Escolar Documentos
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Peter V. Nielsen,
Aalborg University
In 1970. 3D non-
isothermal flow. 39 CPU years
1 mio. grid points
In 2009. 3D non-
A few CPU
isothermal flow.
hours
1 mio. grid points
7 x 10
31x31x31 10,000
A
B
B
C
C
F
7
8 1
2 D D
6 3
E
5 4
E
6
Index patient
visited Flats 7, 16 th Floor
Index patient visited
a flat 7 on two nights
in March 2003
N
∂(ρ Φ)
+ div(ρV Φ) = div(ΓΦ gradΦ) + SΦ
∂t
∂c ∂c ∂c ⎛ ∂ 2c ∂ 2c ⎞
+ u + v = D ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟
∂t ∂x ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
∂c ∂c ∂ 2c
ρ u + ρ v = Γc 2 + Sc
∂x ∂y ∂y
Analytical
Peter V. Nielsen, Aalborg University pvn@civil.auc.dk 18
expression
One-Dimensional Discretization
Equation
The sixties
The central difference scheme becomes unstable (wiggly)
when the Peclet number is large. The cure is to decrease
the grid size.
The seventies
Upwind difference opened the way for infinitely high
Reynolds numbers, but false diffusion could in many
cases be larger than diffusion of physical kind.
The sixties
The central difference scheme becomes unstable (wiggly)
when the Peclet number is large. The cure is to decrease
the grid size.
The seventies
Upwind difference opened the way for infinitely high
Reynolds numbers, but false diffusion could in many
cases be larger than diffusion of physical kind.
Dispersive error
Diffusive error
The sixties
The central difference scheme becomes unstable (wiggly)
when the Peclet number is large. The cure is to decrease
the grid size.
The seventies
Upwind difference opened the way for infinitely high
Reynolds numbers, but false diffusion could in many
cases be larger than diffusion of physical kind.
Monitoring velocities
Versus number of cells
in the prediction
The test room is the IEA Annex 20 room with length, width and
height equal to 4.2 m, 3.6 m and 2.5 m.
The heat load consists of two PCs, two desk lamps and two
manikins producing a total heat load of 480 W. One work place
is used in some of the experiments (240 W).
Peter V. Nielsen, Aalborg University pvn@civil.auc.dk 50
CFD Model
• Radiation is ignored
– Convection is estimate to
be 50 % of total heat flux
• Wall, ceiling and floor
– Surface temperature
• Mannequins, PC´s and lamps
– Fixed heat flux
Observations Measurements
BC: Diffuser F
Peter V. Nielsen, Aalborg University pvn@civil.auc.dk 59
Vertical Ventilation, Quality Control
Monitoring points
Velocity in
y-direction
Grid convergence
Monitorpunkt 1 Monitorpunkt 2 Monitorpunkt 3 Monitorpunkt 4
40
35
25
20
15
10
0
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000
Antal netpunkter
Case:
c
Case:
d
– 4-way diffuser
– Fixed-flow diffuser
– Diffuser with
horizontal surface
• Temperatures
y-velocity at 1.80 m
y-velocity at
different positions
n = 3.25 h-1
CFD simulation
of the diffuser
based on fine
unstructured grid.
Prediction based on
the PV method. Velocity
values are given from
the diffuser simulation.
Kondo et al
P. V. Nielsen, Indoor Climate Modelling, Chapter in: Per Erik Nilsson, Achieving the Desired Indoor Climate – Energy Efficiency
Aspects of System Design. The Commtech Group, Studentlitteratur, Lund, 2003.
D. N. Sørensen and P. V. Nielsen, Quality Control of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Indoor Environments. International Journal
of Indoor Environment and Health, Vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 2-17, March 2003.
A. Schälin and P. V. Nielsen, Impact of Turbulence Anisotropy near Walls in Room Air Flow. Indoor Air, International Journal of
Indoor Environment and Health, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 159-168, 2004.
P. V. Nielsen, A. Restivo and J. H. Whitelaw, Buoyancy-Affected Flows in Ventilated Rooms, Numerical Heat Transfer, Vol. 2, 1979.
B. Bjerg, K. Svidt, G. Zhang, S. Morsing, J.O. Johnsen, Modeling of air inlets in CFD prediction of airflow in ventilated animal
houses, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 34, 223–235, 2002
P. V. Nielsen, The Description of Supply Openings in Numerical Models for Room Air Distribution. ASHRAE Transactions, Vol. 98,
Part 1, 1992.
P. V. Nielsen, The Box Method - A Practical Procedure for Introduction of an Air Terminal Device in CFD Calculation. - Aalborg:
AAU, 1997. - 15 p. (R9744. - ISSN: 1395-7953).
P. V. Nielsen, The Prescribed Velocity Method - A Practical Procedure for Introduction of an Air Terminal Device in CFD Calculation.
- Aalborg: AAU, 1998. - 13 p. (R9827. - ISSN: 1395-7953).
Bjerg B., Svidt K., Morsing S., Zhang G, Comparion of Methods to Model a Wall Inlet in Numerical Simulation of Airflow in Livestock
Rooms, Proceedings of AgEng2000, International Conference on agricultural engineering, Warwick, UK, 2000.
L. Davidson, P. V. Nielsen and A. Sveningsson, Modifications of the Model for Computing the Flow in a 3D Wall Jet. Submitted to
THMT-03, International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, October 12 – 17, 2003, Antalya, Turkey.
L. Davidson, P. V. Nielsen and C. Topp, Low-Reynolds Number Effects in Ventilated Rooms: A Numerical Study. In: Proceedings of
ROOMVENT 2000, Reading, 2000.