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A Ib....l:8l11irn g ~ s t!IitE: d ~n...o:rt iiD:1iI tilitE: ro iMp3 SS 1liLi:;E: dIcE; iis IpD ~rnt ~m g. 11m gt...o:,dl~ tih.sre ~ a 9ptEl!Jifk rolrm3t fur' lIlSpo:r11lilg a oolrnpass ibs; a rtim g-t [!irIS IliE(pD II"t 'W [I n lrl..'":\fiSr !hE ®fI.-o:o;3'IJ....qf tina m 91ID degJriE15. M, allil e~-3l1i1l(pllE'~ iif tM ih...o:o;3l11ililg IPEEds ~ dsyiS....~ t~ t~ Ir~1Tt 'WDlI1I1d IbiE a IiIJiIm a 'lJ....sd as N:!i!5:E:. Itf tihe. lb2alliilrilg was 9JL .m..~~ W~
m1.!lst re.mslilliQ.sr that tllitE: IliE(pDlTt willi IIiIBIlET Ib IE ®p-93t.sr t ha iii 9lll diEg:ra.'"'5,; :ffi!I1bs...~ll1ellil1ily a 1b...0:.;3 r11i1g ;[If Sill ~gr\8..."'5 'Wti~I!hE: rlE[pDlTtiEd as S ~E:. TlIifE; e;3 st a modi 'iN lESt -m di ca ro lI"S OJil tin. e. (o:m;p a ss ::LC;S1iIlI to Ibe lI"iE'!I6r'::L~ I!iJ.D.W8A..qf tlliiis o.:riE! IIiIt3 t iio IIiI ass i:, ts ~1iI IPE\polTt~.rng ~m thiE (oD:nriEG fu:nriJ1at.
TlIifE;riE a rlE rna ~ m...~ItiJ.D.ms for t3lkiillilg a IbiEa rtillilg. ~ tlr.3li1sit OOIrnp3SS rnay Ibe, IriIK!llIlIirtiEd O:IiI a tr~oo or a~iid3de, IriIK!llIlIirt for tihe, glI"e a 'IJ...."£t aool!llJ'aol:'!f. IIIiI 1J"1l.!1ggE...o:d "te.lIiI"·a ~m t IffiE tnip oDd s (alii Ib e. '!f..s:ry mmiQe.lJ"S\DMe.. TiliJe. oo~ass to ~~: 1IiI'L~lIitDd IIlIsirng tImE: [p...~ ::J.~ts iis a fast ~h~ roll"' t3lkfimg;a lbEalliirng.
!I!' El.riJsllllre. tl!iJell"iE a nE: lIiIO mru:t3 Uii.!: olbiects rudIiJ as [blB1t 1b1lOC1~e:; tiB3t 11m'!.! a ffiE.,[t t[~ 00 mp3 ss lIiLo:".~1lE
" iIJ(p51i1 tIM: -rO:ril\Pass 1!iJ00IlBillilg to abO'llIt t~ :'lj3[pO'jllilt
iii ruP. [P:n..~ t ~ Liift l~ IIiI IJ.oc ~ IIirg t IIitE: lIiLo;e dlE: ~Jil IP] a oDE:
it oftBsr\I\E: a iii om 1Ii..."?DD lfom t IIitE: ih....:.;3 rilil g
~Ir~ alJ"e. rolliif" Iba::<i.l:: IP~lfiI.l:iWIe.s ef gt..'"lD1IDgy ibE:~rng:
• Ill'rililoDip~ of falJ.[lii3~ ::ll!J.OC~1IiI _, rus [p:r~1iI oDi 1P_'le n s It! a ~ iQ IIiI th e. db ~r"',3 ti oO:liI that fuSS'i1s ::ll!lOOE:iSd e.acliJ otihs:r ~11iI a '!,I1,.qrt ~ a ~ IIiIE IlilllilSr
• IPriliioDip~ of oDrms-orll!ll:tllilg If'1El3timlil2hiilPs _, Iilmik:; that 1ru3'!re (1l!It tililJOL!l®lil otihlSr lfOOS ::ll!lOO as dik)E05 011" sitUs alfe. ~ll!I.IiIgt5r tiro a iii tiro~ ::lL!lJif'Ol!Iooilmg If'mik:
'" IPriIii oDip ~ 10 f IL3 te.1r.3 [I or om ~liIlJ.![i t'!{ SlBliimEliltalfY Ifm~ ert~ IL3te:r.3~~ iIiI a II dilr~rtio:lils
• Il"lrililoDip~ of o.:riWm~ ItiJi!)Tii2.\Qllilta~it'if _, siBdi Ilil'LCffiJ ts tih at fu:nrn s._..,mim 8m a r~ m dl: a r'e. ~ [pDS ~ ol!llliloD.:rirollilt:a1~
IMe3::lLmirng the. stnlk:e a rn.m omiip 001' a geD_1ogj.l: fiE;atmr'tE; m...c.s a~] thll"lBE; fi.rJ IIiId ii.o IIiIS 10 f t IIiIs tr':3l1itSit 00 IIiIl(P a ss lbE~mg the. IIiI13gl1i1e.tk Irne..~Il9~ Il!loOl[rnd u9.!i5L arnom L.o:mg u~,.
