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NOTE
1
Oil Industry Safety Directorate(OISD) publications are prepared for use in the oil and
gas industry under Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. These are the property of
Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas and shall not be reproduced or copied and loaned
or exhibited to others without written consent from OISD.
Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data
contained in these documents, OISD hereby expressly disclaims any liability or
responsibility for loss or damage resulting from their use.
These documents are intended to supplement rather than replace the prevailing
statutory requirements.
2
FOREWORD
The oil industry in India is nearly a 100 years old. Due to various collaboration
agreements with foreign companies, a variety of practices have been in vogue and
various international codes, standards are being followed. Standardisation in design
philosophies and operating and maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in
existence. This lack of uniformity coupled with feedback from some serious accidents
that occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasised the need for the
industry to review the existing state of the art in designing, operating and maintaining oil
and gas installations.
With this in view, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in 1986 constituted
a Safety Council assisted by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) staffed from
within the industry in formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures
aimed at removing obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to
ensure safer operations. Accordingly OISD constituted a number of functional
committees comprising of experts nominated from the industry to draw up standards
and guidelines on various subjects.
The first edition of the document on ‘Fire Prevention and Fire Protection System
for Electrical Installations’ was prepared by the Committee on ‘Electrical Fire Protection’
and published in July 1996. The present revised edition has been prepared by
Committee constituted with help of member industries. This document is based on the
accumulated knowledge and experience of industry members, and various national and
international codes and practices.
This document will be reviewed periodically for improvements based on the new
experiences and better understanding. Suggestions from industry members may be
addressed to:
The Coordinator
Committee on Electrical Fire Protection
OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE
7th Floor, ‘New Delhi House’
27-Barakhamba Road
New Delhi – 110 001
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COMMITTEE ON ELECTRICAL FIRE PROTECTION
LIST OF MEMBERS
____________________________________________________________________
NAME ORGANISATION
____________________________________________________________________
LEADER
MEMBERS
MEMBER CO-ORDINATOR
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COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF OISD-STD-173
LIST OF MEMBERS
____________________________________________________________________
NAME ORGANISATION
____________________________________________________________________
MEMBERS
MEMBER CO-ORDINATOR
GUIDANCE
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5
FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 SCOPE 1
3.0 DEFINITIONS 1
10.0 REFERENCES 20
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FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION SYSTEM
FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
i) CABLE RUN
1.0 INTRODUCTION
A stretch of cable(s) for carrying
Fire protection assumes greater electrical current from one point to the
importance in context of the electrical other.
installations located in hydrocarbon
industry where classified hazardous ii) CABLE TRAY
atmosphere may be encountered and
electricity may constitute one of the A horizontal or vertical metal / FRP
sources of ignition for fire incidents and support for a cable run. A cable tray
explosions. may support one or more cables.
7
“Petroleum Class B”: means petroleum
viii) CABLE VAULTS having a flash-point of twenty-three
degrees centigrade and above but
Cable vaults are generally built below a below sixty-five degrees centigrade.
control room wherein cables from
various facilities terminate before
entering the control panels. “Petroleum Class C“: means
petroleum having a flash-point of
ix) ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS sixty–five degrees centigrade and
above but below ninety-three degrees
Electrical installations include centigrade.
generating stations, sub-stations, xiv) HAZARDOUS AREA
switch gear rooms, transformers,
cabling systems and outdoor switch In accordance with the Petroleum
yards. Rules applicable to Hydrocarbon
liquids, an area shall be deemed to be
x) FIRE STOP a hazardous area, where:
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“Extra High” where the voltage installed and operated along with
exceeds 33,000 volts under normal switchgear, switch boards and other
conditions subject, however, to the equipment required to generate /
percentage variation allowed by Indian control power.
Electricity Rules.
xxi) SHALL
xvi) INDOOR TRANSFORMER
“Shall’’ indicates a mandatory
The transformer installations which requirement.
have limitations in approach for the
Fire Tender (in other words, which are xxii) SHOULD
not easily accessible by a fire tender)
shall be considered indoors for the ``Should’’ indicates a requirement
purpose of fire protection. which is recommendatory in nature.
