TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 1

MATRIX COMPUTATIONS ON THE TI-83

We will now use the power of technology to solve larger problems than we
have addressed previously. In this tutorial you will use the TI-83 to do lengthy
matrix calculations efficiently.
13.1 MATRIX TERMINOLOGY AND OPERATIONS
It is simple to enter matrices on the TI-83. Before beginning these
examples, you may wish to delete existing matrices from memory.* The [CLEAR]
key clears the screen.
Example 1 (Creating a Matrix)
Key to Press* Purpose
[MATRIX] Displays a menu to create and edit Screen 1
Then use arrow key to matrices. Cursor position at 1: [A]
move cursor to the indicates we wish to create matrix A.
right until EDIT is If you wish to create matrix B, C,
highlighted. etc., move the cursor down with the
arrow key.
[ENTER] The 1 x 1 indicates that we are Screen 2
creating a 1 by 1 matrix.
[3] [ENTER] Changes the dimension of matrix A Screen 3
[2] [ENTER] to 3 x 2 and positions the cursor at
the 11-entry of A.
[5] [ENTER] Places 5,3,2,4,6,8 as entries in A row Screen 4
[3] [ENTER] by row.
[2] [ENTER]
[4] [ENTER]
[6] [ENTER]
[8] [ENTER]
[2nd] [QUIT] We return to home screen.
[MATRIX] [ENTER] Puts [A] on home screen*
[ENTER] Shows entries of matrix A Screen 5

* To delete existing matrices do this: Press [2nd][mem], select [2], then select [5]. A list of existing
matrices will appear. Delete each matrix and then exit to main screen by pressing [2nd] [quit].
* Any symbol enclosed in square brackets, [ ], indicates a key to be pressed on the TI-83.
* You must follow the steps as we have specified. If you type the individual symbols "[" "A" and "]", that
will not have the same effect as pressing [MATRIX] and [RETURN].
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 2

Screen 1 Screen 2 Screen 3

Screen 4 Screen 5

Example 2 (Editing a Matrix)

 
 
At this point, we have created matrix A = . If we wish to change some
 
 
entries, say replace the 4 with a 17 and the 8 with a 9, we proceed as
follows.

Key to Press Purpose

[MATRIX] Indicates that we wish to edit Screen 6
Then move cursor to right matrix A
until EDIT is highlighted.
[ENTER]
Use arrow keys to position Replaces the 4 by 17 for the 22-
cursor on the 4 entry of A
[1] [7] [ENTER]
Use arrow keys to position Replaces the 6 by 9 for the 32- Screen 7
cursor on the 8 entry of A
[9] [ENTER]
Returns to main screen. Old
[2nd] [QUIT] matrix A still is displayed from
before we did edit.
[MATRIX] [ENTER] Puts "[A]" on home screen
[ENTER] Shows entries of new matrix A Screen 8
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 3

Screen 6 Screen 7 Screen 8

Example 3 (Adding and Subtracting Matrices)

Matrix operations are easy to perform on the TI-83. Suppose that you
have already defined matrices
   
A=   and B =  
   
on the TI-83 using the steps described above. In order to add A and B or
subtract A and B, do the following.

Key to Press Purpose

(These steps are necessary only Screen 9
if you want to see A and B on
[MATRIX] [ENTER] the home screen.)
[ENTER] Displays matrix A on home
screen.
[MATRIX]
Position cursor on 2: [B] Displays matrix B on home
[ENTER] [ENTER] screen.
[MATRIX] [ENTER] Add matrices A and B Screen 10
[+]
[MATRIX]
Position cursor on 2: B
[ENTER] [ENTER]
[MATRIX] [ENTER] [-] Subtract matrices A and B Screen 11
[MATRIX]
Position cursor on 2: B
[ENTER] [ENTER]

Screen 9 Screen 10 Screen 11

 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 4

5.2 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

Example 4 (Multiplying Matrices)
To multiply matrices
 
   
C=   and D =  ,
  
 
first enter C and D into the TI-83 as described above. To calculate the
product CD, perform the following steps.

Key to Press Purpose

[MATRIX] Displays matrix C on home Screen 12
position cursor on 3:[C] screen.
[ENTER] [ENTER]

[MATRIX]
Position cursor on 4: [D] Displays matrix D on home
[ENTER] [ENTER] screen.
[MATRIX] Calculates the product of C and Screen 13
position cursor on 3:[C] D.
[ENTER]
[x]
[MATRIX]
Position cursor on 4: [D]
[ENTER] [ENTER]

Screen 12 Screen 13

Example 5 (Raising a Matrix to a Power)

It is sometimes necessary to multiply a matrix by itself several time, that is,
raise a matrix to a power. We next show how to do this. We will assume that
a new matrix
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 5

 
 
A=  
 
 
 
has already been entered into the TI-83

Key to Press Purpose

[MATRIX] [ENTER] Displays matrix A on home Screen 14
[ENTER] screen.

