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We have been talking about various types of electrical motors, such as single
phase motors, self starting induction motors, slip ring motors to name a few. In
this article we will talk about a unique type of motor known as universal motor.
A motor which may be operated (or) which can run on either a direct supply or a
single phase ac supply is known as universal motor.
A universal motor has a high starting torque and variable speed characteristics.
Such motor runs at dangerously high speeds during no load period.
Types
The compensated type is preferred for high power rating appliances and the
Non-compensated for low power rated appliances. Both the compensated and
Non-compensated have construction similar to that of a DC series motor.
Non-Compensated motor
The compensated type motor consists of distributed field winding and the stator
core is similar to that of split-phase motor. We already know that split phase
motors consist of an auxiliary winding in addition to main winding. Similar to the
split phase motors, the compensated type also consists of an additional winding.
The compensating winding helps in reducing the reactance voltage which is
caused due to alternating flux, when the motor runs with the aid of an AC supply.
Both the types of motors develop unidirectional torque regardless of the supply
with which they run. The supply may be AC or DC but the direction of torque is
same.
Yes. The direction of rotation can be changed. For the non-compensated motor
having salient pole, the direction of rotation can be reversed by changing the
direction of flow of current through the armature or field winding. This can also be
done by interchanging the leads on the brush holders.
In case of compensated type motor, either the armature leads or the field leads
and shifting the brushes against the direction of rotation of motor. This helps in
reversal of rotation.
Speed/Load Characteristics:
Very similar to that of DC series motor, the universal motor also has varying
speed characteristics. The speed is low at full loads. The speed is Very high and
dangerous at no-loads. During no-loads the speed is limited only by its own
frictional and windage load.
Speed control:
Speed control of universal motor is very important and the following methods are
employed for the speed control of universal motors.
Resistance method:
In this method of speed control a variable resistance is connected in series with
the motor. The amount of resistance in the circuit can be changed. A foot pedal is
used for this purpose. Usually this method is employed for motors used in sewing
machines.
Centrifugal Mechanism:
Tapping-Field Method:
As the name suggests the field is tapped at various points in this method. This is
done by wounding the field pole.
· The various sections in the field pole are wounded and different sizes of wire
and taps are brought out from those sections.
· In the second method, resistance made of Nichrome is wounded over the field
pole. Various tappings are brought out from this wire.
Applications
· Vacuum cleaners
· Portable drills
· Drink mixers
· Sewing machine
Engelmann, R.H. & Middendort, W.H. (1994) Handbook of Electric Motors. New
York:
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