TititE: stllii~!:: iis fuwlIiId Ib'1f IPho!:~mg tros ~ ~ 1[11' t IIiIs 00 IIiI1p a ss a g3 ~ IIiIS t tlifE; ~rndl~lit...~ lI"odi: am ad,~wstirng tlifE; OOImp3SS [pD.sit~rnll!Jlrnt[1 the.lr'OwM ~ '!.!BI its I05rn tsr..
'!.I'i.iiith tllifE: sdgtE: 101' t lifE: oollill(pass ~1l!B1iJ to the. II"mlk: arnd the. Ir'OWM ~'!.!BI ol:lSM.sr olbssr'!.I\E: and II'"SDDlI"om fro e.lb iE;;3l1'1irog.
IF or t tiI'is e-3l1i11p ~ fro e. IbP. allii IIiI£ is If!iI:E:E:.
A trOClk: rolr Hrnd~rng tltiJs stllii~E ~s to 1p!)lI.!Lr some, 'Watar om the, IfM:. ~ 'Wa1ilSr 'iM11~ ~'W ~rn tlite dill"e.dio:rn 101' the d~ aM trus strdklE: it:; I[IlI"t~g.o:ffi;311 as sta1ie,.m.
,]5
pass t a .a
t !: ;s45
[a !? t t
T s
rru: GP.S, ~s ;:I ®rlD.'L!l1OO 1~::L...m lr\.~ '!fsr 'ih\liri i1it. IJ.!I::L'"'S ;:I :=nL'"'S of S3tElllite 9.~a Is aiOO tniaIli@L!I~tE:S iit::Lo:M' Ib3S9d en tilil~ "alli. ~lrtE: all''@. two diiffisn...qmt '!J"alliE:ties of GIP.S, iJ.[rniits Ibeiirng t~ 00 irutlil1'Sr'I'Ji;:l ~ a rnd t ~ [p:rofi .. ~io:rn '!ISl'S'i en ,. TiIiJ e, (oD:liltlilli !Sri!: 13 ~ '!/IE~i o:rn
is "t>flp ilol:a ~ I~ a iOC ra tee to 'W iit lIiIi IIiI 4 _. :9 m<EtE1f'S olrn tfus N Y ;:I:iilis ;:100 a ibD IllIt ,l!5 IliI'Lo::t lEIS em tin. e, Z a ~ iis. rru: IP ro fi...~ llil3 ~ '!/lEIS ii.o:liI ~s a;OClIllratE: to wiitl!iJ:im a met6f IOJiI tbe N., Y. allild Z a)ljs. TiJiIis a«lIllra~ is o=."I[-e1lil fUIJ1lrne;r 1J"1ef~1Iif.....,m Mtirn ;:J~IjJi3~ ;:I1IiIt!SliI'rnas aM Iba= units,
IF or
IliI1iDst
alPpllkatiorns a rolliltlillSn:Jj;:l~ IIllrniit h adeqlll3te. wliiJiSJiI amlJ.!lra~ !be rolilll e,::; ilJro ti C3 ~ is ~ 8rn ®ra 'Iii"t!f m..."13 S'I.!IlJ"e IIiI1SIi1t s w:i III lbe, t a IkfSrn .. AooclJ.!1ratE @ra'lii"t!f Ilil\..0:.;3S'1.!1lJ"iSlillioSliltS a lfiE: deep l5IiIod iEIirt Iwp en oEi..~a t 5.D:rn Ilill3lkfirn g tb e [p:rofi ... '"'SS 5.D:rn a ~ '!/lEIS 5.D:rn 001' tirue, 16 r.s, ~IIiIt13~.