[MATRIX] [ENTER] Raises A to the 2nd power, i.e. Screen 15

[^] computes A times A.
[2] [ENTER]
MATRIX] [ENTER] Raises A to the 4th power. Screen 16
[^]
[4] [ENTER]

Screen 14 Screen 15 Screen 16

Notice that because the entries in A4 are so large, the entire matrix does not
fit on the display screen. To see the other entries in A4, use the arrow keys to
scroll to the right.
We will now use these techniques to redo the computations of the land
usage example in Section 13.2.
Example 6 (Example 2 of Section 13.2, page 725)
Recall that a city had 8000 acres of commercial development, 16000 acres
of residential property, and 12000 acres open, We represented this by the
matrix
C=[ ]
The matrix representing the way land usage changed over one year was
 
 
L= .
 
 
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 6

You may want to go back to section 13.2 and read this example if the
meaning of this matrix is not clear to you. In predicting the amount of land
that would be commercial, residential, and open in two years we computed
(by hand) the product (CL)L = C(L2). Since the TI-83 does not allow the name
"L" for a matrix name, we will use "A" instead. Assume that you have
entered
 
 
A= and C = [ ]
 
 
into the TI-83. The following steps show how to calculate C(A2).

Key to Press Purpose

[MATRIX] [ENTER] Displays matrix A on home Screen 17
[ENTER] screen.

[MATRIX] Displays matrix C on home

Position cursor on 3:[C] screen.
[ENTER]
[ENTER]
[MATRIX] Computes C times A2. Screen 18
Position cursor on 3:[C]
[ENTER]
[x]
[MATRIX]
[ENTER]
[^]
[2]
[ENTER]

Screen 17 Screen 18
If you scroll to the right, you will see that the last line of screen 19 displays
the matrix [ ] . This is the same result we got in
Example 2 of Section 13.2.

It is easy to see that if we wanted to see how land use changes over 10 years
instead of 2 years all we would have to do is raise A to the 10th power instead
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 7

of the second power in the above calculation. In the exercises we investigate

the way the land usage changes in 10 years, 20 years and 25 years for this
city.

Example 7 (Finding the Inverse of a Matrix)

It is easy to find the inverse of a matrix. In Example 3 of section 13.2 (page
727), we found the inverse of
 
A=  .
 
We now show how to do this with the TI-83. Assume that the matrix A
has already been entered into the TI-83.
Key to Press Purpose
[MATRIX] [ENTER] Displays matrix A on home Screen 19
[ENTER] screen.
[MATRIX]
[MATRIX] Computes the inverse of A Screen 20
[ENTER]
−
[ ] (this is a single key)
[ENTER]

Screen 19 Screen 20

We will now do a message encoding example similar to Example 4 from

Section 13.2 (page 728).
Example 8 (encoding a message)
We wish to encode the message

"STEAL THE MASCOT TONIGHT"

by first replacing each letter by the number of its position in the alphabet
(replace A by 1, B by 2, C by 3, and so on). We placed these numbers in a
matrix which we called M (since the TI-83 does not allow this name we will
use A instead) as follows
 
=  
 
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 8

 
We then multiplied A by the matrix =   to further encode the
 
message. The following steps will reproduce that calculation on the
TI-83. Assume that matrices A and C have already been entered.
Key to Press Purpose
[MATRIX] [ENTER] [ENTER] Displays matrix A on home Screen 21
screen.
[MATRIX] Displays matrix C on Home
Position the cursor on 3:[C] screen.
[ENTER] [ENTER]
[MATRIX] Computes C times A Screen 22
Position the cursor on 3:[C]
[ENTER]
[x]
[MATRIX] [ENTER] [ENTER]

Screen 21 Screen 22

In the "Of Further Interest" Section we used matrices to model the spread
of disease. We revisit that example next.
Example 9 (Example 4 from Of Further Interest (page 763))
The given graph represented how a virus could have spread among a group
of hospital workers.
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 9

We represented this graph by the incidence matrix M which we will call A

instead.
 
 
 
 
A=  
 
 
 
 

We then computed A2, A3, A4 and A5 to get information regarding

directed paths of lengths 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the graph. Finally we computed T
= A + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 to see how many directed paths of lengths 5 or less
there were between the vertices of the graph. The following steps show how
to do this computation with the TI-83. Assume that A has already been
entered.

Key to Press Purpose

[MATRIX] [ENTER] [ENTER] Displays matrix A on home Screen 23
screen.
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 10

[MATRIX] [ENTER] A
[+] +
[MATRIX] [ENTER] [^] [2] A2
[+] +
[MATRIX] [ENTER] [^] [3] A3
+ +
[MATRIX] [ENTER] [^] [4] A4
+ +
[MATRIX] [ENTER] [^] [5] A5
[ENTER] Calculates A+A2+A3+A4+A5 Screen 24

Screen 23 Screen 24
Screen 24 shows the same matrix that we obtained in Example 4 of the
"Of Further Interest Section.

