01 Basic Electrical System v7

Malaysian Spanish Institute
Basic Automation System

(SRD 23403)
1
MSI Electrical System
Malaysian Spanish Institute
Basic Electrical System
V7
2
Objective of Module
Why electrical system?
Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most

widely used forms of energy.
Electrical System is a basic control system.
Why learn electrical system?
3
Basic Control System
signal signal
output
input processing
Switching Amplifying Electrical

component component Actuator
Pushbuttons etc Relay, timer etc Motor, lamp etc
4
Content of Module
• CHAPTER 0 SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE DIDACTIC UNIT
• CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
• CHAPTER 3 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
• CHAPTER 4 ELECTRICAL ACTUATOR – MOTOR
5
Electrical Lab Safety

chapter 0
1. Obtain permission before operating 7. Keep your lab space clean and
any electrical equipment. organized.
2. Wiring or other electrical 8. Do not leave an on-going experiment

modifications must be referred to unattended.
the Lecturer, or Technician.
3. Heavy- Duty electrical component 9. Always inform your instructor if you

must be electrically grounded. break anything.
4. Never, ever modify, attach or 10. Never taste anything.

otherwise change any high voltage
equipment.
5. Never do unauthorized experiments. 11. Never use open flames in laboratory.
6. Never work alone in laboratory. 12. Clean your lab bench and equipment,
and lock the door before you leave the
laboratory.
6
Introduction to Electrical Sys
chapter 1
Electricity is a form of energy involving the flow of electrons. All matter is made up of
atoms, and an atom has a center, called a nucleus. The nucleus contains positively
charged particles called protons and uncharged particles called neutrons.
The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by

negatively charged particles called electrons.
The negative charge of an electron is equal to
the positive charge of a proton, and the
number of electrons in an atom is usually
equal to the number of protons.
When the balancing force between protons

and electrons is upset by an outside force, an
atom may gain or lose an electron. When
electrons are "lost" from an atom, the free
Atom movement of these electrons form an
electric current.
7
What's make electricity?
Electrons in outer orbit are less attracted to is

nucleus and easily to detached. This electrons
are called free electrons.
Free
electron
8
What's make electricity?
(Cont.)
Electric Current
Electrons that have been forces out will move and wander around among other atoms
randomly. If the free electron have a direction of movement, it will make an electric
current. When there is an electric current, that’s when we called it electricity.
Electrical wire
Electric Charge
When an atom loses an electron, it will be positively charge, and if an atom that
possessing a extra of electron is negatively charge.
+ -
(positive) (negetive)
9
How Electricity is Produced
FRICTION MAGNETISM CHEMICAL
LIGHT
PRESSURE
HEAT
10
Electrical Appliances
Mechanical power
Energy to operate Chemical Action
electronic device
Light
Heat
Pressure
11
Magnetism
Natural magnet is called magnetite and its
power of attraction is called magnetism.
There are two type of magnetism:

1. Permanent Magnet
2. Electromagnet
12
Permanent Magnet
Material that can hold their
magnetism for a long period of time
are called Permanent Magnet.
Beside natural magnet, iron & other
material then iron can be used as
magnet.
Electromagnet
Magnetic field can be created by
electricity. Magnetic field that
depend on the flow of current is
called electromagnet.
13
Relation between electron

Electrons in an atom create
magnetic field in all atoms.
In most material, electrons
will be in different direction
and their field cancel each
other and made the
material no magnetic field.
Magnetized Demagnetized
organize organize
orientation orientation
14
Magnetic Field
Magnetic field is an invisible
line of forces that been created
by magnet. These invisible line
of forces leaving the magnet at
one point and entering at
another point. These point are
called poles.
15
Electricity by magnetism
Magnetism produce electricity, when the movement of magnetic field past
through a stationary wire. But when the magnetic field is not moving, the
electricity stop due to electron stop moving.
Greater the movement, greater the magnetic field and greater the electricity.
16
Generate electricity
17
How Electricity is Produce (Magnetism)
Terminal Station
Grid high voltage

transmission lines
Subtransmission
Hydroelectric lines
dam
How It Is Used
by the Customer
Distribution
substation
Step-up transformer
Generator
18
Worldwide, hydropower plants produce about 24 percent of the world's electricity and
supply more than 1 billion people with power. The world's hydropower plants output a
combined total of 675,000 megawatts, the energy equivalent of 3.6 billion barrels of oil,
according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
1. Hydroelectric dam 5. Terminal Station

