CHAPTER-IV

RESULT & DISCUSSION

TEMPERATURE

The Temperature value of all samples are shown in the range 32 ◦C

(Table4.1,Fig-4.1). The temperature is most important parameters of water because it
is responsible for decreasing or increasing ability of physic-chemical parameter.
Ground water sample of warmer temperature solubility of calcium carbonate is
decreased, at colder temperature solubility of barium sulphate, stronoum sulphate and
silica are decreased. The temperature always increases with the depth of the sources
of samples.

pH

The pH value of all the samples are shown in the range 7.8-8.2
(Table4.2,Fig-4.2). The pH Indicates the acidity or alkalinity of water. pH is a
important parameter because it controls the state of various nutrients including nitrate,
phosphate, dissolved oxygen etc…

Table-4.1 Table-4.2

Sampl Temperatur Sampl pH

e e e
1 32 1 8.2
2 32 2 8.2
3 32 3 8.0
4 32 4 8.2
5 32 5 8.0
6 32 6 7.8
7 32 7 7.9
8 32 8 8.0
9 32 9 8.1

38
 Fig-4.1 Temperature of samples

Fig-4.2 pH of samples

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC)

39
 The EC value of all the samples are shown in the range 1000-7240
mho/cm (Table4.3,Fig-4.3). Electrical conductivity assume of water capacity to
convey electric current and it is directly related to its dissolved minerals content as
cation and anion. Higher value of EC was recorded in ground water sample due to the
present of higher dissolved concentration in ground water.

TOTAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN (TDS)

The TDS value of all the samples are shown in the range 602-
3956mg/L (Table4.4,Fig-4.4). Total dissolved oxygen is directly related to electrical
conductivity. It is also estimated by sum of the extent of cation and anion present in
water. Extent of cation and anion reach in water through internal erosion and
weathering of rocks and anthropogenic activities.

Table-4.3 Table-4.4

Sampl TDS
e mg/L
Sampl EC 1 751
2 710
e mho/cm
3 1864
1 1270
4 1005
2 1270
5 892
3 3210
6 2026
4 1820
7 2557
5 1560
8 3956
6 3590
9 602
7 4380
8 7240
9 1000

40
 Fig-4.3 Electrical Conductivity of samples

Fig-4.4 Total Dissolved Solids of samples

41
HARDNESS

The Hardness value of all the samples are shown in the range 240-
3200mg CaCO3/L (Table4.5,Fig-4.5). Hardness is originally defined as the soap
consuming capacity of water sample. Sum of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness value always
correlates the total hardness value. The value of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness were recorded
owing to presence of limestone, calcite, dolomite etc. As ca and mg hardness values
were high so the extent of ca and mg will be high in the ground water, so the water
may give harmful effect for the users, because more extent of ca and mg lead to cause
of kidney stone formation problem and jointness disease in foots upon the users.
Besides, negative effect as scaling in water heater, pipe, boiler etc.

NITRATE

The Nitrate value of all the samples are shown in the range 14-304mg/L
(Table4.6,Fig-4.6). Nitrate is the important pollution indicator parameter. It is
considered as important plant nutrient. It is the most oxidized or stable form of
nitrogen.

Table-4.5 Table-4.6

Sampl TH
Sampl Nitrat
e mg
e e
CaCO3/L
mg/L
1 275
1 76
2 415
2 47
3 640
3 79
4 620
4 42
5 480
5 39
6 900
6 14
7 360
7 47
8 3200
8 304
9 240
9 58

Fig-4.5 Total Hardness of samples

42
 Fig-4.6 Nitrate

CALCIUM AND MAGNESSIUM

43
 The Calcium value of all the samples are shown in the range 40-
340mg/L (Table4.7,Fig-4.7). The magnesium value of all the sample show in the
range 34-572mg/L (Table4.8,Fig-4.8). Magnesium concentrations are always lower
than the calcium concentrations. Similar concentrations of calcium and magnesium
and are confirmed by our studies. The concentration of calcium observed was always
higher than that of magnesium during summer season.

At lower concentrations of the calcium and magnesium and higher

concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates there is a tendency to precipitate
calcium and magnesium in the soil system during irrigation practices. It may cause an
increase in sodium content in the soil, thus causing sodisity hazard.

Table-4.7 Table-4.8

Sampl Calcium Sampl Magnesiu

e mg/L e m
1 42 mg/L
2 48 1 41
3 80 2 72
4 108 3 107
5 104 4 85
6 176 5 54
7 64 6 112
8 340 7 49
9 40 8 572
9 34

Fig-4.7 Calcium

44
 Fig-4.8 Magnesium

SODIUM
The Sodium value of all the samples are shown in the range78-
828mg/L (Table4.9 Fig-4.9). Sodium is one of the important cations occurring

45
naturally and its concentration in natural fresh water is generally lower than
calcium and magnesium. It ranks sixth among the elements in the order of
abundance.

