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∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
Simplified Momentum &
Energy Equations
Momentum Equation:
∂u ∂u ∂ u 2
u + v =υ 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
Energy Equation
∂T ∂T ∂ T
2
u +v =α 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
Momentum Equation is decoupled from
Energy Equation (but not vice versa).
Boundary Conditions
Velocity Boundary Conditions
u ( x,0 ) = v ( x,0 ) = 0 no slip at plate surface where y=0
u ( x , ∞ ) = u∞ far from the plate, we have the free-stream velocity
v ( x, ∞ ) = 0 no y-component of velocity far from plate
hx x
Nu x = = 0.332 Re1x 2 Pr1 3 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 50 local Nusselt
k number
δ
≈ Pr1 3 ratio of velocity to thermal boundary layer
δt thicknesses
Average Results
The results for Cf,x and Nux were local
results. To find average results, we
must integrate.
12
1 x k 1 u x dx
h = ∫ hx dx = 0.332 Pr ∫ 1 2
3 ∞
x 0 x ν 0 x
−1 2
C f = 1.328Re x
C f = 2C f , x
Nu = 0.664 Re Pr 12
x
13
0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 50
Nu = 2 Nu x Why is this true?
Turbulent Flow
These results are determined experimentally.
If Rex,c=5x105,
NuL = ( 0.037 Re 4L 5 − 871) Pr1 3
Mixed Boundary Layer
Conditions, cont.
For Cf, integrate in the same way.
0.074 1742
C f ,L = 15
−
Re L Re L
To check what type of flow you have, calculate
Re at the end of the plate. If it’s below Recr, use
laminar equations. If it’s over Recr, use the mixed
boundary layer calculations. For some
complicated geometries, the fluid flow will have a
high degree of turbulence in the freestream. In
this case it may be turbulent over the entire plate.
What are some applications where this may be
true?
Unheated Starting Length
If only part of the plate is heated, the thermal and
velocity boundary layers will start growing at
different positions. This will affect Nu.
Unheated Starting Length
For laminar flow
Nu x ξ =0
Nu x =
[1 − (ξ x) ]
3 413
Nu x = 0.0308 Re x Pr
4 5 13
Method to Solve a Convection Problem
1. Determine the flow geometry.
2. Choose the reference temperature &
evaluate fluid properties.
3. Calculate the Reynolds number. Determine
if the flow is laminar or turbulent or a
combination. This is very important!!!
4. See if a local or surface average coefficient
is required.
5. Check the boundary condition – constant
heat flux or constant surface temperature.
6. Pick the correct correlation.
The most common problem in convection is
choosing a correlation for the wrong geometry or
Reynolds number.
Example
Air at 27ºC and 1 atm flows over a flat plate
1 m wide at a speed of 2 m/s.
a) Calculate the boundary layer thickness
20 cm from the leading edge of the plate.
b) If the plate temperature is 127ºC, calculate
the average heat transfer rate over these first
20 cm.