Whe,tliler' Il!I::iiIlilg tIM: wlilllm..c.roi3~ or [p:rofi...~l!1li1a~ '!,I"l$r"::ilDllil of ;:I ISIP.S,
ti1il6rlE: all'tE: t'WD 11iI1..."13::lllmimg
S'lJ1iJ 61i1l...'"'S.. "filii e,::;e, a II''@. La t iit IwdE
a 00 Lo:rngiitltOOe or ILlIIliliN"sIS3~ TIr·allilS'!J\SlSe 1M 8rgrolJ"· ILlIT M ,. La t irt IE a 00 l.PJ lli@itlOOe, ~ s de. gn...1:;..'"'£.. IIiIllrnll!lt~ a lIiIo!!I ::Lo:,(o:rno!!ls.. a 00 ii:; a Ipm,[j&tion of ~d ~~~s
lIiIliB3 Sl!IlJ"IE m...o:mrt s Ib aim g 1IiIE.m IE: .w,j tin. dEgn...I:;..'"'£.. lIiIlimll!lt~ allilo!!l ::L"l(Qm.ms. ~ IIlITM s'!I1tt5liJ1l was d...o:.sii®1iIBd ~ tililtE: miilitall'Y ;:1~ ~s a flat ®OO Ib3sed ==¥St61i1l1. A flat S'!{S'IltS1iIl !beoomes di:.to:r1lti::d ~rn tlliJtE: I~~IJ"' llil~rns ibL!lt 'W.3l1'f3 rtE: HlIiI true, all'>!:tk it:; Il!Lrni~.SI'!f.. TiIiJe, ==¥Stem of
," U WBf1E! iQlilili tt:en as t'litey 0[ iOW klI !be rollilfu::Lo::.d 'WiitllilllillllllillllbiEr"S.
AlII I!1i IPS, IJ..!IM ts 1m3 '!,!"!E; siirni lia r fi...0:.;3tll.[res a~IoDMIIiI£ the mar ro ::Lcai9ct IIJlTM 0011"' L:3tiitU0E: am lJDlli@itme. IIJlTM i:; 1J..!I::a3 fur 1M;.!) s t a IPpJ ira t ii.o IIiIS tOO a '!I ro ~1iI-ri1ll!1ol!lillirg Ir.oo.marUiJ geo.1oDgy ta9.'ks. IMost oolnn;pL!ltsr ;a[p[Jiligtii.D:liIs a ru-m 9fiS1iI lIiIi3[ps 1J..!lSiE: ILHM,. '!.I'i.ilruslil ::Lcaffi~mg IIJlTM th6IiE: ;a1l"tE; t'ii'toD aMirtio:lila~ :ill"i18!:tiialils to !be lImde !bE: -mg f~ da ta Ib3 ~ a 00 fro e. s:phcsro:i.m.. Be::;ame tltitE! iS3 rliro OO~ lIiIot II"l5rm~1IiI statiolil;alr'!f IIiIOJ" ~ iit ;a [p15rre.a ::Jp1il6Ilf. tro6:re. ;a rOE: diffisnslilt lJ"-efisnsliloOE: flJ"ames aM s:p1iltSroiom lIiIPD..msIs ~1iI 1l!IS\E:. "rtIiJe. woiIHom 69.00E:tk S~t61i1l1 1[mrJ6S,) a UCfi.\5 IIllS to deflrue t lite 83 rtJi(s
lI""€fisnSlM: IE: fra 1iI\E'.. As 'We lItE:;am 1IiI\oDII"tE; aooll!lt tImE: B3 rth W~ lIlIPd3te.
tme ~r\5liliDE: flr.31J7J\E; aM
::Jpham-'iom IJ7J\DdSls. S~d troe IMiOst 1D1lIW\5lilt '!.I'IJ'GS, ~l5JiI ::Lcrttililg 1Lt\P the 16 P,S, IIllliliit.. ~ IS3l1"tihl ~s 100 t iE:'!,l"lSliI a [p5rfi....I:,.[t oval!.; iit Iii! a S '!fa "!{fIlii! .m::grlEL"'S of IIUlJ.lLlildrotE-SS at
diffisrlSliIt lI-DC3tmlils. TihJe
::Jpharo-'iom of E3 rtlli! I!:MIi@E!S
Ilog~I'!I. lllIiI tlJitE: IlJlJiJiited S,ta1JtE:s 'W~ IL!Ige IMo:rtm Arnsroca iii IJI.3tl!lm or
L:3tiitlL!lde ;aM L!)lIiIgUtl!lo!!le~ S,tate II"J a 1itE'~ ;a ~ Ilili3I1i1 '!I '!,';3 ri3 t ~m S ~1iI IIJlTM ds[p6Ii1Gslilt lIlIPo.:liI froe. age IOf tme. data snd 9pllilsrojd ~0C3tj.o.lIiI..
