Escolar Documentos
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1. Introduction
2. System Types
3. Mooring Components
4. Design Considerations
5. Design Criteria
6. Design Methods
• Quasi – Static
• Dynamic
• Model Tests
Station Keeping
System:
System Types:
• Most floating facilities are designed to stay at a single location secured to
the sea floor by a purpose built mooring system
• Some systems are designed to be disconnectable to allow escape from bad
weather such as cyclones (eg BHPB’s Griffin Venture)
• DP & Thruster Assisted station keeping is also used, though much less
frequently
Hull type Vs. Wave
period
Spar - Motions
Mooring
Tensioned
Risers
Common FPS
Configurations
Common FPS
Configurations
Chain
• Chain has proven durability offshore.
• Several grades available (ORQ, K4, U3 etc.. depending upon
classification society)
• Studlink & Studless (studless has greater strength & fatigue life, but
lower mass/m for a given size)
• Corrosion & wear catered for by increasing diameter ~0.4mm/year
service allowance in splash zone & dip zone, ~0.2mm elsewhere.
Mooring Components -
Wire
Wire
• Greater restoring force for a given
pretension
• Costs less per load capacity than chain but
doesn’t have the same restoring effect as
weight is 40% or so.
• Wear issues due to abrasion
• 6-strand, spiral strand, non-rotating
• Synthetic lines:
– Recent developments in ultra deep water used
them
– Still in development phase for permanent
moorings
• Buoys
– Reduces weight of mooring lines on system
– reduced dynamics in deep water
– increased hardware costs / complexity of
installation
• Clump Weights
– sometimes used to improve performance or
reduce cost
– used in ‘dip zone’ to increase restoring forces
– added installation complexity
Mooring Components - Buoys
/ Connecting Hardware
• Connecting Hardware
– shackles, swivels, link
plates
• Vessel Hardware
Mooring Components -
Anchors
Drag Anchor Types
• Options:
– Drag Embedment
– Driven Piles
– Suction Installed Piles
– Gravity Anchors
• Choice based upon costs as
well as system performance,
soil conditions, reliability,
installation & proof loading
Suction Anchors
Recap of the FPSO Design
Overview
FUNCTIONAL SCHEME Topside Layout and
REQUIREMENTS CONFIGURATION structural support
-Mooring envelope -TLP, FPSO, Spar etc configuration
-Allowable Motions
-Allowable
displacements.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
-Strength
ANCHOR POINT
-Drag Anchors
This Section
-Fatigue -Driven Pile
-Suction Pile
-Gravity Anchor
PRELIMINARY
LAYOUT MOORING TYPE
-Spread moored
-Single point mooring
-All Chain
-Wire/ Chain/ Wire
MODEL TESTING -Buoys / clump weights
in-line
N Y
REDESIGN & RERUN DESIGN &
MOORING & PERFORMANCE FINAL DESIGN
STRUCTURAL SATISFACTORY
ANALYSIS
Floating System Analysis
2. Rigorous Analysis
-Frequency Domain, Time Domain
numerical solutions
Simplified Analysis
• Dynamic wave loads are taken into account by statically offsetting the vessel
by an appropriately defined induced wave motion
• Vertical fairlead motions and dynamic effects associated with mass, damping
and fluid accelerations are neglected
• Research has shown this to be affected significantly by vessel, water depth, line
configuration
• Simplicity has proven it useful & practical for preliminary studies
Criteria
(Environment, allow Pattern
offsets etc)
Prior to starting Mooring or Structure design,
we need to work out how the vessel reacts to
the environment.
Determine Mooring
Tensions / Offsets
Design Criteria /
Arrangement
Primary Considerations:
• Operations considerations 8 Leg Equispaced
– Mooring / Riser interface = offset
limitations (eg 10% - 20% water
depth)
– Directional Offsets
– Number of Risers / Heading
• Wire / Chain combinations depending
upon mooring depth, loads etc… Mooring
• Pretension affected by allowable
offsets
3 x 3 System
Risers
Design Cases
Extreme Environment:
These conditions have a low probability of being exceeded
within the design lifetime of the structure.
