Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Rebecca K. Roussell
11/10/2009
Fall 2009 Master’s Project
Table of Contents
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………p. 3
A Joyous Sound: The Birth and Growth of the Essence Music Festival ………………….6-8
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………..15
Appendix A ………………………………………………………………………………….16
Appendix B ……………………………………………………………………………….....17
References ……………………………………………………………………………….18-19
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Abstract
This analysis will examine the Essence Music Festival and its partnership with major
sponsor, McDonald’s® USA, LLC. The Essence Music Festival is held annually in New
Orleans, Louisiana. This paper will show how Essence and McDonald’s® have taken New
Orleans’ rich culture in music and African American history, and paired it with their brands
through an innovative way of event marketing and community presence. It will outline tactics
that were used in the promotion and advertisement of this event to African Americans, a target
In a present era where readership of periodicals is declining and the hard copy is soon to
become obsolete, publishing companies are being forced to find innovative ways to reach its
consumer – beyond the pages. Today, the use of integrated marketing platforms is a viable asset
for publishers. This paper will show how the Essence Music Festival, with the help and genuine
interest from McDonald’s®, keeps festival attendees wanting more of their brands through the
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A Cultural Sound: African American Roots in New Orleans, Louisiana
The sound dates back to the 1700s. The sound recalls the helplessness and confusion of
the Middle Passage. The sound also recalls the hope and courage on a Southern plantation. The
sound recalls the strength and togetherness during the fight for Civil Rights. Finally, the sound
recalls the bells of freedom. No matter what was happening, there was always a joyous sound.
That sound was music. The music kept the sanity of slave ancestors and African
Americans while dealing with the turbulent perils and struggle of fighting for the nation’s
recognition of equality. The music bound them together like glue. Eyerman (2002) proposed that
music and other forms of cultural expression can articulate as well as fuse a group, offering a
sense of group belonging and collectivity as well as strength in trying situations, such as
The African American story cannot be told without music, and this is also synonymous
with the story of New Orleans, Louisiana. Arriving at the beginning, African Americans shaped
the architecture, food, language, music, and culture of South Louisiana in countless ways (“A
Story Like No Other: Louisiana’s African American Heritage Trail,” 2008, p. 1).
New Orleans is often credited as the “birthplace” of jazz. The city has multiple
neighborhoods or areas – Tremé, the French Quarter, Congo Square and Armstrong Park – that
are noted for their musical origins, which continue to influence all genres of music today. New
Orleans also boasts its legends – Mahalia Jackson and Louis Armstrong – definitely two
powerhouses that have set the tone for local and national artists who continue to follow their
lead.
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There are no celebrations without music, and African Americans would not have it any
other way. Jones et, al. (2008) proposes this [New Orleans] subtropical port, which looks to the
Mediterranean, Africa, and the Caribbean for inspiration, has always marched to the beat of a
multitude of different and very funky drummers (Jones et al., 2008, para. 5). These traits,
coupled with the world famous Southern hospitality, make the “Big Easy” an attractive venue
Gotham (2002) notes that while tourism has been considered a major sector of the New
Orleans economy, over the past three decades, it has become the dominant sector (Gotham, 2002,
p. 1740).Tourists visit from around the world for a taste of the cultural-fused gumbo of festivals
New Orleans has to offer. Tourism, alone, is a multi-million dollar enterprise for New Orleans
Louisiana’s African American Heritage Trail, for example, is a cultural history tour of
museums, plantations, restaurants, etc. that provides visitors with opportunities to walk the
footsteps of those who are credited with the reason why this culture is so rich in New Orleans.
They [African Americans] placed their stamp on daily life by working the plantations, building
the homes and levees, selling food, baskets and other goods on the street; and playing music at
house parties and in dance halls (“A Story Like No Other: Louisiana’s African American
Gotham (2002) also notes, over the years, political and economic elites promoted images
of New Orleans as a charming city with beautiful and historical architecture, outstanding cuisine
and excellent music (Gotham, 2002, p. 1740). New Orleans has certainly had some dark times.
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However, the New Orleans experience is indescribable unless it is experienced first-hand. No
A Joyous Sound: The Birth and Growth of the Essence Music Festival
So, it began. During the Fourth of July weekend in 1995, the first Essence Music
Festival: The Ultimate Party Weekend – was introduced to the nation along the banks of the
Mississippi River in New Orleans. The festival, which broke attendance records this summer,
boasting well over 428,000 attendees, was initially in connection with the celebration of the 25th
Anniversary of Essence Magazine (http://essence.com). For the past 15 years, the New Orleans
voodoo spell on the festival’s organizers and supporters has held their intrigue captive.
