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Advanced Computational
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Techniques in Engineering
Lecture LA01: Matrix-Vector Multiplication
This lecture:
1. Notation.
2. Matrix-Vector Multiplication.
3. Matrix Inverse.
Ref: TB Lecture 1.
Notation
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• We’ll use bold face for matrices and vectors.
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• Upper case for matrices: A.
• Lower case for vectors: v.
• Scalars in italic and without bold: c.
• In general, vectors and matrices are complex-valued.
• Consider a matrix A ∈ Cm×n :
– The columns are denoted ai , i = 1, . . . , n.
– The rows are āi , i = 1, . . . , m.
– The elements are aij .
Matrix-Vector Multiplication
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Our first aim is to reinterpret the equation b = Ax as a linear com-
bination of the columns of A.
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• Recall that the basic definition of matrix multiplication is
n
X
bi = aij xj , i = 1, . . . , m.
j=1
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X
b = Ax = xj aj .
j=1
• Schematically,
! ! x1 ! ! !
↑ ↑ ↑
↑
x 2
↑ ↑ ↑
b = a1 a2 · · · an . = x1 a 1 + x2 a 2 + · · · + xn an .
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ..
↓ ↓ ↓
xn
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The range of a matrix A ∈ Cm×n is defined as
range(A) = {b ∈ Cm | b = Ax; x ∈ Cn }.
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Theorem. A matrix A ∈ Cm×n with m > n has full rank if and only
if it maps no two distinct vectors to the same vector.
Inverse
A non-singular or invertible matrix is a square matrix of full rank.
• If A ∈ Cn×n is invertible then the range of A is Cn .
⇒ Any b ∈ Cn can be expressed as a linear combination of the aj ,
j = 1, . . . , n.
⇒ There exists some zij , j = 1, . . . , n such that
n
X
ei = zij aj 7/8
j=1
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where ei is all zero except for a 1 in the ith position.
⇒ Since we can do this for each ei , we can write
!
↑ ↑
↑
e1 e2 · · · en = I = AZ
↓ ↓ ↓
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3. range(A) = Cn ,
4. null(A) = {0},
5. 0 is not an eigenvalue of A,
6. 0 is not a singular value of A,
7. det A ≠ 0.