POTASSIUM
The Potassium value of all the samples are shown in the range 43-
145mg/L (Table4.10, Fig-4.10). Potassium is an essential nutritional element
occurring naturally and ranks seventh among the elements in the order of
abundance.

Table-4.9 Table-4.10

Sampl Potassiu
e m
mg/L
1 47
2 43
3 145
4 51
Sampl Sodiu 5 47
e m 6 43
7 43
mg/L
8 78
1 145
9 51
2 78
3 368
4 108
5 124
6 405
7 828
8 205
9 97

Fig-4.9 Sodium

46
 Fig-4.10 Potassium

CHLORIDE

The chloride value of all the samples are shown in the range 170-2056
(Table4.11,Fig-4.11). Chloride is second most inorganic anion after bicarbonate

47
anion. This anion is about to produce of hardness in water. High concentration of
chloride gives the bitter taste in water due to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
reduces and salinity increases in water. Presence of chloride is the indicator of
pollution either due to organic waste or due to industrial effluents.

SULPHATE

The sulphate value of all the samples are shown in the range 17-173
(Table4.12,Fig-4.12). Ground water mostly enter through leaching of sulphate rocks
or ores.

Table-4.11 Table-4.12

Sample Sulphate
Sample chloride
1 24
1 177
2 53
2 213
3 91
3 567
4 53
4 369
5 17
5 312
6 168
6 879
7 173
7 993
8 120
8 2056
9 170 9 27

48
 Fig-4.11 Chloride

Fig-4.12 Sulphate

BICARBONATE

49
 The bicarbonate value of all the samples are shown in the range 250-
854mg/l (Table4.13, Fig-4.13).

Table-4.13

Sampl Bicarbonate
e mg/L
1 397
2 311
3 854
4 378
5 390
6 458
7 720
8 561
9 250

Fig- 4.13 Bicarbonate

FLUORIDE

50
 The fluoride value of all the samples are shown in the range
0.551.98mg/L(Table4.14,Fig-4.14). Fluoride is an important parameter in assessing
the drinking water quality. Human health is greatly depends upon the fluoride content
in drinking water. The fluoride content in the ground water derived from geological
source. The fluoride content in ground water and pointed that fluoride distribution is
associated with alkalinity, total dissolved solids and total hardness.

TURBIDITY:

The turbidity value of all the samples are shown in the range is nil.
Minimum values were found in ground water samples due to the high dept of ground
water. Besides, no contaminations as any drainage or leaching of solid waste along
with ground water sample reach in ground water stations.

Table-4.14

Sampl Fluorid
e e
(mg/L)
1 1.72
2 0.91
3 0.89
4 0.73
5 0.91
6 0.55
7 1.98
8 0.65
9 0.73

51
Fig- 4.14 Fluoride

52
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

The Total suspended solids value of all the samples are shown in
the range 78-92 (Table4.15, Fig-4.15).

ALKALINITY

The alkalinity value of all the samples are shown in the range 205-700
(Table4.16,Fig-4.16). Alkalinity is mainly found in form of carbonate, bicarbonate,
and hydroxide. High concentration of alkalinity was recorded in the form of HCO3- in
water which is justified on account of much occurrence of carbonate rocks there in.

Table 4.15 Table-4.16

Sampl TSS Sampl Alk_Tot

e e mg
1 78 CaCO3/L
2 92 1 325
3 90 2 255
4 89 3 700
5 78 4 310
6 85 5 320
7 85 6 375
8 86 7 590
9 89 8 460
9 205

53
 Fig- 4.15 Total Suspended Solids

Fig- 4.16 Alkalinity

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER

AFTER TREATMENT WITH BANANA LEAF POWDER

54
 All the ground water samples were shaken individually 1g of banana
leaf powder for 1 hour. The water samples were filtered and taken for analysis of
various parameters.

TEMPERATURE

The Temperature value of all samples are shown in the range 32 ◦C

(Table4.1(a),Fig-4.1(a)). The temperature is most important parameters of water
because it is responsible for decreasing or increasing ability of physic-chemical
parameter. Ground water sample of warmer temperature solubility of calcium
carbonate is decreased, at colder temperature solubility of barium sulphate, stronoum
sulphate and silica are decreased. The temperature always increases with the depth of
the sources of samples.

pH

The pH value of all the samples are shown in the range 6.8-
7.4(Table4.2(a),Fig-4.2(a)). The PH Indicates the acidity or alkalinity of water. PH is
a important parameter because it controls the state of various nutrients including
nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen etc…

Table-4.1(a) Table-4.2(a)
Sampl pH
e
1 6.8
2 7.4
3 7.4
Sampl Temperatur 4 7.2
e e 5 7.2
1 32 6 6.9
7 7.2
2 32
8 6.8
3 32 9 7.2
4 32
Fig-4.1(a) Temperature of samples
5 32
6 32
7 32
8 32
9 32 55
Fig-4.2(a) pH of samples

56
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC)

The EC value of all the samples are shown in the range 1080-
7600mho/cm (Table4.3(a),Fig-4.3(a)). Electrical conductivity assume of water
capacity to convey electric current and it is directly related to its dissolved minerals
content as cation and anion. Higher value of EC was recorded in ground water sample
due to the present of higher dissolved concentration in ground water.

