Drinking Water 1

Flotation

Prof. ir. Hans van Dijk

Room 5.99
Saturday, 06 October 2007

1
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Filtration zone
3. Separation zone
4. Sludge drainage
5. Conclusions

Saturday, 06 October 2007 2

Introduction
Sedimentation or flotation

Flotation

Sedimentation
Flocculation

Saturday, 06 October 2007 3

 Introduction
Schematic representation of flotation
mixing and flocculation flotation
dosing
chemicals separation zone
discharge to filters
sludge drain
filtration zone scum layer

air dosing water

air

6-8% recirculation saturation unit

Saturday, 06 October 2007 4
Introduction
Flotation tank
200 µm
HOH
160 µm 40 µm

bubbles

floc separation zone

filtration zone

upward velocity
horizontal velocity

bubble screen
baffle
Saturday, 06 October 2007 5
 Filtration zone
Specific parameters
200 µm
HOH
160 µm 40 µm

diameter bubbles: 10 - 100 µm

air dosing: 5 - 10 l/m3
bubble density: (1.5 - 3.0)·1011 m-3
bubble distance: 110 - 148 µm

diameter flocs: 100 - 200 µm

bubbles density flocs: 1003 - 1006 kg/m3
particle concentration: 10 - 25 g/m3
particle density: (2.5 - 19) ·107 m-3
particle distance: 3600 - 7300 µm

Saturday, 06 October 2007 6

Filtration zone
Saturation concentration
MW ⋅ P
c s = kD ⋅ cg = kD ⋅
R⋅T
kD = distribution coefficient [-]
cs = saturation concentration [mg/l]
cg = gas concentration [mg/l]
MW = molecular weight [g/mol]
P = pressure [bar]
R = constant = 8.3143 [J/K·mol]
T = temperature [K]
composition of air: 79% N2, 21% O2

T [°c] 0 10 20 30
kD air 0.0288 0.0234 0.0200 0.0179
Saturday, 06 October 2007 7
 Filtration zone
Relation solubility - pressure
300
1 mg/l = 0.78 l/m3
250
Solubility [mg/l]

200

150

100

50

0
0 200 400 600 800
pressure [kPa]
nitrogen rich air 20 C normal air 20 C
nitrogen rich air 0 C normal air 0 C
Saturday, 06 October 2007 8
Filtration zone
Construction saturation tanks

A influent
B packing
C air supply
D effluent
E air discharge

Saturday, 06 October 2007 9

Filtration zone
Saturation vessels

Saturday, 06 October 2007 10

Filtration zone
Nozzle

Saturday, 06 October 2007 11

 Filtration zone
Performance nozzles
50
bubble size median [microm]

40
Bete
AKA
WRC
30

20
3 4 5 6 7 8
saturation pressure[bar]
Saturday, 06 October 2007 12
 Filtration zone
Mass balance Q

dN(d)
Nd + ⋅ dH dH
dH

in = out + storage

⎛ ⎛ dN ⎞ ⎞
Q ⋅ Nddt = Q ⋅ ⎜ Nd + ⎜ d ⎟dH ⎟dt + α db ⋅ η t ⋅ Nd ⋅ Nb ⋅ V ⋅ AbdH Q
⎝ ⎝ dH ⎠ ⎠
Nd = number of particles in bed; Nb = number of bubbles in bed
αdb = attachment coefficient for bubble and floc;
ηt = collision fequency
Saturday, 06 October 2007 13
Filtration zone
Efficiency bubble filter
vb dN d
= −α db ⋅ η t ⋅ Nb ⋅ Nd ⋅ A b
dH
dNd
= −α db ⋅ η t ⋅ Nb ⋅ Nd ⋅ A b ⋅ v db
dt
dNd 1 α db ⋅ η t ⋅ db ⋅ φb ⋅ g
=− ⋅ dt
Nd 12 µ
vb
⎛ 1 α db ⋅ η t ⋅ db ⋅ φb ⋅ g ⎞
X = 1 − exp ⎜ − ⋅ ⋅τ ⎟
⎝ 12 µ ⎠
influence: air dosing (φ)
contact time (τ)
flow conditions (plug flow)
temperature (µ)
Saturday, 06 October 2007 14
Filtration zone Collector Model
Collision frequency

Trajectory
Streamline
C D particle

B
Collector =
bubble A

Trajectory mechanisms:
A = Diffusion
B = Interception Attention:
C = Gravity settling The particles are
D = Inertia drawn relatively small
Saturday, 06 October 2007 15
Filtration zone
Transport mechanisms
0.66 0.66 2
⎛ k ⋅T ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
ηd = 6.18 ⋅ ⎜⎜ b ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ g ⋅ ρw ⎠ ⎝ dd ⎠ ⎝ db ⎠
2
3 ⎛d ⎞
ηi = ⋅ ⎜⎜ d ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ db ⎠
dd = diameter floc [m]
⎛ ρ d − ρw
2
⎞ ⎛ dd ⎞ db = diameter bubble [m]
η s = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ρw ⎠ ⎝ db ⎠ kb = constant of Bolzmann
= 1.38*10-23 J/K
g ⋅ ρ d ⋅ db ⋅ dd 2 ρw = 1000 kg/m3
η TA =
324 ⋅ ν ⋅ ρ w ρd = 1003 kg/m3
ρb = 1.24 kg/m3

Saturday, 06 October 2007 16

 Filtration zone
Collision frequency

1
flocs: 100 - 1000 µm
thus interception ηS
chance on collision [-]