4.3.3 In all cases, connection to earth c) Live parts of switch gear shall
should be made in accordance with be made inaccessible from any
IS : 3043. inadvertent physical contact, lizard
entry etc. These shall be suitably
4.3.4 For further details on earthing covered by barriers and shrouds.
installation practices, refer OISD-RP-
147 and OISD-RP-149. d) It shall be ensured that the
electrical installation shall be rust /
4.3.5 The main earthing network shall be corrosion protected. This should be
used for earthing of equipment to achieved by painting all equipment at
protect it against static electricity. regular intervals by use of zinc
passivated, nickel plated hardware,
An independent earthing network stainless steel hardware, through
shall be provided for lightning provision of canopies for outdoor
protection and this shall be bonded equipment and covering of terminal
with the main earthing network below boxes to prevent ingress of water etc.
ground, minimum at two points. Battery rooms shall be kept dry and
well ventilated and all terminals shall
4.3.6 An approach for removing fire or be kept covered with petroleum jelly
explosion danger is to provide means to avoid corrosion.
for adequate dissipation and
prevention of accumulation of static e) During maintenance if any
electricity, thereby ensuring that equipment is removed from panel
static discharges do not occur. One doors, etc. which leaves an open cut-
of the methods to eliminate risk of out on the equipment, the same shall
static electricity build up is be promptly sealed using blanking
grounding and bonding. plates or other means, to ensure that
there is no loss of the degree of
The subject of Static accumulation ingress protection and also that this
caused by flow of petroleum products does not provide a means of access
and the mitigation methods are dealt for entry of dust / vermin etc. It shall
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be ensured that all unused cable o) Transformer and switchyards
entries are blanked off. shall be maintained free of vegetation
/ dry grass.
f) All battery banks shall be
routinely checked for healthy cell p) Earth grid resistance shall be
voltage, specific gravity of cells, measured and recorded regularly to
electrolyte level etc. ensure operation of related protective
devices in case of fault. The
g) Insulation resistance of all periodicity and documentation shall
electrical equipment, such as, all be governed by IE-Rule 61 (5&6).
switchboards, motors, transformers,
cables etc. shall be routinely For bulk storage tanks, Rule-128 of
measured and logged to ensure Petroleum Rules 2002 shall be
healthiness of equipment. followed in respect of testing of earth
connections.
h) Dielectric strength of
transformer insulating oil, Oil Circuit Water should be poured in the earth
Breakers etc. shall be measured at pits at regular intervals to maintain
regular intervals and recorded and oil the required earth resistance.
filtration shall be carried out
wherever necessary. Dissolved Gas q) Special emphasis shall be laid
analysis for transformers rated on the maintenance of equipment
5MVA and above may be carried installed in hazardous areas to meet
out as a predictive method to assess requirements of Rules-112 & 113 of
health of transformer. Indian Petroleum Rules-2002. The
rules are quoted for ready reference:
i) All cable terminations, bus-bar
joints, etc. shall be tightened, more Rule-112:
so for equipment subjected to
vibrations, to ensure that there are no “Maintenance of approved electric
hot spots which could lead to fire / apparatus and wiring:
equipment failure.
All electric apparatus and wiring in a
j) Settings of protective relays shall hazardous area shall at all times be so
be checked to ensure that they are maintained as to retain the
set as per the recommended characteristic on which their approval
settings. Protective Relays shall be has been granted”
tested / calibrated once an year to
ensure proper operation as per Rule-113:
manufacturer’s recommendations.
“Repair and test work:
k) Unused cable entries in any
switchboard / Electrical installation 1) No Flame proof or intrinsically
shall not be kept open. safe apparatus shall be opened and
no work likely to impair the safety
l) Conduits used for cable entry characteristics of such apparatus or
shall be sealed and earthed. electric wiring connected thereto
shall be carried out until all voltage
m) All wall openings of an electrical has been cut off from said apparatus
sub station including cable entries or wiring. The voltage shall not be
shall be properly sealed to arrest restored thereto until the work has
water entry inside sub station. been completed and the safety
characteristics provided in connection
n) All switchboards shall be with the apparatus and wiring have
provided with safety interlocks as been fully restored.
covered under OISD-RP-149 and
inspected as per OISD-STD-137. 2) Notwithstanding anything
contained in this rule, use of soldering
apparatus or other means involving
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flame, fire or heat or use of industrial
type of apparatus in a zone “1” area A system shall be established to
shall be permitted for the purposes of record the results of all inspections
effecting repairs and testing and and the action taken to correct
alterations, provided that the area in defects.
which such apparatus or wiring has
been installed, has first been made 4.5 FIRE ALARM AND GAS
safe and certified by a competent DETECTION SYSTEM
person after testing with an approved
gas – testing apparatus to be safe and 4.5.1 Each installation should be equipped
free from inflammable vapours, gases with a fire detection and alarm system
or liquids and is maintained in such which shall be able to detect fire at
conditions, so long as the work is in the earliest and to give an alarm so
progress” that appropriate action can be taken
(e.g. evacuation of personnel,
No alteration that might invalidate the summoning of fire fighting
certificate or other document relating organisation, triggering of the
to the safety of the apparatus, shall be extinguishing process etc.)
made to any apparatus.