TOTAL DISSOLVED OXYGEN (TDS)

The TDS value of all the samples are shown in the range 625-
4206mg/L (Table4.4(a),Fig-4.4(a)). Total dissolved oxygen is directly related to
electrical conductivity. It is also estimated by sum of the extent of cation and anion
present in water. Extent of cation and anion reach in water through internal erosion
and weathering of rocks and anthropogenic activities.

Table-4.3(a) Table-4.4(a)

Sampl TDS
Sampl EC e mg/L
e 1 625
1 1080 2 574
2 1102 3 2074
3 3400 4 1026
4 1830 5 937
5 1650 6 1664
6 3680 7 1657
7 4300 8 4206
8 7600 9 843
9 1580

57
Fig-4.3(a) Electrical Conductivity of samples

Fig-4.4(a) Total Dissolved solids of samples

58
HARDNESS

The Hardness value of all the samples are shown in the range 240-
3400mg CaCO3/L(Table4.5(a),Fig-4.5(a)). Hardness is originally defined as the soap
consuming capacity of water sample. Sum of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness value always
correlates the total hardness value. The value of Ca2+, Mg2+ hardness were recorded
owing to presence of limestone, calcite, dolomite etc. As ca and mg hardness values
were high so the extent of ca and mg will be high in the ground water, so the water
may give harmful effect for the users, because more extent of ca and mg lead to cause
of kidney stone formation problem and jointness disease in foots upon the users.
Besides negative effect as scaling in water heater, pipe, boiler etc.

NITRATE

The Nitrate value of all the samples are shown in the range 2-
322mg/L(Table4.6(a),Fig-4.6(a)). Nitrate is the important pollution indicator
parameter. It is considered as important plant nutrient. It is the most oxidized or stable
form of nitrogen.

Table-4.5(a) Table-4.6(a)

Sampl Nitrat
e e
1 56
Sampl TH 2 2
e mg
3 298
CaCO3/L
1 240 4 95
2 420 5 89
3 760 6 7
4 670 7 47
-
5 550 8 322
6 1120 9 58
7 440
8 3400
9 440

Fig-4.5(a) Total Hardness of samples

59
 Fig-4.6(a) Nitrate

CALCIUM AND MAGNESSIUM

60
 The Calcium value of all the samples are shown in the range 38-540-
mg/L (Table4.7(a),Fig-4.7(a)). The magnesium value of all the sample show in the
range 30-499mg/L (Table4.8(a), Fig-4.8(a)). Magnesium concentrations are always
lower than the calcium concentrations. Similar concentrations of calcium and
magnesium and are confirmed by our studies. The concentration of calcium observed
was always higher than that of magnesium during summer season.

At lower concentrations of the calcium and magnesium and higher

concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates there is a tendency to precipitate
calcium and magnesium in the soil system during irrigation practices. It may cause an
increase in sodium content in the soil, thus causing sodisity hazard.

Table-4.7(a) Table-4.8(a)

Sampl Calcium
e mg/L
1 46
2 38
3 112
4 152
5 132 Sampl Magnesiu
6 232 e m
7 96 mg/L
8 540 1 30
9 40 2 79
3 117
4 71
5 54
6 131
7 49
8 499
9 83

61
 Fig- 4.7(a) Calcium

Fig- 4.8(a) Magnesium

SODIUM

62
 The Sodium value of all the samples are shown in the range 0-
368mg/L (Table4.9(a),Fig-4.9(a)). Sodium is one of the important cations occurring
naturally and its concentration in natural fresh water is generally lower than calcium
and magnesium. It ranks sixth among the elements in the order of abundance.

POTASSIUM

The Potassium value of all the samples are shown in the range 6-149
-g/L (Table4.10(a),Fig-4.10(a)). Potassium is an essential nutritional element
occurring naturally and ranks seventh among the elements in the order of abundance.