There is potential energy stored in a water reservoir Terminal stations control power flow on grid
behind a dam. It is converted to kinetic energy when transmission lines and reduce the grid voltage to
the water starts flowing down the penstock (what it sub-transmission voltage.
is), from the dam. This kinetic energy is used to turn 6. Sub-transmission lines
a turbine. Sub transmission lines supply power from terminal
2. Generator stations to large industrial customers or distribution
The falling water strikes a series of blades attached substations.
around a shaft which converts kinetic energy to 7. How It Is Used by the Customer
mechanical energy, and causes the turbine to Electric energy can be sold at transmission voltage
rotate. The shaft is attached to a generator, so that to users of large amounts who own and operate
when the turbine turns, the generator is driven. The their own substations. Most customers, however,
generator converts the turbine's mechanical energy are unable to accept energy at transmission
into electric energy. voltage, and require that it be stepped down in a
3. Step-up transformer transformer.
Voltage is the pressure that makes electricity flow. 8. Distribution substation
Generators usually produce electricity with a low A distribution substation is a system of
voltage. In order for the transmission lines to carry transformers, meters, and control and protective
the electricity efficiently over long distances, the low devices. At a substation, transmission voltage is
generator voltage is increased to a higher reduced to lower voltages for distribution to
transmission voltage by a step-up transformer. residential, commercial, and small and medium
4. Grid high voltage transmission lines industrial customers.
Grid transmission lines, usually supported by tall
metal towers, carry high voltage electricity over long
distances.
19
Schematic Diagram of an Electrical System
20
Schematic Diagram of an Electrical System
24v
S1 Switch / Input Signal
L1 Load
0v
Control Circuit
21
Fundamental in Electrical Sys

chapter 2
Electricity Parameter
Quantity Symbol Unit Abbreviation
Current (I) Ampere A
Voltage (V) Volt V
Resistance (R) Ohm Ω
22
Current (I)
Current is an electrons. When there is a current flow, there is a movement of
electrons in conductors.
The unit for current is = A (ampere)
Ampere is express by
1 ampere = 1A
1,000 amperes = 1,000 A
0.001 amperes = 1mA
18
0.00 000 1 amperes = 1µA
1A = 6.25 x 10 electrons
*conductor = allows electrons to move through it.

Insulator = keep electrons from passing through it.
23
Measuring the Unit of Current Flow

The device which is used to measure the rate of current
flow through a conducting material is called Ammeter.
An ammeter indicates,
in amperes, the
number of electrons
passing through a
material.
24
Ammeter Measurement
Ammeter are connected in
series with line to measure
lamp current.
25
Caution!!
Do not connected ammeter in
parallel.
26
Construction of Ammeter
RG = 20Ω,
27
Voltage (V)
Electromotive Force (emf) / potential different / voltage are the force that set
charges in motion, in other word, a potential energy difference that exists
between two points.
the unit for voltage is = volts (V)
Voltage is express by
1 volt = 1V
1,000 volt = 1kV
1,000,000 volt = 1,000 kV
0.001 volt = 1mV
0.00 000 1 volt = 1µV
28
Measuring the Unit of Voltage
The device which is used to measure the voltage
between two unequal charges is called Voltmeter.
A voltmeter indicates,
in volts, the potential
different between two
points.
29
Voltmeter Measurement
Voltmeter are
connected in parallel
with line to measure
lamp current.
30
How to Uses Voltmeter
31
Construction of Voltmeter
example1 example2
32
Resistance (R)
Resistance in electricity is something that opposed current flowing in it, weather
large or small. Different material have different opposition to current flow due to
different number of electrons in different material. Material that have little opposition
to current flow is called conductor, and material that have little opposition is called
insulator.
Resistance = R (designated)
Resistance is express by 1 ohm = 1Ω

