In This Issue I

DREDGING AND PLACER MINING CONFERENCE.. . 146

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE. SEISMIC ZONATION 146
MAPS: THE EARTH ON CANVAS ,........ . ,....... 147
GREENWICH MEAN TIME.. .. 157
MINE SAFETY. 1893 159
EARTHQUAKE SAFETY AWARD.. , .......• , 160
A PUBLICAnoN OF TlIE TRiViA ...............................................•...........•..... ,.160
Df:PAA11IIIEHT OF COMSfFlVATION
DlVIIl0t4 OF MINES ANO GEOLOGY ROCK CROSSWORD PUZZLE. ,............ ..... .... ..161
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY FOR THE 90'S.. . ... 162
ANSWERS TO ROCK CROSSWORD PUZZLE .. 162
SI.~orC.htornl. GEOAGE DEUKMEJIAN BOOK REVIEWS ......... . . . . . . .•. . 163
Governor MAIL ORDER FORM . 165
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION FORM 166
The R.soorces Agency GOADON K. VAN VLECK
Secretary for Resources DMG RELEASES , .. ,........... . 167
DMG OFR 89·5, INDEX OF GEOLOGIC REPORTS - SPECIAL
QePlflment 01 CorI.8<v.uon STUDIES ZONES... . 167
DMG OFR 89·16, SUMMARY REPORT: FAULT EVALUATION PROGRAM 168
DMG OFR 90-5, GEOLOGIC MAP- SOUTH HALF EAGLE LAKE QUAD , 168
JAMES F. DAVIS
Slate Geologisr

Cover: Oblique fOised lopog.opliic mop 01 the cenl.ol Son F.oncisco 80y o'eo. Son Francisco 80y is 0
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY sIan
mid· 10 late PI..slocene Itructurol trougfWilhin the Cooltol Rongel. Neorly 70 percent of the Boy is
Don Dupras r.hOtiowlf thon 12 feet. Over 2 million yeors ogo this e~..'...os ebove leO level end.th.ough lolding
Edllor-ln·Chief;
ond loulhng, this 0"0 slowly 'onk Q~the SlO engulledihev:alIif."Th,oughout the enwing lime to
GraphiCS and Design: Loui$8 Hu<:kaby obout 10,000 yeors ago Ihe Boy wos effected by PI..lIocene glaciotion: olternOlely rising an'd lowering
,n response ta e growth and m.lting 01 continentol glociers. During periods of ext..me low seo levi!,
Publications Supervisor: Jell lamberl riv.rs cut dKinnels inlo Ihe bedrock floor 01 the 80Y10 (I depth 0/ neorly 400 '&fit b.low the p.osent
1.0 level. Since the end 01 the Pleistocene glociotion, riversediments were deposited neony ho.i10n·
toll~on Ihe Boy 1100" Sediments on the cent.ol portion ollhe oor-hove been meosured ot 250 leet
Dtvlsion Heedquarl.rsc 1416 N,nlh SIr..t. Room 13-41, deep. An ortide oboul lhe hiltoricol signi!iconce 01 mops. and how mopl 0 .. mode ond uled storts on
s.ac..m....to. CA 9~1. poge 147. Drawn by TOll Rho A/pho.
(Teleopllone' 1tI6-••5-182!S)
Pubhcations and Inlormllhon Olllte
1560 8e<cut Dr"'e. SIoCf.l1IIfltO. CA 9561.-0131
CALlFOFlNIA GEOLOGY Dredging and Placer
Publ~ Informallon 916-445-5716
Mining Conference
~'" Anoelll Ollica 107 Soolh Broadway. Room 1065.
~Ol Anoel••. Colo 90012·«02
crel&J)/lPne 213-620-3560) The Nevada In;;lilule of Techno log)' will
hold the 81h Conference on Dredging and
Ple.santl'1ll1 on~e 360 CIv~ Drive. Su~e 100.
~lUtIl H~I. CA 94523·1921 Placer Minmg on October 29-31. 1990. in
(TelepIIon.· .15-6'l(l-5920l Sparks. Nevada.
For further informal ion conraCl:
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY (lSSN 0026 .SSSj Is pubhIIed Dr. Yung Sam Kim
"""'lilly by rn. OePll1m.nl ot eonslfv.llon. Olvlslon 01 Conference DireClOr
Mones and Geology The Recorcll Oltk;. Is at lnl·2Oth
Nevada lnslilule of Technology
S~l. $ac,.me'llo. Colo 9581. $e<;oncl class pOIlAgel.
p.lcl .1 S.c••mlnlO. CA. Po.lmllt" Send Idd,," P.O. Box 8894. Campus Stalion
eII'noellO CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY (USPS 350 e.O). Reno. NV 89507
Box 2980. s.ac.amenlP. CA 95612-2980. Tel. (702) 331-0601
R.port. conce",lng DlvIllQr1 01 Min. . .nd Geology
ptPjecll.P'ld artldes and news il......e1.leclto lhe ..,th
1dI'nce. In Cal<lPr.... lie Included In the meg...''''. CorI·
lrIb<11ecl ar IIc,". pIIoIogr .ph•. news rteml. IfId g&olPgic:al
.....lIng .NlPUnc.m.nll VI _ome.
Fourth International Conference
THE CONC~USlOWSANO OPINIONS EXPRESSEO IN
Seismic Zonation
ARTIC~ES ARE SO~E~Y THOSE OF THE AUTHORS
AND ARE NOT NECESSARI~Y ENDORSED BY THE The Fourth International Conference on The conference will provide an imerna-
O£PARTMENT OF CONSERVATION "Seismic Zonal ion for Safer Construction lional multidisciplinary forum for discussion
COffllPonclenc••nOU'd b••dd'"l1d to Eclllo" and Reduclion of Lifc and Property Losses and disseminalion of recem advances perli·
CALIFORNIA GEO~OGY.156O Be.eul Dri.... S.c......nlO. from FUlUre Earthquakes" will be held at nent 10 the reduetion of losses from natural
Colo 9561•. Stanford Universily in the San Francisco disasrers worldwide. All papers ""ill be
Subsc,lptlonl· $10.00 PI' ~ ... Sln;l. cop/..· $1.00 Bay region. Augusl 2610 28.1991. The published in a proceedings volume. Tours
eeo:/l. send .ullSCf!ptlQr1 oftle.. allll eIIange ot .dd,... conference. sponsored by lhe Earthquake of aClive earrhquake faulrs. eanhquake·
Inrorm;IlJOflIO CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY. PO 60. 29BO.
Sacramento. CA 95812-2980 Engineering Research Inslilute. will provide engineering researeh facililies. and local
a SI8te·of-lhe-art assessment of lhe advances urban planning organiutions are planned
in seismic 'Zonalion integrating earth sciences. 10 complement olher conference aClivities.
engineering. planning. social sciences. and
public poliey. The confl."rl."nce will emphasize For further information about the confer-
results perlinem 10 disasler mlligalion on ence. conlaClthe Earlhquake Engineering
July 1990IVolume 43/Numbe. 7 local. regional. and national scales al loca- Resean:h lnstlture. 6431 Fairmonl Avenue.
lions throughoulthe United Slall."S and the Suile 7. EI Cerrilo. California 94530-3624.
CGeeA 43 (7) 145· 168 (1990) world. USA (415) 525-3668.