It is important for corporations to test new strategies to rebrand themselves. This serves a
themselves among competitors and implementing new tactics to help their loyal consumers
Whelan & Wohlfeil (2006) define event marketing as the interactive communication of
which consumers are actively involved on a behavioral level; and which would result in their
Deitz et, al. (2009) notes that over the past two decades, sponsorship has emerged as the
high-profile centerpiece of many corporate and brand communications strategies (Deitz et al.,
2009, p. 75) Essence Magazine, which is the herald publication from Essence Communications,
Inc., specifically targets African American women. The music festival, however, has afforded
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The organizers of the Essence Music Festival discovered and formatted a unique concept
to keep their target audiences wanting more. The festival is held annually in New Orleans.
Eyerman (2002) notes that in the African American community, music remembered a collective
[togetherness] – through linking past present, and future (Eyerman, 2002, p. 446). The event
features three nights of concerts with top performances from the R&B, Hip-Hop, and Gospel
genres. The concerts are coupled with daytime events which include free empowerment
seminars, celebrity appearances with meet and greet opportunities, plus community service
Since its inception, the Essence Music Festival has received many accolades and has seen
increasing attendance figures each year. It is one of the largest annual gatherings in the United
States that is solely marketed to African Americans. In New Orleans, African Americans make
up more than 60% of the total population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau (U. S. Census
Bureau American FactFinder fact sheet, 2000). This high percentage makes New Orleans an
attractive venue because of the high centralization of the African American target market, in
The festival keeps coming back to New Orleans. A study by Crompton et, al. (1997)
suggests that attendance at festivals and cultural events is driven by a motivation to experience
socialization (as cited in Hara, et al., 2009, p. 90). The paring of empowerment, culture, and
music in the African American community, is synonymous with New Orleans’ ready-made
canvas of artistic history and unique, enriching experiences which festival attendees cherish with
each visit.
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Other tourism and event studies by Darnell et al. (2001) and Wang (2004) show that
repeat visitation is a significant phenomenon in tourism, as repeat visitors constitute more than
half of the total number of tourists at many destinations (as cited in Hara, et al., 2009, p. 91).
Each year, the Essence Music Festival lures thousands to New Orleans and over the course of its
annual Fourth of July weekend tenure, and has provided over $1billion to the local economy
(http://essence.com, 2009).
According to Ragoonan, et al. (2005), although marketing studies have shown that Black
media has a significant influence in the African American market, advertisers spend a small
percentage of their ad dollars targeting African Americans, and only a fraction of those ad dollars
are spent with Black media (Ragoonan, et al. 2005, p. 67). African Americans are big spenders.
Target Market News (2004) found in study results that African American consumers have a
buying power of over $600 billion (as cited in Ragoonan, et al., 2005, p. 69).
Ketchum, Inc., a worldwide public relations firm based in New York, New York,
produced Views of African American Adults Toward Shopping, Brand Loyalty, and the Media
(1998), a survey used in a study by the School of Business & Industry at Florida A&M
Americans – specifically Black magazines (as cited in Ragoonan, et al., 2005, p. 68).
The results showed that Black magazines (i.e. Black Enterprise, Ebony, and Essence) are
the advertising media African Americans trust the most (Ragoonan, et.al, 2005, p.68). The
Essence Music Festival provides an opportunity for other major corporations to get on board
with sponsorships. The event is essentially one of those mega opportunities of premium exposure
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for corporations currently connected to the African American market, or for those who are
Numerous studies have shown that the African American target audience is complex and
often neglected. African Americans often leave marketers confused. It has been stated
previously, that Essence Magazine, is one of the most trusted forms of Black media. Linkage via
sponsorships of the mega “Party with a Purpose,” as it is also affectionately called by many, is so
Bush, et al. (1999) notes that consumer socialization provides an excellent vantage point
from which to gain a better understanding of African-American consumers and their attitudes
toward advertising (Bush, et al., 1999, p. 13). The Essence Music Festival has become one of the
premier, most viable events for corporate sponsorships. The sponsors of the festival are awarded
three days to woo the “so-called” elusive African American consumer. The weekend may just be
disguised as a party for its sponsors because marketing teams are busy executing the objectives
set and recreating levels of satisfaction with old brand loyalists and possibly recruiting new ones
in the process.
Sponsorship allows companies to have a greater contact with a targeted audience and
extends their visibility in the community according to Rosalee Roberts, a former president of the
Public Relations Society of America (as cited in Mason, 1992, p. 58). It is something that the
McDonald’s® marketing team has studied and been successful for a number of years as a major
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On a national sponsorship scope, McDonald’s® is ranked among the top 10 corporations,
with sponsorship expenditures of more than $15 million, spending close to $120 million in past
years (IEG Sponsorship Report, 2006). McDonald’s® has a commitment to sponsorship. They
also sponsor other major arts, cultural, and sports events worldwide. McDonald’s® sees it as an
important and successful strategy to help connect with their consumer beyond its restaurants.