1,000 ohm = 1kΩ
1,000,000 ohm = 1MΩ
0.001 ohm = 1mΩ
33
Measuring the Unit of Resistance

The device which is used to measure the voltage
between two unequal charges is called Ohmmeter.
34
Ohmmeter
Resistance are measured by ohmmeter. This meter are not equally spaced,
and requires a build-in battery for proper operation. The current through the
unknown resistor is measured under conditions where a known voltage is
applied across the unknown resistor.
Features:
• Ohmmeter will have a zero adjustment control.
• Range selector switch - R
- R x 10
- R x 100
- R x 1k
35
Operation Principle
1. Set voltage to proper value by selecting the range.
2. Do the zero adjustment by shorting the ohmmeter
probe. This must be done whenever the range selector
switch is change to different scale.
3. Connect the unknown resistance between the test
probe.
4. Read the resistance value at the scale division and
multiplied by the multiplying factor from the selector
switch.
*Device that has a specific amount of resistance called Resistor.
36
Relationship Between Electrical
Parameter
The study of electricity is the study of the effects of current flow and the
control of current flow.
Voltage is the amount of electromotive force (emf) across a load
(resistance) in order to make an electron flow (current) through the
resistance.
↑voltage ↑current
↓voltage ↓current
Resistance is the effect that impedes the electron flow (current).
↑resistance ↓ current
↓resistance ↑ current
37
Ohm’s Law
The relationship of these parameter can
be describe in Ohm’s Law
38
39
POP Test
40
Problem Example #1
Using the simple circuit below, assume that the voltage supplied by the battery is
10 volts, and the resistance is 5 Ω. To find how much current is flowing through
the circuit, cover the I in the triangle and use the resulting equation.
Solution:
41
Problem Example #2
Assume the ammeter reads 200 mA and the resistance is known to be 10 Ω.
To solve the voltage, cover the E in the triangle and use the resulting
equation.
Solution:
42
Problem Example #3
Assume the ammeter reads 10 mA and the voltmeter reads 24V. To solve the
resistance, cover the R in the triangle and use the resulting equation.
Solution:
R=E/I Æ R = 24 / 0.01 Æ E = 2.4 k Ω
43
Kirchoff's laws
Kirchoff's laws #2
The sum of the currents entering a node
must equal the sum of the currents exiting
a node .
44
A1-Fundamental in Electricity
1. V = 12V, R = 10kΩ, I = ?
2. R = 10mΩ, V = 2.5V, I = ?
3. V = 0.7mV, R = 1kΩ, I = ?
4. I = 1mA, R = 240Ω, V = ?
5. R = 5kΩ, I = 1A, V = ?
6. I = 2mA, R = 4kΩ, V = ?
7. V = 80V, I = 12mA, R = ?
8. I = 24mA, V = 12V, R = ?
9. V = 500mV, I = 40A, R = ?
45
Series Circuit
A series circuit is formed when any
number of load are connected end-to-
end so that there is only one path for
current to flow.
The mathematical formula
for resistance in series is:
46
Problem Example #1 (R)
Given a series circuit where R1 is 11 KΩ, R2 is 2 KΩ, R3 is 2 KΩ, R4 is
100Ω, and R5 is 1 KΩ, what is the total resistances?
Solution:
47
Problem Example #2 (I)

The equation for total resistance in a series circuit allows us to simplify a
circuit. Using Ohm’s Law, the value of current can be calculated. Current is
the same anywhere it is measured in a series circuit.
48
Problem Example #3 (V)
The equation for total voltage in a series circuit is the summation of all
voltage.
VT = 1.5 + 1.5
= 3volts
VT = V1 + V2
49
Parallel Circuit
A parallel circuit is formed when two or
more loads are placed in a circuit side-by-
side so that current can flow through more
than one path.
The mathematical formula
for resistance in parallel is:
50
Problem Example #1 (R)
Find the total resistance
Solution:
51
Problem Example #1 (R) cont.