4.5.2 The alarm system may be activated
If replacement components such as by automatic detection devices viz.
cable glands, conduit or conduit smoke detectors, heat detectors etc.
accessories, are available only with or by manual operation of manual call
thread forms which differ from those points i.e. brake glass units.
provided on the apparatus, suitable
adaptors having necessary 4.5.3 Installations involving hazardous
certification and approval shall be gases shall additionally be equipped
employed. with gas detection system which shall
be able to detect the leakage of
Equipment enclosures and fittings hazardous gases and give alarm
shall be examined to see that all when the gas concentration has
stopping plugs and bolts are in reached 20% of lower explosive limit
position and properly tightened. (LEL) and should activate the shut-
Locking and sealing devices shall be down system, as well as give signal
checked to ensure that they are to shut-off valves to prevent further
secured in prescribed manner. release of the hazardous gases in the
concerned areas when 40% LEL has
Replacement fasteners, nuts, studs reached. The tripping should be based
and bolts shall be of the type specified on a logic to prevent any nuisance
by the manufacturer for the particular operation.
apparatus. No attempt shall be made
to replace or repair a glass in a Gas detectors shall be employed in
flameproof enclosure e.g. in a outdoor / indoor process areas
luminaire or other enclosures, except handling hydrocarbons.
by replacement with the complete
assembly or part obtainable from the 4.6 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
manufacturer, complying with the
approval certificate. The plant shall have adequate
communication system in line with the
If at any time, there is a change in the requirements of OISD-RP-149.
area classification or in the
characteristics of the flammable 4.7 EMERGENCY LIGHTING
material handled in the area or if the
equipment is relocated in the area, the 4.7.1 In addition to the normal lighting, each
area classification drawing should be installation shall be equipped with
correspondingly revised and a check emergency (AC) and critical (DC)
shall be made to ensure that the lighting.
equipment selection corresponds to
the revised area classification.
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4.7.2 Emergency lighting shall enable the conditions, switching, lightning surges
operators to carry out safe shut-down etc.
of the plant, to gain access and permit
ready identification of fire fighting b) The continuity of operation of
facilities such as fire water pumps, fire those parts of the system not affected
alarm stations etc. by the fault, is maintained.
4.7.3 Critical lighting, sourced from 220V or c) Personnel and plant safety.
110V DC system shall enable safe
evacuation of operating personnel Accordingly, relays and protective
and shall be employed along escape devices shall be suitably selected and
route, assembly point and critical coordinated. Refer OISD-RP-149 for
installations such as first aid centre, further details.
control rooms, manned sub-stations,
fire water pump house etc. 5.0 FIRE PROTECTION FOR SUB-
STATION
4.7.4 As a good engineering practice, the
AC emergency load should be 5.1 Sub-station is a vital Electrical
considered as 20-25% of normal installation which has a number of
lighting load. In small plants, with sources of fire hazards like Cables,
small AC emergency load and where Transformers and Circuit Breakers.
there is no separate standby DG set, Cables are normally PVC/XLPE
critical DC lighting system may take insulated and pose fire hazard in
care of the entire emergency lighting. case of overheating or short circuit.
An Oil filled Transformer contains
4.7.5 For hazardous areas, emergency large quantity of oil and is liable to
lighting fixtures shall be explosion explosion and fire in case electrical
proof Ex(d) type, irrespective of the faults do not clear fast or get
area being classified as zone-1 or sustained. Circuit Breaker and other
zone-2. switchgear items may cause low
intensity fire along with explosion in
4.7.6 For details on lighting philosophy and case of severe earth fault.
installation practices, refer OISD-RP-
147, OISD-RP-149. 5.2 LOCATION OF SUB-STATION
4.8 REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTROL 5.2.1 The sub-station shall be located in a
ROOM / BUILDING safe area as close to the load centre
as possible. Consideration should be
Manned areas such as control rooms, given to cooling tower sprays, vapours
operator rooms etc. and areas contributing to insulation breakdown
housing critical equipment including etc. and other factors affecting the
power supplies required for safe shut safe operation of the sub-station.
down of plants located close to
process units / hydrocarbon storage Refer also OISD standard 118 ‘Layout
areas shall be governed by for Oil and Gas installations’)
provisions in OISD-STD-163.