The focus groups used in the KPR (1998) survey, listed McDonald’s® among 11 other
corporations as the companies they [African American adults] respect the most (as cited in
Ragoonan, et al., 2005, p. 72). As a result, Ragoonan, et al. (2005) proposes that companies
Roberts (2009) observation states the [music] festival environment is one of the best
places to advertise (Roberts, 2009, p.22). Why not carry the positive print advertising
relationship over to the other brand extensions? McDonald’s® seized the opportunity. For the
sixth consecutive year, McDonald’s® was the only quick service restaurant (QSR) as a major
sponsor for the festival (2009 Essence Music Festival McDonald’s Activation Recap, 2009, p. 2).
Earlier this year, McDonald’s® entered the premium coffee beverage market, as a new
venture, to provide its consumers with a different coffee taste experience, similar to that of
Starbuck’s® and others, but in the fast food arena. McDonald’s® launched its McCafé® brand
(http://mcdonalds.com). This was not the average cup of Joe, which McDonald’s® previously
offered as a menu item. The premium coffee selections included seven new coffee beverages of
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trendy cappuccinos, lattes, mochas, ice brewed, coffees, and hot chocolate with an optional
This year’s Essence Music Festival appeared to be the best 15th Anniversary celebration
anyone could ask for. More than 428,000 attended this year’s event (Essence Magazine,
November 2009). Since its inception in 1995, attendance has increased each year.
The McCafé® line of coffee beverages was new and with those attendance numbers, this
year’s festival proved to be the prime spot to observe the African American consumer’s
consumers that it is the “oasis” for good food, entertainment, and good times (2009 Essence
McDonald’s® had some of the maximum exposure at the festival because of its major
sponsorship status. The McDonald’s® McCafé® Sweet Vibe booth was located in the New
Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center, the venue for the empowerment seminars and
marketplace during that weekend. The corporation also sponsored the McDonald’s® McCafé®
Mocha Superlounge, an intimate musical setting, that is part of the festival experience, in
addition to the main stage concert events just blocks away from the Convention Center at the
Louisiana Superdome.
The McDonald’s® McCafé® Sweet Vibe booth provided the opportunity for the
corporation to express its understanding of the life and passions of African American women
which included entertainment and fun (2009 Essence Music Festival McDonald’s Activation
Recap, 2009, p. 3). The McCafé® booth guests were able to experience daily events the entire
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weekend. Samples of iced mocha coffee drinks were provided and a tote bag filled with
McDonald’s® also incorporated a tactic that is often used when marketing products and it
is highly successful among African Americans. The celebrity factor is gold. The central element
of this festival – music – was present in the booth throughout the weekend. The “Sweet Chill
Concert Series” featured national recording artists Joe, Dwele (who is also featured in a
McCafé® television commercial targeted to African Americans), and Mint Condition to name a
few. Laurie Ann Gibson, celebrity choreographer, also taught dance moves to the guests (2009
The McDonald’s® McCafé® Mocha Superlounge featured three nights of music from
national recording artists Keri Hilson, another appearance by Dwele; and local artists like the
Rebirth Brass Brand. Also, four, different: 30 McDonald’s® commercials were shown on the
main stage screen where top performers Beyoncé, Al Green, and others wowed the audiences
throughout the weekend (2009 Essence Music Festival McDonald’s Activation Recap, 2009, p.
36).
Organizing participation in a huge event such as the Essence Music Festival does not
happen overnight. It takes planning, so that strategies can be executed in a successful way that
will meet set objectives. McDonald’s® used a multiplatform medium approach to promote this
year’s partnership with the Essence Music Festival. The corporation channeled its message via
radio, internet, print ads in Essence Magazine, direct marketing (individual and partnered email
blasts with Essence.com), and mobile text alerts (2009 Essence Music Festival McDonald’s
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There were also tailored promotional campaigns in 11different markets (including New
Orleans) across the country for opportunities to win tickets and accommodations to the festival
McDonald’s® commitment to the African American community is more than just the fun
and entertainment consumers experience during the festival. McDonald’s® also uses the Essence
Music Festival weekend to recognize others who are making a difference in the African
The Convention Center was also host to McDonald’s® 6th Annual 365Black® Awards
ceremony and luncheon (see Appendix A). In 2003, the ceremony was designed to recognize
prominent African Americans who are making outstanding strides and bringing awareness to
campaign (see also Appendix B). 365Black® highlights the importance of education,
2009).
Roberts (2009) concluded that it’s clear that the positive environment of music festivals
will continue to lure brands in (Roberts, 2009, p. 23). The concepts behind the booth and the
superlounge effectively echoed the purpose of the Essence Music Festival. McDonald’s® was
able to create a memorable experience for each guest that weekend. A total of 425,000 Essence
Music Festival attendees bought into McDonald’s® sweet McCafé® promotion this year (2009
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Essence Music Festival McDonald’s® Activation Recap, 2009, p.45). That’s nearly 99% of the
total attendees who attended the festival – equaling a successful attempt from McDonald’s®.