Table-4.9(a) Table-4.10(a)

Sampl Sodiu Sampl Potassiu

e m e m
mg/L mg/L
1 140 1 11
2 62 2 9
3 368 3 149
4 113 4 16
5 127 5 9
6 0 6 10
7 0 7 6
8 182 8 43
9 145 9 25

Fig-4.9(a) Sodium

63
 Fig-4.10(a) Potassium

CHLORIDE:

64
 The chloride value of all the samples are shown in the range 181-2127
mg/L (Table4.11(a),Fig-4.11(a)). Chloride is second most inorganic anion after
bicarbonate anion. This anion is about to produce of hardness in water. High
concentration of chloride gives the bitter taste in water due to dissolved oxygen (DO)
concentration reduces and salinity increases in water. Presence of chloride is the
indicator of pollution either due to organic waste or due to industrial effluents.

SULPHATE:

The sulphate value of all the samples are shown in the range 19-288
mg/L(Table4.12, Fig-4.12(a)). Ground water mostly enter through leaching of
sulphate rocks or ores.

Table-4.11(a) Table-4.12(a)

Sampl Chloride
e mg/L
1 170
2 181
3 539 Sampl Sulphat
4 355 e e
5 269 mg/L
6 908 1 19
7 851 2 38
8 2127 3 125
9 106 4 29
5 43
6 269
7 211
8 288
9 62

65
 Fig-4.11(a) Chloride

Fig-4.12(a) Sulphate

66
BICARBONATE

The bicarbonate value of all the samples are shown in the range 214-
793-mg/l (Table4.13(a), Fig-4.13(a)).

Table-4.13(a)

Sampl Bicarbonate
e mg/L
1 305
2 329
3 732
4 390
5 427
6 214
7 793
8 409
9 647

Fig- 4.13(a) Bicarbonate

67
FLUORIDE

The fluoride value of all the samples are shown in the range 0.32-
1.83mg/L (Table4.14(a),Fig-4.14(a). Fluoride is an important parameter in assessing
the drinking water quality. Human health is greatly depends upon the fluoride content
in drinking water. The fluoride content in the ground water derived from geological
source. The fluoride content in ground water and pointed that fluoride distribution is
associated with alkalinity, total dissolved solids and total hardness.

TURBIDITY:

The turbidity value of all the samples are shown in the range is
nil. Minimum values were found in ground water samples due to the high dept of
ground water. Besides, no contaminations as any drainage or leaching of solid waste
along with ground water sample reach in ground water stations.

Table-4.14(a)

Sampl Fluorid
e e
mg/L
1 1.30
2 0.68
3 0.74
4 0.55
5 0.89
6 0.32
7 1.83
8 0.56
9 0.52

Fig-4.14(a) Fluoride

68
69
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

The Total suspended solids value of all the samples are shown in the
range is nil.

ALKALINITY

The alkalinity value of all the samples are shown in the range 205-700
(Table-4.15(a), Fig-4.15(a)). Alkalinity is mainly found in form of carbonate,
bicarbonate, and hydroxide. High concentration of alkalinity was recorded in the
form of HCO3- in water which is justified on account of much occurrence of carbonate
rocks there in.

Table-4.15(a)

Sampl Alkalinity
e mg
CaCO3/L
1 250
2 270
3 600
4 320
5 350
6 175
7 650
8 335
9 530

70
Fig-4.15(a) Alkalinity

71
 CHAPTER-V

CONCLUSION
Finding of the study area indicate that areas are rich in some of the
parameters studied. Hardness, Chloride, TDS, Bicarbonate are found to be greater than
that of their permissible limits prescribed by WHO. While other parameters are found to
be within the permissible limit. The higher values of above parameter were noticed due to
the naturally or geogenic sources of aforesaid selected area. The water that is taken for
consumption should be treated well. The dry banana leaf powder can be used to treat
ground waters as adsorbent.

72
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Area, Jaipur in Rajasthan”. J.Env.Sci & Engg. Vol. 46, No. 1, P. 74-78, January 2004.

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689-694 (2004).

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Tiruchirapalli city after the failure of North East Monsoon”-PollRes.24(1):169-174
(2005)

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7. Ramaswami and Rajaguru “Groundwater quality and Soil characterization of

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(2004)-386 (2001).

73
8. Singh “Evolution of groundwater quality in Tarikere Taluk”-IJEP 24(9): 683-
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10. Rao Jeevan and Shantaram “Ethical Implication of Industrial pollution on the
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11. Anil et al “Ground water analysis in an industrial zone-Chumlthana

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12. Somashelthar et al “Ground water quality index near industrial area”-IJEP 24(1):29-
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74
 14. Das et al “Concentration of fluoride ion in surface soils and underground water
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18. Kumar Swamy et al “Fluoride content of drinking water sources in Al-Gassim

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75
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE.No

I INTRODUCTION 1
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 24
III MATERIALS AND METHODS 29
IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 38
V CONCLUSION 72
REFERENCES 73

76