Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.

2, 2008

GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN

F3:4 BRASSICA POPULATIONS
Sajid Khan*, Farhatullah*, Iftikhar H. Khalil*, Iqbal Munir**, M. Yasir Khan* and Naushad Ali*

ABSTRACT
Genetic variability is an indicator for a plant breeder to proceed further. Six F3:4 derived inter-specific Brassica populations along
with three checks were evaluated for genetic variability for agronomic characters at NWFP Agricultural University, during 2005-
2006. Highly significant (P < 0.05) genetic variations were recorded for plant height. Maximum number of pods main receme-1
(94) was observed for population 19-2-2. The population 15-20-1 produced maximum primary branches (15). Genetic variance
for most of the traits was generally 3 to 15 times greater than the environmental variance indicating significant genetic control for
most of traits. Heritability estimates were high (> 0.70) for days to flowering, number of primary branches and pod length, while
low to medium (0.50-0.70) for pods raceme-1. Populations 19-83-5, 19-2-2, 2-22-1 and 12-16-1 had outstanding performance for
most of the traits.

Key words: Brassica, Interspesific Pop., Heritability

INTRODUCTION
Pakistan is facing shortage of edible oil for a long
time. The domestic oil production hardly meets 30
percent of the national demand whereas remaining 70
percent is met through import by spending significant
foreign exchange (MINFAL, 2005). In order to save
foreign exchange, efforts are being made to
supplement the local production through the
cultivation of non-traditional oil seed crops, such as
rape, sunflower, safflower and soybean. Conventional
oilseed crop breeding is a way to produce superior
cultivars for formers. Brassica oilseed crops ranks
third worldwide on the basis of grown annually on
about 23 million hectares that provide over 36 million
tones of the world's oilseed production (FAO, 2004).
In Pakistan, Brassica is the second most important
source of vegetable oil after cotton seed. It is
cultivated over an area of 307,000 hectares with
annual production of 233,000 tones, and contributes
about 17% to the domestic production of edible oil
(PARC, 2006). In Pakistan, during 2005-2006
rapeseed was grown on 0.30 million ha with average
yield of 0.87 metric tones ha-1 (USDA, 2006). In
NWFP, rapeseed is grown on 3% of its total cropped
area. Average yield of rapeseed in NWFP is even less
than the national average yield (only 472 kg ha-1),
indicating a serious need to improve the yield at least
to upgrade it to the level of national yield. The need
for increased yield is felt because the country's
population is increasing, and the demand for oil in the
country is expected to grow by 3-4% per year
(AOCS, 2006).
Rapeseed (Brassica napus, Brassica campestris and
Brassica juncea) is grown worldwide as a source of
edible oil (Downey and Rakow, 1987). Rapeseed-
mustard "sarson" (B. campestris), "raya" (B. juncea)
and "tararnira" (Eruca sativa) are important species
of Brassica group grown as oilseed crops in Pakistan
for centuries as a field crop. Brassica campestris is
also one of the major oil seed crop in the Indian sub-
continent. It is highly self-incompatible and relies on
cross-pollination from other plants. It is the
predominant cruciferous species and has been widely
grown throughout the rain-fed areas of NWFP. It has
great yield potential for semi arid conditions, and
known to be more drought tolerant and shattering
resistant than B. napus. It matures earlier than B.
napus and consequently escapes the attack of insect
pests. B. napus (gobhi sarson) is rather recent and one
of the most important species, its cultivation as a seed
crop is confined to NWFP and some areas of Punjab
(PARC, 1991).
Inter-specific, inter-generic hybridizations and
heterosis are simple tools for the production of
desirable genotypes and improvement of rape and
mustard crops. Formation of improved genotypes
for desirable traits is first step genetic analysis; it is
necessary to collect data from a number of successive
generations or from different mating systems.
Keeping in view the importance of Brassica, the
present study was thus an attempt to identify superior
populations, among the six segregating Brassica
populations, for developing new genotype to the
already evolved cultivars.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Genetic variability and heritability for agronomic
characters in F3:4 populations of Brassica were
evaluated at New Developmental Farm, NWFP

* Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar – Pakistan.
** Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar – Pakistan.
Sajid khan, et al. Genetic variability for morphological traits in f3:4 brassica populations ……
Agricultural University, Peshawar, during 2005-2006.
Six lines 19-83-5, 15-20-1, 19-2-2, 96-1-3, 12-16-1,
2-22-1 were selected from F3 inter-specific
populations in 2004-2005. These lines along with
three checks were evaluated in four replications using
a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The
checks used in the trial were two B. napus lines (A-
20-28 and Rainbow), and one Brassica campestris
line (1230). In experiment-I for this purpose F3 seeds
were sown in plots. Each plot comprised of 6 rows of
5 m length with row-to-row and plant to plant
distance of 40 cm. The crop was irrigated three times
during the entire period of growth and development.
First irrigation was given 29 days after sowing,
second was given at the time of flowering and third
irrigation was applied during grain filling period
(PARC, 2006). Thinning was done once to maintain
the space between the plants. All experimental lines
were grown under natural condition in order to
measure the full potential of the populations. At
maturity, data were recorded on 10 randomly selected
plants (depending on availability of plants) from each
plot of each replication and were statistically
analyzed for variability and heritability of different
traits.
Analysis of Variance
The data obtained were statistically analyzed by using
SAS- program for randomized complete block
design. F-test was employed to detect the significance
of genotypic effect and LSD (0.05) was used for
mean comparisons (Steel and Torri, 1980).
Heritability estimates
The heritability estimates provide information on
transmission of trait (s) from parents to offspring.
Such estimates facilitate the evaluation of genetic and
environmental effects, aiding in selection. Estimates
of heritability can also be used to predict genetic
advance under selection, so that the plant breeder can
anticipate improvement from different types and
intensities of selection. Genetic (Vg) and
environmental (Ve) variances were computed from
the mean squares in the analysis of variance of each
trait. Heritability estimates were calculated by the
formulae used by Khan et al. (1992).
Vp=Vg + Ve
h2 (BS) = Vg / VP
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of variance show highly significant
differences were observed among Brassica
populations (P  0.01) for days to flowering, primary
branches plant-1, pods main raceme-1 and pod length
(Table I). Whereas, non-significant (P> 0.05)
differences were found for plant height. The co-
218
efficient of variation (CV) ranged from 1.89 to 18.55
% for various characters (Table I). The lowest
coefficient of variation values ( 20 %) shows the
best genetic potential and its genetic influence while
the highest shows more influence of environmental
fluctuations.
Days to flowering
Highly significant results were observed for days to
flowering (Table I). The early flowering was
observed in check 1203 (B. campestris) with 84 days
might be due to its genetic potential and stability to
the local environment and the delayed flowering in
check Rainbow (B. napus), which is a selection from
imported germplasm to be about 90.8 days. On
average, checks were earlier than F3:4 lines. F3:4 lines
took 90 to 118 days to flowering, where earliest
flowering was recorded in line 2-22-1 while line 15-
20-1 was late in flowering. The mean value for F3:4
lines were 112 days (Table 2) whereas the grand
mean was 104.2 days (Table 4). Means for flowering
of Brassica populations ranged from 84 to 118.50
days (Table 4).
Plant height (cm)
The final plant height reflects the growth behavior of
a crop. Besides genetic characteristics environmental
factors also play vital role in determining the height
of the plants. The data revealed that plant height of
different brassica genotypes under study was non-
significant (Table I). Data for plant height of checks
was in range of 141 to 184 cm, in which the shortest
check was Rainbow (B. napus) 141 cm and the tallest
was check A-20-28 (B. napus) 184 cm, whereas the
mean values for plant height in checks was 164.6 cm
(Table 2). Plant heights in F3:4 lines ranged 174 to 208
cm, with over all mean 191 cm (table 2). As a whole,
the maximum and the minimum plant heights in F3:4
selected populations were 208.2 cm and 174.3 cm
attained by populations 19-83-5 and 15-20-1,
respectively. Generally, plant height of all the lines in
F3:4 was more than the checks except of population
15-20-1. Population 15-20-1, A-20-28 (check) and
1203 (check) ranked the same.The grand mean for
lines was 182.2 cm (Table 4).
Primary branches plant-1
The data indicated that the number of branches plant-1
varied highly significant (P 0.01) among the
genotype under study. The values recorded for
number of primary branches plant-1 showed a range
of 7 to 10 branches for checks, in which the
minimum branches were produced by A-20-28
(check) and the maximum for 1203 (check), with the