5.3 LAYOUT OF SUB STATION
4.9 REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
PROTECTION Following requirements should be
borne in mind while engineering the
The electrical system shall be layout of a sub-station:
designed and selected to ensure the
following: i) Access for initial installation of the
switchgear, possible removal,
a) Protection of equipment against overhaul or replacement, as well as
damage which can occur due to fire fighting etc.
internal or external short circuits,
overloading, abnormal operating ii) Ease of operation.
15
iii) The location must be considered
in conjunction with possible cable 5.3.6 The design of the floor must take
routes. account of any fixing arrangements
and base channels for switch boards.
iv) It is imperative that any water It is essential to ensure that the holes
tanks or pipes are not positioned or slots for cables are clear of floor
directly above the switchgear. steelwork or reinforcement.
5.3.1 In large plants, the main sub-station 5.3.7 Switch boards should be provided with
floor shall be raised above grade level space heaters of sufficient rating to
and the space below the sub-station prevent condensation. Switchgear
floor (cellar) shall be utilised for located in a high ambient temperature
installation of cable trays. (for example, in a boiler house of the
building) should be adequately
5.3.2 Every sub-station shall have a ventilated in order to avoid excessive
minimum of two exits. These exits cubicle temperature.
shall be located at opposite ends of
the building, to prevent the possibility 5.3.8 Cable trenches inside sub-stations
of operating personnel being trapped shall be filled with sand, pebbles or
in case of fire. Large sub-stations similar non-flammable materials or
shall have three exits. Maximum covered with incombustible slabs. All
distance for a man trapped in fire shall cable entries to the sub-station
not exceed 30 meters to the nearest building should be properly sealed to
fire escape. Panel and equipment prevent entry of any fluids/chemicals
layout shall be so designed that etc. IE-Rule-64-2 (g) shall be referred
personnel can go out from any exit. in the context.
The doors shall open outward and be
equipped with exit signs. 5.3.9 Fire extinguishers, suitable for
electrical fires (CO2 type) and round
5.3.3 The cable cellar level of the sub- bottom fire buckets with clean dry
station floor shall be suitably raised sand, conspicuously marked, should
from adjacent grade level to avoid be kept in easily accessible position
water ingress. The roof shall be given near the switchgear enclosure.
adequate water proofing treatment to
ensure that rain water does not seep 5.3.10 The switchgear rooms should be kept
into the sub-station. clean and tidy and should not be
used as a storage room, especially
5.3.4 In line with provisions under Rule-64- for combustible materials such as
2(e-iv) of Indian Electricity Rules, Dry discarded printer outputs,
Type transformers should be preferred newspapers, cans, rags for cleaning
over Oil filled transformers for indoor etc.
duty. If unavoidable, location and
provisions for indoor transformers 5.3.11 a) Transformers and equipment
shall be governed by relevant clauses installed outdoors, having an
of Rule-64 of Indian Electricity Rules. individual or aggregate oil content of
2000 Litres or more shall be located
Further guidelines on sub-station in a suitably fenced and locked
layout may be referred to OISD-RP- enclosure separated on all sides by
149. at least 6 Metres from any building
including substation. There should be
5.3.5The switchgear layout shall allow no door or window opening in the
sufficient space at front of the surrounding building if transformers
switchgear to withdraw and maneuver are within 6 Metres thereof.
the circuit breaker trolley and at the
rear to allow access for cable b) If the transformers are within 6
terminations, maintenance and Metres of doors and window
inspection of equipment. Indian openings of surrounding buildings
Electricity Rule No.51(c) shall be then they shall be protected by single
referred in the context.
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fireproof doors and 6 mm thick wired All openings from out door transformer
glass in steel frames respectively. bays into the building shall be sealed
to prevent smoke from entering other
c) Separating walls shall be provided portions of the sub-station.
between transformers having an
individual or aggregate oil content of The requirements under this clause,
2000 Litres if the distance between however, do not apply to dry type
transformers cannot be maintained as transformers or transformers having
6 metres minimum. sulphur hexa fluoride, non-flammable
coolants and having primary voltage
d) Separating walls shall not be not more than 33 kV.
necessary in case of transformers
having an aggregate oil capacity 5.4 TRANSFORMER
exceeding 2000 Litres but individual
oil capacity of less than 5000 litres if It is essential to pay major attention to
the distance between transformers early detection of any abnormality /
and other apparatus is more than 6 fault and to protect the transformer
Metres or if the transformers are from faults/fires so that fault is cleared
protected by an approved type of high before transformer catches fire.
velocity water spray system. Regular monitoring of checks as
specified by manufacturer (such as Oil
e) Where, however, oil capacity of Temperature, Winding Temperature
individual transformer is larger than and calibration / testing of IDMT and
5000 litres, separating walls shall be instantaneous Over current / Earth
provided unless all equipment / Fault protections, Stand by earth fault
buildings / plants are located at a clear protection, Restricted earth fault
distance of not less than the following: protection, Differential protection etc.)
should be followed.