The second formula is used when there
are only two resistors.
Solution:
52
Problem Example #2 (I)
Current flowing through a parallel circuit divides
and flows through each branch of the circuit.
53
Problem Example #3 (V)

When resistors are placed in parallel across a voltage
source, the voltage is the same across each resistor.
54
Problem #1 (V, I, R)
55
A2 – Electrical Parameter
1. V = 12V, H1 = 10Ω, H2 = 20Ω. Fine RT, I1, I2 and IT.
2. V = 12V, I1 = 10mA , I2 = 20mA. Fine R1, R2, RT and IT.
3. R1 = 240Ω, I2 = 20mA, IT = 50mA. Fine I1, Vsupply , R2 and

RT.
56
Electrical Power
• Power can be defined by means of work. The faster work is done, the
greater the power needed. Power is "work divided by time".
• In an electrical circuit, electrical energy is converted into kinetic energy

(electrical motor, electrical lamp, electrical heater). The faster the energy is
converted, the higher the electrical power. Power means converted energy
divided by time. Power increases with current and voltage.
• The electrical power of a load is also called its electrical power input.
57
Problem Example
Power of a coil
The solenoid coil of a pneumatic 5/2-way valve is supplied with 24 VDC.
The resistance of the coil is 60 Ohm. What is the power? The current is
calculated by means of Ohm's law:
• The electrical power is the product of current and voltage:
58
Electrical Component
chapter 3
59
60
Electrical Control
24v
S1 Switch / Input Signal
L1 Load
0v
Control Circuit
61
Electrical Symbol
Pushbutton, Pushbutton, Pushbutton Pushbutton Contact, Contact,

Normally Open Normally Close Normally Open Normally Close Normally Open Normally Close
Switches / Input Signal
Lamp Relay Timer Delay ON Timer Delay OFF
Load / Output
62
Combination of Signal Input
Switching ON
S1 AND S2 Æ H1 ON S1 OR S2 Æ H1 ON
24v 24v
S1 S1 S2
S2
L1 L1
0v 0v
63
Combination of Signal Input

Switching OFF
S1 OR S2 Æ H1 OFF
S1 AND S2 Æ H1 OFF
24v 24v
S1 S2 S1
S2
L1 L1
0v 0v
64
A3 – Basic Electrical Control
1. Press S1 AND S2 Æ H1 ON
2. Press S1 OR S2 Æ H1 ON
3. Press S1 AND S2 AND S3 Æ H1 ON
4. Press S1 OR S2 OR S3 Æ H1 ON
5. Press (S1 AND S2) OR S3 Æ H1 ON
6. Press (S1 OR S2) AND S3 Æ H1 ON
7. Press (S1 OR S2) AND (S3 OR S4) Æ H1 ON
8. Press (S1 AND S2) OR (S3 AND S4) Æ H1 ON
9. Press (S1 AND S2 AND S3) OR S4 OR S5 Æ H1 ON
10. Press [(S1 OR S2) AND S3] OR [(S4 OR S5) AND S6] Æ H1 ON
65
24V Installation Example #1 (Series)
11 12 11 12 H1
H2
24v 23 24 23 24
31 32 31 32
H3
S1
43 44 43 44
H1
H2
S2
H3
11 12 11 12
23 24 23 24
L1
31 32 31 32
43 44 43 44
0v
0V
66
24V Installation Example #2 (Parallel)
11 12 11 12 H1
H2
24v 23 24 23 24
31 32 31 32
H3
S1 S2
43 44 43 44
H1
H2
11 12 11 12
H3
23 24 23 24
L1
31 32 31 32
43 44 43 44
0v
0V
67
Relay
Construction of a Relay
A relay is an electromagnetically
actuated switch.
When a voltage is applied to the coil