over all mean value of 8.3 branches (Table II). Data
regarding F3:4 populations ranged from 5.5 to 14.6
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, 2008
branches. The maximum branches plant-1(15) was
recorded for population 15-20-1, while the minimum
(5) branches plant-1 was observed for population 2-
22-1. The mean values for number of primary braches
were significantly different for various genotypes.
The mean value indicated that A-20-28 (check), 19-
83-5, 19-2-2, 96-1-3 and 12-16-1 were in the same
statistical group for the number of primary branches
(Table 4). The populations 2-22-1 (5.5) and Rainbow
(check) (8.05) are also within the same statistical
group. The mean value for F3:4 populations were 8.2
branches (Table II) with a grand mean of 8.05
branches (Table IV).
Pods main raceme
The data presented evinced that genotypes were
highly significantly different (P 0.01) from one
another (Table I). While the least significant
difference test shows significance difference among
the F3:4 populations and checks (Table IV). The data
collected for pods main raceme-1 indicated that
checks had ranged 68 to 78 pods, where the minimum
pods were produced by 1203 (check) 68 pods while
the maximum were recorded in A-20-28 (check) 78
pods, with mean value of 72.3 pods. Number of pods
for F3:4 populations ranged from 68 to 94 pods where
minimum value was recorded for population 2-22-1
and maximum for 19-2-2. Whereas the mean value
for F3:4 populations were 87.5 pods (Table II) and the
mean was 82.4 pods (Table IV).
Pod length (cm)
Pod length play vital role for seed setting and seed
yield of crop. The combine analysis for pod length
showed highly significant differences (P 0.01), Pod
length ranged from 4 to 8 cm for checks, in which the
minimum length was recorded for 1203 (check) 4.8
cm and the maximum for A-20-28 (check) 6.3 cm,
while mean value for checks was 5.3 cm. Pod length
for F3:4 populations ranged from 3.8 cm for
population 15-20-1 to 6.8 cm for 2-22-1. The mean
values revealed significant difference among the F3:4
populations and checks for pod length (Table IV).
The populations 19-83-5, 19-2-2, 96-1-3, 12-16-1 and
A-20-28 (check) were in the same range, so their
mean values were not significantly different for pod
length. The 1203 (check) and Rainbow (check) were
grouped in the same rank.
Estimation of heritability
Variation for any character in a segregating or mixed
population may be due to either genetic or
environments factors. Heritability is the heritable
portion of variation. Such estimates facilitate the
evaluation of genetic and environmental effects,
aiding in selection. Estimates of heritability can also
219
be used to predict genetic advance under selection, so
that the plant breeder can anticipate improvement
from different types and intensities of selection.
According to Stansfield (1988), heritability estimate
were grouped into high (> 50%), moderate (20-50%)
and low (<20%).
Heritability in the broad sense was estimated for
different morphological characters showed that the
range of heritability for morphological parameter is
between 0.78 and 0.97 %. High value of heritability
was observed 0.97% for days and 0.75% for number
of primary branches (Table III).
To investigate the behavior of segregating genotypes,
the study planned to estimate genetic variability and
heritability for different morphological characters;
days to flowering, plant height, primary branches
plant-1, pods raceme-1 and pod length in three
standard checks and six F3:4 interspecific populations
of Brassica. Replicated data were recorded and
analyzed by standard combine analysis of variance.
Analysis of variance showed highly significant
differences for pods raceme-1, pod length, primary
braches plant and days to flowering. While non-
significant results were shown for plant height.
Population 15-20-1 showed highest primary branches
plant-1, while population 2-22-1 was observed with
lowest number of primary braches plant-1. Maximum
pods raceme-1 was observed for population 19-2-2
and minimum for population 2-22-1. Highly
significant early flowering in the study could be
supported by the findings of Swamy (1971), who
studied nine varieties of B. campestris for combining
ability and were found significant results for plant
height, number of days to flowering and number of
primary branches-1. Rahim (1984) who studied the
effect of heterosis on the grain yield and yield
components in Brassica hybrids under field
conditions found significant variation for days to
flowering.
Highly significant results were observed for pod
length for all six populations with three checks.
Population 2-22-1 had the maximum pod length
while population 15-20-1 showed the minimum pod
length, seed pod-1 which might negatively affect its
production capacity (the maximum days to flowering
and number of primary braches). Our results are
concurred with those of Yavada (1983), Srivastava et
al. (1983), Rahim (1984), Ali (1985) and Kumar and
Yavada (1985) and Shah (1988).They observed
significant variation for pod length and primary
branches plant-1.