,m
gt..,l:;!)jC@ists millt 61i1::lLU'EE: that a lilY d3t a 0 If' IIiIEIPS 1~"lIiI 1m3 '!.I\E: Ib tB51i1
00 IliJ\!'iSrt..~ ~m ro tlil <8 S3 IiI\8
ooo:rdillii3'1J<8 S'!{St..I:ffiIl.. TiIiIe.
diffisll5oce. 1be.t .... a...o:mJ IIJITM INA!) :2:7 alJM3 IIJITM MAl] ~~ m3~ !he. on the m'l!!i6r of ,ms of llil\...o::tars 0e[pslildslilt IJ.!IIpDIIiI iJ.ogtiIDliI,. :A fa [hL!lJl9. t oD. ISr~l1.!11JiE t ItitE! OOJ1I\.c,.d ::Jp_h 6r~ilcil ~ ~1iI II!!9Sd OOim;pD IlLLliI d.....m [by a ol:QliI1imEl"IlJ"ia I lEi P,S, IllIlmit'::; [po'lJ<8l1i1tia~ Srlfnr of 4 _, s m....o::tsrs
oolllild 1bt9DD1Im: a ::<igJrn'ifkallilt
dista liliOE!.
Aootrosr -rnpo:rtalilt fi.!rlOCtiiollil of IIifliDst IG p,S, IJ.!llIiI'its ~s tIDe albmW te e:.talbli::<1iI Wa~ Ma r~. 16&1]~ts 11m r~: iI~pDlI1a lilt IhocatiiollilS Olil thsir 161":5, units allilc ESIiI1J6r ~taiilsm d3ta alboL!lt the ~0S3t~IIiI ..
I[jj ~ g::d~@lSt s a II so 61i1::lL!lIf'EE: t IIii3 t
Ma ps lIlt:Lo:,d ~11iI 'lime. fi_~ for OOOL!lllifl'SIiItililg @-i:jOllo~o!: fi._~tl.!lll"e.s aoo InEfiEnrtBd to as !base. IIiIE ps or geoj~ maps. ilJtlitElf IIiIl3IP wes 1IiIl3~ ::<'!iJDw dra~liIage 'W[l;ikltiJ all"e C3lllLo:,d IPll3l1i1illill...'"(tllii-r maps. i[L!liltl.!lll"e II1Jl3IP s 9..liI!Q'h1al IIiIl3 IJiiIilli a de. fi._~ tl.!lll"iE! S aM tD[pDgra p:1i.J m.r IIiIl3 IPS 9..1iI cr~ 00 M OL!l If:.
SJO.:IiI1e. p...c,olPje. pn...~r to ~ ro [poD. ~ IP Iii&: lIiIl3 P s as ffu tEir 1M ~ 1rul31P.. :J!s, a Ibslil oefit of t Ihii S m..'"(t 00 d.. ffu oe lL!lSt5r M] IIiI a v-..e 1I"lEfL.~e. lPoililts sl!l-lJJiJ as mads..
ToO ~ii.rnit 'lime. ~ of tllite ~~ ge.o:logllSts Il!lliE: al:OEpt....o::.m gc.c,D]~
silillllP'~ 'iN,3~k: "lime alrL~ Ibut for 1Ia1f~ ~t3~lem 1P1f'D.,~'"l[ts ~t m3~ IbtE ~iQ...~ rv to 61i1l1[p:l.3>l:e stalk~ at fro iE: Ib...'"@ililllil'illilg a IIit!3 61i1 d IOf tEa cliJ tra '!,!\SrstE ~ ~.1itE a IIiI om IIil!IIIiI a ~ ~.1itE:
1bE,'!:'w.e.SIiI "lime st3ik)5. Tl!itE:
di st3l1i1iDE: Ib erw 6EIiI t 1m: ~ iililiE S
dE [pS1iI ds 00 IIiI IIoclw mill diJ a« IJ.lLra!!1! it:; 1riIe..c:deom as "",,5]11 as "lime '!ii:;iibHit~ 1bE,'!:'w.e.SIiI the ~jllit...~. lilil 'Wood..~ alfi...~s., tra'!f..,elfSE: ~jliliES ma~ 1m: as dJ~ as :5 m..'"1SI"S a[palJ"t. Tl!itE: gt...'"lD_1 ~ t ~ lIiI ot IIol: ~re. d illil tD. 'iNa~1ki1lilg Ollil tllie rme,,; tmis ~s a gtlliids to SliISl.!IlftE tl!itE: a rea ~s [p:ropsr~ stmied.