(A1 – A2), an electromagnet field
created. This causes the armature to
be attracted to the coil core. The
armature actuates the relay contacts,
either closing or opening them,
depending on the design.
A return spring returns the armature

to its initial position when the current
to the coil is interrupted.
68
Another Construction of a Relay
Iron Relay
Core Coil
Return Contact
Spring
69
Example of Relay
70
Operating Principle
Relay
1 pole
Relay
2 pole
71
Circuit Example
24v
S1
K1
K1 L1
0v
72
Latching Circuit Example
(Holding) 24v
S1
K1 K1
S2
K1 L1
0v
73
A4 – Latching Control
1. Press S1 Æ H1 ON
Press S2 Æ H1 OFF
2. Press S1 OR S2 Æ H1 ON
Press S3 OR S4 Æ H1 OFF
3. Press S1 AND S2 AND S3 Æ H1 ON
Press S4 AND S5 AND S6 Æ H1 OFF
4. Press S1 OR S2 OR S3 Æ H1 ON
Press S4 OR S5 OR S6 Æ H1 OFF
5. Press (S1 AND S2) OR S3 Æ H1 ON
Press (S4 AND S5) OR S6 Æ H1 OFF
6. Press (S1 OR S2) AND S3 Æ H1 ON
Press (S4 OR S5) AND S6 Æ H1 OFF
7. Press (S1 OR S2) AND (S3 OR S4) Æ H1 ON
Press (S5 OR S6) AND (S7 OR S8) Æ H1 OFF
8. Press (S1 AND S2) OR (S3 AND S4) Æ H1 ON
Press (S5 AND S6) OR (S7 AND S8) Æ H1 OFF
9. Press (S1 AND S2 AND S3) OR S4 OR S5 Æ H1 ON
Press (S6 AND S7 AND S8) OR S9 OR S10 Æ H1 OFF
10. Press ((S1 OR S2) AND S3) OR ((S4 OR S5) AND S6) Æ H1 ON
Press ((S7 OR S8) AND S9) OR ((S10 OR S11) AND S12) Æ H1 OFF
74
24V Installation Example #1 (Using Relay)
A1 A2
11 12 H1
13 14
23 24 H2
23 24
31 32
H3
33 34
43 44
24v H1
H2
41 52
S1 K1 11 12
H3
51 62
61 72
23 24
K1 H1 31 32
0v 43 44
0V
75
24V Installation Example #1 (Latching)
A1 A2
11 12 H1
13 14
23 24 H2
23 24
31 32
H3
33 34
43 44
24v H1
H2
41 52
S1 K1 K1 H3
11 12 51 62
61 72
23 24
K1 H1 31 32
0v 43 44
0V
76
Electrical Motor
chapter 4
Electric Motor History and Principles
• The electric motor in its simplest terms is a converter of

electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• An electric motor’s principle of operation is based on the
fact that a current-carrying conductor, when placed in
a magnetic field, will have a force exerted on the
conductor proportional to the current flowing in the
conductor and to the strength of the magnetic field.
77
Safety Precautions
• Use safe practices when handling, lifting, installing, operating, and
maintaining motors and related equipment.
• Install motors and related equipment in accordance with the National

Electrical Code (NEC) local electrical safety codes and practices and, when
applicable, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA).
• Ground motors securely. Make sure that grounding wires and devices are,
in fact, properly grounded.
• Before servicing or working near motor-driven equipment, disconnect the

power source from the motor and accessories.
78
DC Motor
79
DC Motor
• DC motor is
currently used in
speed or position
control applications,
due to the simplicity
of the control
system.
80
Concept DC Motor
81
Working Principle
A dc motor rotates as a
result of two interacting
magnetic fields.
82
The current that flows through
the winding generates a
magnetic north pole over this
winding and below a magnetic
south pole. These poles are
attracted by opposite poles of
the permanent magnet and the
winding rotates in clockwise
direction.
The winding has rotated 90º

with respect to its previous
position, and now the poles
are opposite the permanent
magnet.
83
DC motor Installation
Field winding
Brushes
Commutator
Permanent
magnets
1) Permanent Magnet 2) Electromagnet
84
Schematic Diagram
24V 24V
S1 K1 K1 S1 K1 K1 K1
S2 S2
K1 M K1 M
0V
0V
1) Permanent Magnet 2) Electromagnet
85
AC Motor
• Most motors are driven by asynchronous
motors by means of a three-phase a.c.
power supply. This type is motor is used
because of economy of price, rigidity and
easy maintenance.
86
AC Motor
87
Working Principle (Forward)
88
Working Principle (Reverse)
89
90
Schematic Diagram
91
Forward Reverse Rotation through