Sajid khan, et al. Genetic variability for morphological traits in f3:4 brassica populations ……
The non-significance for plant height is supported by
Shah (1988), who found non-significant results for
plant height, yield plant-1 and yield ha-1. The non-
significance results is also in accordance with Bilgili
et al. (2002), who studied the influence of row
spacing and seeding rate on seed yield and
components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa) and
found non-significant variation for plant height, seed
pod-1 and 1000-grains weight.
Heritability
The heritability estimates for the morphological
characters like days to flowering, plant height,
primary braches plant-1, pods main raceme-1 and pod
length were 0.97, 0.13, 0.75, 0.54 and 0.78 percent,
respectively (Table III).
The high estimates of broad sense heritability for
majority of the traits like days to flowering, pod
length, primary braches plant-1 and pods main
raceme-1 indicates that large proportion of the total
variance was due to the high genotypic variance
having less environmental influence hence possessing
high heritable suggested that using these traits as
selection criteria can make improvement in seed
yield.
High heritability values obtained for primary braches
plant-1 in the current studies revealed that early
selection could be made for primary branches. On the
basis of these observations, phenotypic or pedigree
selection could be more efficient for the improvement
of this trait. Similar results were supported by Ghosh
and Gulati (2001) reported higher heritability in
Indian mustard. Our results are also in agreement to
the earlier findings of Khulbe et al. (2000) who found
higher heritability and genetic advance for number of
branches and other parameters. He further suggested
that the pedigree selection or biparental mating in
advance generations to achieve substantial gains. Our
results are in agreement with the finding of Akbar et
al. (2003), who studied the maximum heritability for
number of siliqua plant-1and branches plant-1, while
the least for 1000-seed weight.
The estimated heritability in broad sense for days to
flowering was 0.97. The character appears to be
highly heritable, which indicated that the character is
under genetic control. These results are fully in
agreement to the finding of Chaudhary et al. (1978),
who reported heritability (0.99) in lentil, while 0.60
was reported by Khorgade et al. (1985) in chickpea
and Krishnaswami and Rathiman (1982) in
mungbean. The higher heritability for pods plant-1 is
supported by the earlier findings of Mahmood et al.
220
(2003) in mustards who obtained higher heritably for
silique plant-1. Similarly, Ghosh and Gulati (2001)
reported higher heritability for number of pods main
shoot-1 in Indian mustard. High heritability combined
with high selection response is reported by Ali (1985)
in mustard germplasm.
The importance of pod length is obvious and as a
yield component consideration was given to this trait
in the current study. Higher heritability estimates
suggests that the selection of this trait could be
beneficial for the improvement of yield. Chay and
Thurling (1990) reported that seed weight plant-1
tended to increase with increasing siliquae length.
They further reported that those with shorter siliques.
Our results are supported by the finding of Nazeer et
al. (2003), who reported variable heritability
estimates ranging from very low to high. However
high heritability was reported for days to flowering
coupled with high genetic advance. Our results are
further strengthened by the finding of Tariq et al.
(2003) who computed high broad-sense heritability,
coefficients of variability and genetics advance
values for primary branches, plant height, siliquas
plant-1 and seed yield plant-1 of mustard (B. juncea).
Our results are also similar to the earlier findings of
Ghosh and Gulati (2001), who obtained high
heritability, estimates for oil content, primary
branches plant-1. In this experiment, broad sense
heritability for days to flowering, primary braches
plant-1 and pod length is high indicating the major
role of genetic factors, whereas, lower estimates for
plant height, suggesting the major role of
environmental factors in expression for these traits in
Brassica genotypes. Similar results were found by
Chaudhary et al. (1999) who evaluated genotypic and
phenotypic variation for seed yield followed by
number of silique plant-1. This latter trait, exhibits the
highest heritability (broad-sense).
CONCLUSION
On the basis of results obtained from this experiment,
one may conclude that lines 19-83-5, 19-2-2, 2 -
22-1 and 12-16-1 were superior having higher pods
main raceme-1 and less days to flowering. All
genotypes showed high broad sense heritability for
most of the traits. Furthermore, different traits
showed sufficient variability; in the genotypes.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported in part through the project
"Development of Desi Sarson by Conventional and
Modern Techniques", provided by Higher Education
Commission Islamabad, Pakistan.
Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.24, No.2, 2008 221