Oil Capacity
of Individual Clear Separating a) OUTDOOR TRANSFORMER
Transformer Distance(Mtrs)
For outdoor transformer, fire fighting
5000-20000 Lit. 8 equipment and fire prevention
arrangement shall be as per Clause
20000-30000 Lit. 15 7.0.
f) The provisions as above shall not It shall be ensured that the discharge
be applicable if the transformer is filled from any pressure relief devices on
with non-combustible insulant liquid. the transformer shall be directed away
from any nearby equipment in order to
5.3.12 Separating walls between sub-station prevent any damage to that
and outdoor transformer bays, if equipment by discharged flaming oil.
required, shall have a four hour fire
rating. In general, a 230 mm thick b) INDOOR TRANSFORMER
reinforced concrete wall or a 355 mm
thick brick wall is considered to Selection of indoor transformer shall
provide adequate fire protection. be guided vide clause 5.3.4.
Separating walls shall be carried right Separating wall for indoor oil
upto the roof level, unless the roof is transformers shall be as per Clause
more than 3 mtrs. above the highest 5.3.12.
point of the equipment, in which case,
the wall shall be carried upto a height 5.5 SWITCHGEAR ROOM
of at least 600 mm above the top of
the equipment (e.g: Transformer a) Smoke detectors of ionization and
conservator) level. The separating optical types in sufficient quantity on
wall shall extend at least 600 mm cross-zoning principle with suitable
beyond the width of the transformer time delay devices incorporated as
and cooling radiators. per guidelines given in IS:2189,
17
should be installed in large and corresponding deluge valve will
substations . open and spray water.
The first para of Clause 5.4 on fire Foregoing clauses 5.8.1 and 5.8.3
prevention rather than fire fighting should be kept in mind while
should be recapitulated . adopting water as a medium of
fighting electrical fire.
7.4.1 Fixed fire extinguishing systems for
oil filled transformers shall be ii) Nitrogen Purging
provided if any one of the following
conditions exists: Nitrogen injection system offers a
fast fire prevention and
a) Neither separating walls having extinguishing system for oil filled
fire rating and specs as per 5.3.12 transformers. Pressure relief valve
are erected in line with criteria under operation due to internal faults
clause 5.3.11 nor the inter distance activates the system and nitrogen is
criteria under same clause is met. injected from the bottom area of the
tank, which brings down the oil
b) The transformers of the sub- temperature, as well as, provides an
station/ switch station are located in inert nitrogen layer on top of the hot
the basement of the building. oil to prevent any contact of oil with
oxygen. Such system may be
7.4.2 In case, fixed fire extinguishing considered in areas where
systems are to be installed, they availability of water is limited or
may consist of the following: there is probability of water freezing.
Alternately, use of dry type
i) Water Spray (Mulsifyre) transformers may also be
System considered for such areas.
The following codes, standards and IS- 2190 : Code of Practice for
publications have either been Selection, Installation &
referred to or used in the preparation Maintenance of Portable First Aid
of this document and the latest Fire appliances.
editions of the same shall be read in
conjunction with this document: IS-2309: Protection of buildings
and allied structures against
(I) OISD Standards / Recommended lightning.
Practices (as per latest
amendments) such as: IS-3034: Code of Practice for Fire
Safety of Industrial Buildings:
a) OISD-105: Work Petmit System Electrical Generating and
Distributing Station
26
(III) NEC-1985
IS-3043: Code of Practice for
Earthing. (IV) INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT &
RULES, 1956 as per latest
IS:3809: BIS Standard for testing of amendments.
Fire Rating for Barrier Wall.
(V) THE PETROLEUM RULES-
IS-5571: Guide for selection of 2002 with latest amendments.
electrical equipment for hazardous
areas. (VI) IEC 331: Fire resisting
characteristics of electrical cables.
IS-5572:Classification of Hazardous
areas (other than Mines) for (VII) ANSI/IEEE STD-979: GUIDE
electrical installations. FOR SUB-STATION FIRE
PROTECTION.
IS-10028: (Part 1,2,3) Code of
practice for selection, installation (VIII) NFPA-850
and maintenance of Transformer.
“Recommended Practice for Fire
IS-10810: Methods of tests for Protection for Electric Generating
Cables. Plants and High Voltage Direct
Current Converter Station.
IS-12458: BIS Standard for testing
of Fire Rating. (IX) Oil Mines Regulation
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