Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
• Avoid long waits for grid extension and permit map will show that rural areas are in great
need of affordable and reliable electricity to
distribution systems (mini-grids) and can
also be retrofitted in diesel based power
the connection if it comes.
achieve development. systems.
• Reduce dependency from oil price fluctuations.
• Improve health care and education in rural Likewise, an overview through the most
important literature on rural electrification
Hybrid systems can
provide a steady
areas.
will prove that renewable energies (RES) community-level
• Increase economic productivity and create local are one of the most suitable and environ- electricity service,
employment opportunities. mentally friendly solutions to provide elec- such as village
• Strengthen social cohesion by providing access tricity within rural areas. electrification,
offering also the
to electricity for ALL users. Autonomous decentralized (off grid) rural possibility to be
• Fight climate change and poverty. electrification based on the generation of upgraded through
Photovoltaic/diesel hybrid system Photovoltaic/diesel hybrid system A typical hybrid system combines two or more energy sources, from renewable energy
Photovoltaic/diesel hybrid system
technologies, such as photovoltaic panels, wind or small hydro turbines; and from con-
Location:China Location: Tanzania Location: Algeria
ventional technologies, usually diesel or LPG gensets (though biomass fed gensets are
Date of Installation: 2006 Date of Installation: 2006 Date of Installation:1998-2000
also a feasible option, if locally available). In addition, it includes power electronics and
Performance: Performance: Performance:
electricity storage batteries.
Provides electricity to 55 Provides electricity to several Provides electricity to 12
households households, community services households and community
The hybrid system can be designed following different configurations to effectively use the
Source/Implementer: SolarWorld AG (school, clinic, public lighting), services (school, health centre)
locally available renewable energy sources and to serve ALL power appliances (requiring
small workshops, cabinetmaking, Source/Implementer: CDER
DC or AC electricity).
and technical equipment
Source/Implementer: CONERGY/
The technological configurations can be classified according to the voltage they are coupled
Schott Solar
with; this is, using DC, AC and mixed (DC and AC) bus lines (cf. next page).
Location: China
Date of Installation: 2002 Photovoltaic/diesel hybrid system Hydro/PV/Diesel hybrid system
Performance: Location: Laos
Location: Ecuador
Provides electricity to 3 villages Date of installation : 2007
Date of Installation: 2006
composed of 500 households, Performance: 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Performance:
community services (clinic, school, Provides electricity to
hour of day hour of day
Provides electricity to 20
postal office, TV transferring 98 households and community
households and community
station) and a tourist facility services Hybrid systems with a backup genset run with minimal fuel consumption because the
services (school, public lighting,
Source/ Implementer: Bergey Source/Implementer: Entec genset is brought on line only to assist in periods of high loads or low renewable power
health centre, community
meeting and dining halls) availability. This results in a large reduction in fuel consumption as compared to a genset
Source/Implementer: Trama only powered system.
TecnoAmbiental
optional
The way to determine
DC voltage the most appropriate
AC voltage technological solution for
hybrid systems implies
Battery Inverter AC Loads
always a feasibility study
based on gathering field
Photovoltaics Wind Hydro Genset data for each specific site
and on a life cycle cost
2. Electricity generation coupled at AC bus line analysis.
* ** * **
Technical, economic,
All electricity generating components are connected to an AC bus line. AC generating financial, and socio-
components may be directly connected to the AC bus line (**) or may need a AC/AC AC/AC Converters
cultural considerations
converter to enable stable coupling of the components (*). In both options, a bidirectional must all be included in
master inverter controls the energy supply for the AC loads and the battery charging. Inverters the decision process to
DC loads can be optionally supplied by the battery. ensure the appropriate
choice of technologies and
Hybrid system (AC coupled) AC bus line operational and ownership
AC Loads
Source/Implementer: SMA (China) scheme. Location,
Master Inverter resource evaluation and
and
Battery charger load analysis are among
optional
the basic criteria to be
DC voltage
AC voltage
considered to design an
optimal power solution.
