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• ACIDS :
-To state the meaning of acids , give examples and write the chemical equations and observations for
the reaction of acids :
i.with carbonates
ii with metals
iii.with bases
• BASES/ALKALIS :
-To state the meaning of bases and to correlate bases with alkali
-To write the chemical equations involving alkalis with acids and with ammonium salts.
• pH CONCEPT:
- To state the meaning of pH.
- To correlate the pH value with the concentrations of H+ ion for acids and OH- ion for alkalis.
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Chapter 7 : ACIDS AND ALKALIS
7.1 Definition of acid and alkali
b.
Alkali : Chemical compounds that dissolve in water to produce hydroxide ions.
Reaction with metallic carbonates produces salt, water and carbon dioxide:
Observation :
Gas test :
b. Alkali - Tastes bitter , slippery and turns moist red litmus to blue
Chemical properties
(i) Reaction with acids and alkalis / bases produces salt and water.
Example : NaOH + HCI NaCI + H2O
2
7: calcium hydroxide : 23: potassium sulphate :
8: barium hydroxide : 24: sodium carbonate :
9: magnesium hydroxide : 25: sodium chloride:
10: ammonium hydroxide : 26: magnesium :
11: hydroxonium ion 27: zinc
12: hydroxide ion; 28: sodium :
13: hydroxyl ion: 29: carbon dioxide :
14: sodium carbonate : 30: hydrogen gas:
15: calcium carbonate: 31: water:
16: copper (II) carbonate 32: magnesium nitrate :
B) WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS FOR THE REACTIONS BELOW
1: Hydrochloric acid and zinc oxide :
7.3 The role of water in determining the properties of acids and alkalis:
a. The role of water in determining the properties of acids:
i. Acids in the absence of water or in other solvents:
- does not show acid properties
- acids remain in the form of molecules
- no free mobile hydrogen ions
- no acid properties Draw molecules of hydrochloric acid in the
absence of water
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properties to show.
i. In the presence of water , an alkali dissolves and ionises to produce hydroxide ions.
H 2O
KOH K+(aq) + OH- (aq)
ii. In the absence of water or in organic solvents, no free mobile hydroxide ions are produced, so the
alkaline properties are not shown.
7.4 pH Concept
a. pH is a scale of numbers to measure the degree of acidity and alkalinity of an aqueous solution based on the
concentration hydrogen ions, H+
b. pH scale: 0-14:
pH value : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
a) The strength of acids and alkalis depends on the degree of ionisation or dissociation.
b) Strong acids : Acids which dissociate completely in water produce hydrogen ions.
Weak acids : Acids which ionise / dissociate partially in water produces hydrogen ions.
Example:
4 HCl molecules in water 4 CH3 COOH molecules in water
H+ H+ CH3 COOH
CI- CI- CH3 COOH H+
H+ H+ H+
CI- CI- CH3 COO- CH3 COO-
All 4 molecules ionises to produce 4 Cl- Only some CH3COOH molecules ionise while others
ions and 4 H+ ions. Number of H+ ions remain as molecules. Number of H+ ions lesses.
increases .
Due to H+ concentration in hydrochloric acid is higher than in ethanoic acid, at the same concentration , the
pH of the strong acid is lesses than the pH of the weak acid.
c) Strong alkalis : Alkalis which ionise completely in water produces hydroxide ions.
Weak alkalis : Alkalis which ionise partially in water produces hydroxide ions
4
At the same concentration, the pH value of a weak alkali is more_______________than a strong alkali
because the concentration of its hydroxide ions is more _______________. This is because a weak alkali
ionises ____________but a strong alkali ionises____________.
ACTIVITY 2
1. Explain the definitions below and give examples .
a. Acid : ___________________________________________________________________________
b. Base : ____________________________________________________________________________
c. Alkali :___________________________________________________________________________
f. Amphoteric oxide:__________________________________________________________________
g. pH : _____________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the correlation between pH and hydroxide ion concentration in a strong alkali and a weak alkali?
a. sulphuric acid :
b. hydrochloric acid:
c. nitric acid:
d. ethanoic acid:
e. sodium hydroxide :
f. potassium hydroxide:
g. barium hydroxide:
h. ammonium hydroxide:
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c. Dibase acid :________________________________________________________________________
e. Dilution acid/alkali :
7. Neutralisation :
a. Neutralisation is the reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water
Example :
b. At neutralisation point, all H+ ions from the acid are neutralized by OH- ions from the alkali or vice-versa . pH of
the titration product is 7 (neutral).
c. Tittration process-A method to determine the degree of neutralisation between acid and alkali .
i. The volume of alkali is fixed , put in a conical flask and added a few drops of indicator.
ii. Another solution of acid is dropped from a buret until the end -point is reached.
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e. The steps in determining the degree of neutralisation:
S1 Write the balanced equation.
S2 The information from the question given above the equation.
S3 Write the information from the chemical equation below the equation (information in relations to the
number of moles of substances involved)
S4 Change the information to mole
S5 Use the relationship between the number of moles of the substances in S3
OR
ACTIVITY 3
Name 3 main indicators and state the colour change in acid , neutral and alkali solutions
Indicator
name Colour
Acid Neutral Alkali
Litmus paper
Methyl orange
phenolphthalein
Universal
Indicator
(a)
(b)