Extreme environmental responses are likely to govern the
design of a floating unit.
Eg a 20 year design life system typically uses 100 year Return
Period conditions. These have a probability of occurrence
during the 20 year design life of about 20%
Environmental Criteria
Normal Environment:
These conditions are those that are expected to occur frequently during
the construction and service life.
Other Conditions
Phenomenon such as tsunamis, icebergs, solitons etc..
May also need consideration for a particular project
Forces and Motions
Area 3
F = 0.5 ρair.A.Vz2. Cs (kN)
Area 1
where, Area 2
1.0 Choose
Vessel Length
2.0 Chose
Wave Height
•Typical RAO’s for a 100m long vessel with heading RAO's : 30 degree heading
30 degrees to waves for roll, heave, pitch and surge 4
are shown: Surge
•Heave & Surge : metres motion/metre wave height 3
•Pitch and Roll : degrees per metre wave height Heave
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Period (seconds)
Vessel : Wave Frequency
Response
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
These methods are much simpler and less computationally intensive. Most of these methods use
STRIP THEORY in which the vessels motions are treated as forced, damped, low amplitude
sinusoidal motions.
– Vessel is divided into a number of transverse sections (or ‘strips’)
– Hydrodynamic properties are computed assuming 2D inviscid flow with no interference
from upstream sections
– Coefficients of the equations of motions may be found
TIME DOMAIN
Time Domain methods model the wave passing a hull. At small incremental steps the net force on the
hull is calculated by integrating the water pressure and frictional forces on each part of the hull. Using
Newton’s Second Law the acceleration on the hull is computed, then this is integrated over the time
step to compute the new vessel velocity and position
>> Although procedure is relatively straight forward, these methods are not routinely used.
– Software / Hardware advances are making this method more common: Diffracted Water
– Used for “non-standard” vessels such as Semi-submersibles & Spars Surface Contours
MODEL TESTS
Still used today – why?
Because it works!!! – basically numerical computation is good, but still needs work to be suitable
Test 138
1.500
1.000
0.000
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
-0.500
-1.000
Time (secs)
Quasi – Static Analysis:
Mooring Tensions & Vessel Offset
Maximum
Steady Forces Offset
Quasi – Static Analysis:
Offset Definition
Note : it has been shown statistically that this method of combining wave frequency and low
frequency motions defined in this manner would be exceeded on average once in every 3 hr
storm. An alternative to this approach is a time domain simulation, usually several
simulations performed with statistical establishment of maximums
Quasi – Static Analysis:
Statistics of Peak Values
• Significant Value = 2 (RMS Value)
• Max Value = Sqrt [2(ln N)] (RMS value)
where N = number of waves during the storm = T / Ta
T= specified storm period in seconds (usually 3hrs)
Ta = average zero crossing period in seconds
eg for 3 hr storm, Tz=10seconds, Maximum =1.86
• Catenary equation
Th ⎛ ⎛ wx ⎞ ⎞
z+h = ⎜ cosh ⎜ ⎟ − 1⎟
w⎝ ⎝ Th ⎠ ⎠
• Maximum tension
Tmax = Th + wh
• Suspended (Minimum) length
Notation:
T
lmin = g 2 max − 1 T- line tension (N)
wh
h – water depth (m)
w – line weight in water (N/m)
Line Tension
Definition
1. From Total force & vessel
restoring force curve
determine…
2. Mean offset
3. Determine Smax as a function
of Low frequency & Wave
frequency offsets
4. From Smax & Most loaded line
tension force curve determine
Maximum Mooring force
1
2 3
Anchor Load
Definition
Where do we get Anchor Load from?
Where:
Friction between mooring and seabed = friction coefficient x unit
submerged weight of mooring line x Length
on seabed
Mooring Line Design
Criteria
Determine Mooring
Tensions / Offsets ;