Battery DC Loads
Once the most appropriate
system configuration has
Photovoltaics Wind Hydro Genset been chosen, a carefully
3. Electricity generation coupled at AC/DC bus lines and responsible selection
of components should be
carried out considering:
DC and AC electricity generating components are connected at both sides of a master * **
quality (reliability), yield,
inverter, which controls the energy supply of the AC loads. DC loads can be optionally AC/AC Converter regular maintenance
supplied by the battery. AC/DC Converter and charger requirements, after sales
On the AC bus line, AC generating components may be directly connected to the AC bus line service availability, cost of
(**) or may need a AC/AC converter to enable stable coupling of the components (*). servicing, warranty, spare
Charge Controller parts availability and price
Hybrid system (AC/DC coupled)
Source/Implementer: ISOFOTON (Senegal) AC bus line
AC Loads
Master Inverter
and
Battery charger
DC bus line
optional
DC voltage
AC voltage
Battery DC Loads
Hybrid power systems
Energy
efficiency and
renewable
THE BEST SERVICE FOR AN energies
THE LEAST COST OPTION
OPTIMAL USE OF ELECTRICITY A combination of energy (on a life cycle basis)
efficiency measures with
The use of electricity should not stop in the cilitation of information and communication the use of renewable For a given community, the costs of different financing advantages, giving as a result low
delivery of power but lead also to sustainable technologies, play also a very important role energies will not only electricity supply alternatives will vary de- capital costs, though leaving the evidence
development and stimulate market growth. in the economic development of a rural com- reduce electricity pending on specific local conditions, such as of significant operating costs. Renewable
Therefore, the technological solution provided munity. Educated and healthy people will pos- consumption and load size and distribution, renewable resource energy systems seldom enjoy direct or in-
for a given community should permit the de- sess greater potential for income generation! peak demand, thereby availability, fuel price and transportation net- direct subsidies, because of their environ-
velopment of “productive uses” of electricity. increasing the electricity work. mental benefits.
Therefore, the use of electricity to extend the service, but also reduce
By definition, a “productive use” involves the total numbers of productive hours available the production of A combination of improved technology and Still, renewable energy technologies are al-
application of energy/electricity for the gen- (beyond daylight hours), to enable the access conventional energy and economies of scale has pushed down the ready the least cost electrification option in
eration of income or value. Usually, productive to information (to make business decisions), greenhouse emissions costs of renewable energy technologies. Un- rural areas, even without internalizing en-
from the combustion like most conventional energy sources, the vironmental costs. The initial high capital
uses of electricity are only linked to direct to increase life expectancy or to develop
of fossil fuels cost of producing electricity from renewable costs are offset by the low operation and
income generating activities (ex: motive power higher literacy rates, should also be con-
for agricultural, industrial and commercial sidered a productive use. Together with the energy sources will decrease significantly in maintenance costs, the on site production
uses) but the truth is that the productive uses possibility of establishing hotels, restaurants, the future, given the necessary conditions. (fuel delivery cost can exceed the whole-
of electricity are already present by the simple repair shops, retail stores or communication sale fuel price), as well as the inexistent or
fact of providing electricity. Access to elec- centers, the delivery of electricity will certainly However, despite the favorable trends of little fuel expense (which is the single larg-
tricity will automatically generate a surplus contribute to the sustainable development of renewable energy sources, they are still est cost on a life cycle basis), the increased
within the domestic economies (saving up rural communities. perceived as high cost options. The reasons reliability and the longer expected useful
money otherwise spent in expensive candles, can be found within the benefits enjoyed life of renewable energy technologies.
kerosene or disposable batteries) and will Hybrid systems allow for ALL produc- by the conventional energy systems such
also promote micro-enterprise development tive uses of electricity (domestic, public as favorable policy frameworks and public
(ex basket making, handcraft, sewing, etc) and income-generating uses), permitting the
The enhancement of education activities, the scaling up of productive applications and rural The uncertainty of oil based solutions
improvement of health services or the fa- development.
A critical factor of the oil based solutions is $ 100
$ 98,18
the development of the crude oil price and,
consequently the price of fuel on a national
$90
Hybrid systems based on RES can meet every energy demand ! level. The drastic rises of crude oil and the
$ / Barrel
ENERGY SERVICES APPLICATION BENEFITS leading to long-term constrains on the eco- $ 80
Lighting nomic development worldwide.
Household lighting
Public lighting + Improvement
of health care
$ 70
Community lighting and education Hybrid systems based on RES are inde-
Communication Internet/Telephone + Facilitation of security/safety pendent from oil price fluctuations and in-
TV Broadcast/Video/ Cinema
and emergency assistance creases. Even if these systems may include $ 60
Radio-telephone communication capabilities
LPG/diesel genset as a backup, still renewable
Refrigeration Refrigeration of medicines + Reduction
of marginalization
energy will supply, at least, between 60 and $ 50
Cold storage
Ice making + Increase
of employment
90% of the energy, with gensets providing 11/01/2006 11/04/2007 03/07/2007 05/07/2007 07/06/2007 09/05/2007 11/02/2007
12/04/2006 02/05/2007 04/05/2007 06/06/2007 08/06/2007 10/04/2007
www.tramatecnoambiental.es
With the support off: • Windeco
Manufacturer
www.windeco.es