Befu:re ma p:p:ilri{L froe ~lkWst (olildllEts a 'W,3 Ik,"lirnm_ of "liliff: ::Se.aed anE13,.
TlIitE ge.o'klw,:,t ~oolks for allilom f~lruds a IiI'!I gtSliIsra1 tlfiSliI.m ~1riI tllie stnlk:e. TlIitE [p'llIlr~ of ~o}:jlilg fulr a trend ~1iI t~ strike Us to assist "lihE gr..o:;;o] I[@is t ~JiI iES t31b:! i9.1iJ ~rug tra '!,!\SrstE ~illil;_.:.s. Tira'!r-sr~ 11~liIiEs alJ"e stlra~1irt [i lril;..c.;:; tilE t t [J';3 '!IIEr'SE: "lim e 'WtD. ir&lilil g a r\El3 ~m a [palf'a Usl malril'ffielr:. Tlme tra'!IIE~ iLCoS s'IiI-Dll1I'Id Ib.e [p.E:lrpsooim.!lhlJ"' too "Ii~ gt...qrut5r.3~ tfiSlildimg stlrik:e iif tlffisre ~s one. Tlliiis w:iIU lfiE,;!-S3~ as ml!lcliJ gt...'">D~~ as [pD.::sitile dlllirnlilg t'htE: rna P'pjllilg. Sirnp~ fullli!T~1IiI£ ths tlliSlild of "lihe
stlrik~ 'WoD. I .m IbtE Ibo:nililg. For
sma ~ ~ a rea s.. ~'">D I~i sts 11m ~
t. rra lit:frt >l: amp a ss *' Po([k~ Ikrn~
" GIP:S, I' Ii3I1i1 om ~ iSliIS
.' Goo rlitE [pa IP sr t Floolk: lhIamliltSr
I' IMlJ.![rnb csr :2[p 60C il:: t. E,~ [p1l"iDt..'"l{tiollil
i!i' 1M a lIik)sr t. Si3rmp]e.lbag:;
iii' IRrmlr.3;[ ro If· _, Ba([k;p3cll:
t. I[~ip 100 a rom 61i1 ::i1!1J\E; 'lilife '!f 'Wsre 1p211iP 600 iioL!lit3 r ID tllitE: tlr@.M IQf tllitE: stnlk:e.. Ilf a
tr1Elililll was IIiIOt fOllllild it is Ir\.'"l3SlD:lila blE; to ol:o:oomt tra'!llS:l"9E; ~illiL'"'S ~1iI a ®rid.
AdsQ"L!Ia t e. tiD 00. 'W3 te.lr~ :ffi!I1IiI S\[ IrtSE IIiI. illil s.....a 1f1SD..ci1 sn t.. flI a 9.1i.J ~ ~. e:rt Ira Ib3ttsr~s rolre'!f-srytMrog. a liIiIlIlra~1iI gt....:.;3 r 9.Mll!I'IiIlI a~illlb@. availlalb'lE: ..
lllliI t~ ~allil1:p]e. IIiI13IP Ollil f~ tiD IIID ow:ilil g [p:3 gtE'~ t litE: gt._so'I.D@ist roll![oo t~t tllit...o:rr-e, ~s a tn...qrud DlIiI fDE stlffik)E; ef r\LS4E: ,mta(liIg fDE wa~lktllilrO'L!I~. Ei~ llI:ffi: of tlliiis tra\!1S1"9E; ~~liIiQ 'WSf1E lI"allil r\L~W ro
'" MalP 1lii3mE: _. 9.'!iJol:!L!Ii1d Ib!:
IJiSI.3 t lSl!l t 10 'lih e. a lfiS3 IQf still dv
~ Pcl!llliP~ of 'lime st~
'" IJIate.
'" u!?gs;irud
'" s>GIiIs
It. 1M erth a nro 'W
'!.I'i.illilii'is IIiIl3lPlPjlmg. 'lime. gs;o.1.o@ist (an...~i..!J[U'!f draws tS3>!Jfu ®-'">!)~:@k fi..'"l3tlllll"e. a 00 a lillilm a t...;:,_:; iit 'iMit iii a IIiIl!lmbsr.. TltiJis IliIlJ.llrnbsr rom....:epolOOs te tllitE: IIiIme5 a 00 g rn:pll=s taik:.s:IiI ..
:2:4
The Field Map.
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lpr>qj&t ~s [pll3l1i1lffi...sd,. TlIitE
IPL!lIliP~ Ilill3Y I~'!.f@. IblSSliI
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Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional Differential Equations, to Methods of Their Solution and Some of Their Applications