Table I. Analysis of variance for morphological and quality traits of checks and F3:4 interspecific populations of Brassica.
Trait Replication Genotype Error CV
Days to flowering 11.1ns 749.2** 3.91 1.89
Pods main recerne-1 1363.5** 478.1** 83.4 11.09
Pod length 1.17** 3.94** 0.28 9.19
Primary branches plant-1 3.74ns 29.23** 2.23 18.55
Plant height 3181.75* 1510.8ns 941.7 16.84
ns= non-significant
*= significant at 0.05% probability level
**= Highly significant at 0.01% probability level

Table II. Range, checks mean and lines mean for days to flowering, plant height, primary branches plant-1 and pods
raceme-1 of six F3:4 Pop. and three checks.
F3: 4 lines Checks
Traits
Range Mean Range Mean
Days to flowering 84-98 112 190-118 90.6
Plant height (cm) 174-208 191 141-184 164.6
Primary branches plant-1 5-15 8.2 7-1 0 8.3
Pod raceme-1 68-94 87.5 68-78 72.3
Pod length (cm) 3-7 6.1 4-6 5.3

Table III. Genetic (Vg), environmental (Ve) and phenotypic (Vp) variances and heritability (h2) for days to flowering, plant
height, primary branches plant-1, pods raceme-1 and pod length of nine Brassica genotypes (six F3:4 Pop. and
three standard checks).
Trait Vg Ve Vp h2
Days to flowering 183.4 4.0 190.3 0.97
Plant height … … .... 0.13
Primary branches plant-1 6.8 2.2 8.9 0.75
Pod raceme-1 98.7 83.5 182.1 0.54
Pod length 0.9 0.3 12 0.78

Table IV. Means for days to flowering, plant height, primary branches plant-1, pods raceme-1 and pod length of nine
Brassica genotypes (six F3:4 Pop. and three standard checks).
Genotype Days to flowering Plant height Primary branches plant-1 Pods Raceme-1 Pod length
(Days) (cm) (No.) (No.) (cm)
19-83-5 117.8 208.2 7.4 92.7 6.1
15-20-1 118.5 174.3 14.6 92.2 3.8
19-2-2 110.0 195.2 6.1 94.1 6.3
96-1-3 113.2 196.8 6.9 90.0 6.5
12-16-1 116.2 185.9 7.0 87.0 6.2
2-22-1 90.0 185.9 5.5 68.6 6.8
A-20-28 (C1) 90.0 183.9 7.3 78.0 6.3
1203 (C2) 84.0 169.3 9.5 68. 3 4.8
Rainbow (C3) 98.0 140.9 8.05 71.0 5.0
LSD (0.05) 2.8 44.7 2.1 13.3 0.7
Grand mean 104.1 182.2 8.1 82.2 5.7
C1, C2, C3: selected check
Sajid khan, et al. Genetic variability for morphological traits in f3:4 brassica populations ……
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