0,1 ηT
η TA

0,01
T = 10°C
db = 40 µm ηI ηD
rd = 1003 kg/m3
0,001
1,0E-08 1,0E-07 1,0E-06 1,0E-05 1,0E-04 1,0E-03
flock size [µm]

Saturday, 06 October 2007 17

 Filtration zone
Influence air dosing: theory

1,1

1
efficiency X [-]

0,9

0,8 T = 1.6 min

db = 40µm
0,7
dd = 100 µm
0,6 ρd = 1003 kg/m3
αdb = 0.5
0,5
1 3 5 7 9
air dosing [10-3 m3/m3]

T = 2°C T = 10°C T = 20°C

Saturday, 06 October 2007 18

 Filtration zone
Influence air dosing: practice

0,9
Efficiencyt X [-]

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5
1 3 5 7 9 11
Air dosing [10-3 m3/m3]

variation pressure with sludge layer

Saturday, 06 October 2007 19
Filtration zone
Influence air dosing: practice

Saturday, 06 October 2007 20

 Filtration zone
Influence contact time: theory

1,2

1
Efficiency X [-]

0,8

0,6
db = 40µm
0,4 dd = 100 µm
ρd = 1003 kg/m3
0,2
αdb = 0.5
0 φb = 5.0·10-3 m3/m3
0 60 120 180 240
Contact time [sec]

T = 2°C T = 10°C T = 20°C

Saturday, 06 October 2007 21

 Filtration zone
Influence contact time: practice
100
Total removal efficiency R [%]

90

80

70

60

50
0 1 2 3 4 5
Contact time [min]

T = 3°C T = 10°C T = 16°C

Saturday, 06 October 2007 22
Filtration zone

Saturday, 06 October 2007 23

Filtration zone
Influence contact time: practice

0,8
Rest iron concentration flotate [mg/l]

0,7

0,6

0,5
average = 0.48 mg/l
0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0
jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec

Saturday, 06 October 2007 24

 Separation zone
Schematics flotation
mixing and flocculation flotation
dosing
chemicals separation zone
discharge to filters
sludge drain
filtration zone
scum layer

air dosing water

air

6-8% recirculation saturation unit

Saturday, 06 October 2007 25
Separation zone

Saturday, 06 October 2007 26

Separation zone

Saturday, 06 October 2007 27

Introduction
Flotation tank
200 µm
HOH
160 µm 40 µm

bubbles

floc separation zone

filtration zone

upward velocity
horizontal velocity

bubble screen
baffle
Saturday, 06 October 2007 28
 Separation zone
Surface loading

most important parameter

tb
>1
t st

1
Vst > S 0 ⋅
1− m

1 g ⎛ ρw − ρa ⎞
Vst = ⋅ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⋅ da 2
18 µ ⎝ ρ w ⎠
Saturday, 06 October 2007 29
Separation zone
Air/floc ratio β
diameter bubble = 40 µm
diameter floc = 200 µm

β = 0.008 β = 0.08 β = 0.8 β = 8.0

da da da da
= 1.00 = 1.03 = 1.21 = 2.08
dd dd dd dd

ρa = 995.1 928.8 557.8 112.5 kg/m3

vst = 0.4 6 44.7 152 m/s

Saturday, 06 October 2007 30
 Separation zone
Surface loading
floc diameter dd
air/floc ratio β

da = 3 1 + β ⋅ dd
ρb = 1.24 kg/m3
⎛ β ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
ρa = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ρb + ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ρd ρd = 1003 kg/m3
⎝ β + 1 ⎠ ⎝ β + 1 ⎠

tb = residence time in separation zone [s]

tst = time that a particle needs to reach the surface [s]
vst = upward velocity bubble-bubble agglomerate [m/s]
so = surface loading [m3/(m2·s)]
m = fraction of dead zones [-]
ρa = density agglomerate [kg/m3]
da = diameter agglomerate [m]
Saturday, 06 October 2007 31
 Separation zone
Upward velocity

600

500
upward speed [m/h]

400
dd = 100 mm
300 dd = 200 mm
dd = 500 mm
200

100

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
air/flock ratio [-]

Saturday, 06 October 2007 32

 Separation zone
Design of flotation tank

B
H Q

Vc Va H = 2 meter
H
Vl

Q Q
Tgros = =
Vbr L ⋅ B ⋅ H
Q Q Q
= + + Vc design on residence time
Vc Va Vl Va design on surface loading
Saturday, 06 October 2007 33
Separation zone
Construction alternatives flotation basin

- residence time 70%

- improved flow conditions
- less sludge on bottom
- equivalent effluent quality

Saturday, 06 October 2007 34

 Separation zone
Construction alternatives flotation basin

1,4
B
A
1,2
1.8 m A
1
rest Fe [mg/l]

0,8 3.6 m
C
T = 0.1 C
0,6 0.5 m
1.8 m B
0,4 T = 15 C

0,2 7.1 m

0
1.8 m C
0 10 20 30 40 50
flotation time [min]
7.1 m
Saturday, 06 October 2007 35
Water outlet

Saturday, 06 October 2007 36

 Conclusions
Filtration zone
air dosing: 15 - 20 mg/l (11.7 - 15.6 l/m3)
contact time: 1.5 - 2 min
L/B: >5
saturation pressure 4 - 8 bar
re-circulation: 6 - 8%

Separation zone
s0: 25 - 30 m/h
residence time: 5 - 10 min
depth 2m
weir loading: 100 - 200 m3/(m·h)
Saturday, 06 October 2007 37