EXERCISES
These exercises are to be done using the TI-83 calculator.
1. In Example 6, we showed how to predict the land usage in the city after 2
years. do this for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years.

2. What trends, if any, do you see in your computations of Exercise 1?

3. Redo the land usage example we discussed in Example 6, except assume

now that there are five categories of land usage and the changes in usage
is given by the table below. Predict the land usage in the city after 2, 5, 10,
15, 20, and 25 years. Assume that there are currently 8000 acres of
commercial, 4000 acres of industrial, 12000 acres of residential, 2000
acres abandoned, and 5000 acres open.

% became % became % became % became % became

commercial industrial residential abandoned open

commercial 88 4 6 1 1

industrial 7 91 0 1 1

residential 2 2 94 1 1
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 11

abandoned 10 4 3 80 3

open 4 2 5 0 89

4. What trends, if any, do you see in your computations of Exercise 3?

In Example 8, we encoded a short message using a 2 x 2 matrix. There was

nothing special about the matrix we chose, except it had to have an inverse (such
matrices are called invertible). Although we have not explained how to do so, it is
possible to find inverses for larger square matrices. For example, you can check
that the matrix
 
 
A=  
 
 
 
is invertible by entering A in the TI-83 and then mimic what we did in Example 7
to find A's inverse. If we wish to use A for encoding, then the message must be
stored in a matrix with four rows instead of two. Why? Use this method to encode
and decode the following messages.

5. Encode the message:

I WILL GIVE THE FORMULA TO YOU AT THE
LABORATORY ON MAY SIXTH.
Check that you have encoded the message properly by finding A's inverse and
applying it to the encoded message to see if you get back the original.

6. Encode the message:

THE PERSON WITH THE INFORMATION
IS ON THE FIVE OCLOCK BUS TO BOSTON
Check that you have encoded the message properly by finding A's inverse and
applying it to the encoded message to see if you get back the original.

7. Use A's inverse to decode the message

 
 
 .
 
 
 

8. Use A's inverse to decode the message

 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 12

 
 
 .
 
 
 

In the Exercises 29 - 31 in Section 13.2 (page 731), we considered patterns of

change of college majors . Because we were doing computations by hand, we did
not consider a large number of majors since the matrix we would use would be
too cumbersome. We now revisit that situation with a more detailed breakdown of
majors. The following table summarizes the pattern of major changes over one
year.

% to % to % to % to % to % to % to % to
lib. soc. hard health bus el. sec. undecl.
arts sci. sci. sci. ed. ed.
liberal arts 60 10 2 3 10 6 4 5
social
sciences 5 70 1 3 8 7 2 4
physical
sciences 6 5 65 5 8 2 5 4
health
sciences 8 8 3 64 7 3 6 1

business 5 3 1 2 74 4 5 6
elementary
education 13 4 0 3 10 60 2 8
secondary
education 6 7 3 4 8 2 67 3
undeclared 12 10 4 4 25 11 9 25

9. Suppose that in the freshman class, the majors are distributed as follows:
Major Number
liberal arts 2000
social sciences 700
physical sciences 550
health sciences 750
business 1600
elementary education 1300
secondary education 500
undeclared 3000
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 13

How many of each type of major will there be among these students when
they are juniors in two years?

10. Repeat Exercise 9 using the following table of information.

Major Number
liberal arts 2200
social sciences 6800
physical sciences 510
health sciences 790
business 1500
elementary education 1350
secondary education 550
undeclared 3000

11. Redo Exercise 41 from Section 13.2 (page 731) using the TI-83 to do your
calculations.

12. Redo Exercise 42 from Section 13.2 (page 731) using the TI-83 to do your
calculations.

13. Redo the calculations of Example 3 in Section 13.3 (page 736) in which we
drew a block capital letter 'F' and then use several transformations in
combination to draw its shadow.
 TI-83 Tutorial for Matrices 14

PROJECTS

1. Consider Example 3 in Section 13.3 (page 731) again. This time

experiment by doing calculations necessary to draw different types of
transformations of the 'F'. For example, you can vary the height of the
shadow, you can vary the amount of shear, etc.. What happens if the 'b' in
the shear matrix is large? What happens if it is negative. Clearly if you
enter the coordinates of the letter 'F', you then can quickly edit the
transformation matrices and remultiply as necessary to perform your
calculations.

2. In Section 13.2 (page 727) we discussed various properties that matrix

operations satisfy. Enter 2 x 2 matrices A, B, and C and then verify the
properties that were stated For addition and multiplication. For example,
you can verify that A(B + C) = AB + AC.

3. Continuing Project 2, do matrix operations satisfy any other properties

that you know from algebra. For example, is it true that
(A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2?
As in Project 2, if you think that any statements might be true, verify them
using 2 x 2 matrices.