stop button (DC Motor)
92
Forward Reverse Rotation without
stop button (DC Motor)
93
Forward Reverse Rotation through

stop button (AC Motor)
94
Forward Reverse Rotation without
stop button (AC Motor)
95
Comparison
FACTOR AIR ELECTRICITY HYDRAULICS
Reliability Poor Good Good
Weight Light Heavy Light
Installation Simple Simple Simple
Control Mechanism Valves Switches and solenoids Valves
Maintenance Constant attention necessary Difficult, requiring skilled Simple
personnel
Vulnerability High pressure bottle Good Safe; broken lines cause
dangerous; broken lines failure
cause failure and danger
to personnel and
equipment
Response Slow for both starting and Rapid starting, slow stopping Instant starting and stopping
stopping
Controllability Poor Fair Good
Quietness of Operation Poor Poor Good
96
D’ END
97

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Malaysian Spanish Institute

Basic Automation System

Malaysian Spanish Institute

Basic Electrical System

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most

Electrical System is a basic control system.

Why learn electrical system?

Basic Control System

Switching Amplifying Electrical

Pushbuttons etc Relay, timer etc Motor, lamp etc

Electrical Lab Safety

2. Wiring or other electrical 8. Do not leave an on-going experiment

3. Heavy- Duty electrical component 9. Always inform your instructor if you

4. Never, ever modify, attach or 10. Never taste anything.

5. Never do unauthorized experiments. 11. Never use open flames in laboratory.

The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by

When the balancing force between protons

What's make electricity?

Electrons in outer orbit are less attracted to is

How Electricity is Produced

FRICTION MAGNETISM CHEMICAL

There are two type of magnetism:

Relation between electron

How Electricity is Produce (Magnetism)

Grid high voltage

1. Hydroelectric dam 5. Terminal Station

Schematic Diagram of an Electrical System

S1 Switch / Input Signal

Fundamental in Electrical Sys

Current (I) Ampere A

Voltage (V) Volt V

Resistance (R) Ohm Ω

The unit for current is = A (ampere)

0.001 amperes = 1mA

*conductor = allows electrons to move through it.

Measuring the Unit of Current Flow

the unit for voltage is = volts (V)

Resistance is express by 1 ohm = 1Ω

Measuring the Unit of Resistance

*Device that has a specific amount of resistance called Resistor.

Resistance is the effect that impedes the electron flow (current).

R=E/I Æ R = 24 / 0.01 Æ E = 2.4 k Ω

Problem Example #2 (I)

Problem Example #1 (R) cont.

Problem Example #3 (V)

2. V = 12V, I1 = 10mA , I2 = 20mA. Fine R1, R2, RT and IT.

3. R1 = 240Ω, I2 = 20mA, IT = 50mA. Fine I1, Vsupply , R2 and

• In an electrical circuit, electrical energy is converted into kinetic energy

• The electrical power is the product of current and voltage:

S1 Switch / Input Signal

Pushbutton, Pushbutton, Pushbutton Pushbutton Contact, Contact,

Switches / Input Signal

Lamp Relay Timer Delay ON Timer Delay OFF

Combination of Signal Input

3. Press S1 AND S2 AND S3 Æ H1 ON

5. Press (S1 AND S2) OR S3 Æ H1 ON

6. Press (S1 OR S2) AND S3 Æ H1 ON

7. Press (S1 OR S2) AND (S3 OR S4) Æ H1 ON

8. Press (S1 AND S2) OR (S3 AND S4) Æ H1 ON

9. Press (S1 AND S2 AND S3) OR S4 OR S5 Æ H1 ON

24V Installation Example #1 (Series)

When a voltage is applied to the coil

A return spring returns the armature