. Now, time changes.
Children at a very young age begin to save their money at home, at school, or at banks.
Teachers and their parents encourage them to be depositors, because being depositors, they
will get some benefits. First, they learn how to prepare their future as early as possible. Second,
they get interest. And third, their money is safe from any risk because the bank will have to
make up any loses.
It has been proved that many people succeeded their life only because they loved saving money
and economized their expense. Some used their savings for business, some for business, some
for advanced education, while others used it as another kind of pension. The result is that they
did not have problems when they are retired. Proverb said, ‘ Money talks’ and ‘ Never put off till
tomorrow what you can do today.’

Text 61. How Money is Developed

Money is used as a medium of exchange. People will use it for paying something they buy or
service they get. Long before money is used, people traded their goods directly for other goods.
Such trading is called barter. This is not practical because they found difficulties when they wanted
something they needed but they did not have things suitable for the barter.
The first money people used were beads, cocoa beans, salt, shells, stones, tobacco, cloth, and
animal hides. Then metals such as cooper, silver, and gold were used to replace them. These metals
were more convenient than the first things because they could be easily shaped and carried.
Today people use money which consists of coins and paper. The first coins were made in
Lydia, an ancient country which is now the western Turkey, during 600 B.C. many countries saw that
coins were advantages and they began to make their own coins.
As early as 1100 B.C. Chinese used miniature bronze tools as medium of exchange which
were then developed into coins. They began to use paper money during the A.D. 600’s. Until the
1600’s Europeans did not adopt the use of paper money although Marco Polo, an Italian trader who
was amazed of the use of paper money instead of coins in China, brought this message to them. In

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1800’s, most of the paper money was issued by banks or private companies. Now, government
and central banks take over the issuing of banknotes.
Before coins are minted and paper money are printed, artists propose designs for them. They
construct clay model of the coin, or sketch their design of paper money. Then the government and
the central bank issue the money after the secretary of the treasury approves them.
Here are some country’s monetary units: Indonesian Rupiah, the U.S. Dollar, the U.K. Pound,
Saudi Arabian Riyal, Chinese Yuan, Japanese Yen, Iraqi Dinar, and Indian Rupee. Today, the
Continental Europeans use Euro as their monetary unit when they purchase or accept services
within the countries.

V. Women’s affair
Text 62. Women’s Movement
When we read history, we will be conscious that women have usually had fewer rights and a
lower status than men. Most women’s lives were centred around their households, for instance,
raising children, cooking, spinning, weaving, etc. in 1500’s Reformation, the religious movement in
Europe gave rise to Protestantism. It encouraged women to be clergywomen. As time goes on,
women’s status, roles and movements increase. Many women took part in politics, economy, social,
culture, sports, science, and even in defence and security.
The prominent women in politics who have played important role in governing their country
are Margaret Thatcher of the United Kingdom, Indira Gandhi of India, Benazir Buhutto of Pakistan,
Corazon Aquino of the Philippines, Megawati of Indonesia, etc. Their role undoubtedly made their
people proud. In sports we know Susi Susanti- and Indonesian shuttler, Steffi Grafft- a German tennis
player, etc.
In this modern time many women hold more movements. This is caused by the gradual
expansion of women’s educational opportunities since 1800’s and the globalization era. The
movements include politics, social, and education. Some demand the women’s rights. They want to
be equal to men in the fields of politics, job opportunities, etc. some others establish social
movements to help the poor, children, the old, etc.
In short, women dislike to be inferior to men; many do not want to be housewives anymore
but career women. Consequently, they hire maidservant to handle the household. And in fact, this
not husband’s problem. Further, many husbands are proud of having such wives.
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