Both experiences at the convention center and Superdome had the music, the excitement,
and the fellowship, but most of all, the initial “sweet” factor, which tied to the theme of
McCafé®. The old saying “association breeds assimilation” is so true. The McCafé® Essence
Music Festival experience is now part of the consumer. The consumer will cognitively recall
Hamilton et al. (1989) proposed the common rationales for staging these [cultural]
festivals are: revenues, community spirit, recreation, education, and tourism (as cited in Hara, et
al., 2009, p. 90). On August 29, 2005, New Orleans suffered in all the above areas because of the
destruction by Hurricane Katrina. The storm was so powerful and vicious, even today New
Orleans is still not to its pre-Katrina status, but still continues to make progress four years later.
In 2006, festival organizers were forced to relocate all activities to Reliant Park in
Houston, Texas. Hurricane Katrina, literally, leveled and crippled an entire city with its rushing
storm surge. The images of the massive scale of the flooding were combined with those of
human misery as thousands of New Orleanians, mostly poor and African American, were
rescued from rooftops; or seen huddled without food and water in two of the city’s most famous
land marks, the Superdome and the Convention Center (Chacko & Marcell, 2007, p. 223).
These two landmarks, which just that summer before, were vibrant places filled with
exuberance and excitement of the sounds and culture that is the Essence Music Festival. Homes,
famous landmarks, and deaths clouded New Orleans because of this storm, but the one thing that
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never died was her spirit and the power of her culture; and New Orleans has her way of calling
you back.
In 2007, the Essence Music Festival and its sponsors, including McDonald’s®, brought
back the Ultimate Party weekend, so the Convention Center, Superdome, and the community
Conclusion
McDonald’s® saw an opportunity to not only market to a culture, but to embrace its
uniqueness and become part of it. Yes, many corporations have launched and been successful
with diversity campaigns, but I feel because of the facts and examples presented in this paper,
McDonald’s® has made the definitive commitment to African Americans not just at the music
McDonald’s® is a multibillion dollar empire that gets it. Being a great marketer – yes –
having the market knowledge, being creative, crunching the numbers, etc. comes with the
territory. However, having the ability to connect, master inclusion, and make all of that work to
McDonald’s® has positioned itself in a way, I feel, which stands out from its
competitors. Based on its partnership with the Essence Music Festival, their approach to the
integrated marketing communications platform has been successful. This partnership should
continue because it has become an integral part of the African American community and the
most important events each year that will present fresh, new opportunities for McDonald’s®.
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The McDonald’s® team was able to provide experiences at the Essence Music Festival
that are just a great example of good marketing to a specific target audience. Not only, is it
reflected in their advertisements, it’s reflected in the corporation. About 18% of McDonald’s®
top corporate employees are African American (McDonald’s Celebrates Diversity fact sheet,
2009). The campaigns work because African Americans are crafting the messages. These
employees are the foundation for McDonald’s® future efforts and cultural identity in the African
American community.
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Appendix A
July 3, 2009
2009 Essence Music Festival, New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center
Courtesy: http://www.mcdonalds.com
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Appendix B
American
States
African Americans including the United Negro College Fund and the Thurgood
American Council
Courtesy: http://www.mcdonalds.com
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References
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The latest on sports, arts, cause and entertainment marketing. (2006 sample issue).
IEG Sponsorship Report.
Retrieved from http://www.sponsorship.com/documents/SR_Promo_Issue_01-07.pdf
Mason, J. C. (1992). Corporate sponsorships help target the right audience. Management Review,
58-61. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
McDonald’s® celebrates diversity fact sheet (2009, April).
Retrieved from http://www.mcdonalds.com
New Orleans city, Louisiana fact sheet. (2000)
The U.S. Census Bureau of Statistics
Retrieved from
http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoCont
ext=&_street=&_county=new+orleans&_cityTown=new+orleans&_state=04000US22&_
zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010
Ragoonan, A. Y., Shrestha, N. R., Smith, W. (2005). Advertising in black magazines:
do advertisements reflect African American consumer behavior?
Services Marketing Quarterly, 27(2), 65-88
doi: 10.1300/J396v27n02_05
Roberts, J. (2009, July). Music festival sponsors must strike a chord. Marketing Week (UK),
22-24.
Retrieved from http://www.mcdonalds.com
A story like no other: Louisiana’s African American heritage trail (2008, April).
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, & Tourism.
Retrieved from http://www.louisianatravel.com
Whelan, S. & Wohlfeil, M. (2006). Consumer motivations to participate in event-marketing
strategies. Journal of Marketing Management, 22, 643-669.
Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
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