146 CAUfO~NIA CEOlOCY July 1990

 MAPS:
The Earth on Canvas
By
EVElYN M. VANDEN DOLDER, Editor
Arizona Geological Survey
Tucson, Arizona

... Fi;ure I. Cor1ogrophic in'I"'....nls rang' in so-

plli,ricolion from the compou, in~ellted durillg
the 11th or 12th cenlury, 10 ~ompul.r ')'Ilems that
can increos. the ,peed, oc~uro~y, olld quality
of all mop mo.;ng effort!. Drawing by P.te, F.
Corroo, AArOnO G.ologicol Survey.

Thi, Clrtkle gj~" Cln Clbbre~ioled hi,1OI'Y of
~Clr1ogrophy _ the Clr1 of mClp moking; expklin,
I~ol., coo.dinClt. ')'Item" ond projeclion,;
iI1""lI'Ol.s how remot.-sensing techniques Clid
mop moking; describes vatlou1 lplKiClliud mops
ond how they ore used; ond ~'Is sourCei fo-r
obtoining ColifomiCl mops.
The following WOI originCll1y publilhed in the
July 1987 iuue of Fieldno~.. ~. 17, no. 4,
published by the Arirono BurellU of G.ology Clnd
Mineral Technology. II is reprinted her. by
permission of the ClUthor. Sin~e the rime il WCl>
publish.d, the nom. of the mClgorin, hClI bun
chClnged 10 AArono Geology, ond the nom. of
the 1101. og.ncr Well chong,d 10 the Arirono
Geologicol Su.....y, locoted ot 845 N. Porlt Ave"
1100, Tuclon, A185719. The cont.1l1 of Ih,
originol ornel. wOI modifi.d ond odopt.d for
informorion oboul Colifornio..•• editor.
INTRODUCTION
latitude (Iat) 0"49'N.. longitude (long)
176°43'W .. whereas the actual coordi-
nates are lat 0°48' N.. long 176°38' W.
(Barker. 1986). Some investigators who
researched the possible causes for Ear-
hart's disappearance believed that she and
Noonan were on course and would have
reached Howland Island if they had been
given the correct coordinates. The first
chart to list accurate coordinates was pub-
lished 4 to 5 months after they vanished.
It is therefore Ijkely that the mapping
mistake was discovered during the search
for Earhart.
Earhart's story illustrates the impor-
tance of accuracy in maps and translates a
seemingly inconsequential error on paper
into the language of human tragedy.
Accurate. dctailed maps have enabled
humans to chart not only their courses
images. map making has had a long and
exciting history.
As human culture evolved from a
nomadic. hunting existence to a more
settled. agrarian lifestyle. land ownership
and determination of property boundaries
became more important. The oldest
known map. dated about 2500 B.C.. is a
small day tablet that shows a man's estate
nestled amid mountains and rivers in
Mesopo{amia (Chamberlin. 1950: Raisz.
1962). The Egyptians measured and
mapped their countryside for property
taxes {O fuel their thriving civilization.
These early peoples believed that Earth
was nat: their maps reflected this concept.
Ancient Greek culture emphasized
logic. reason. and scientific thought. nur-
turing interest in the world as well as the

A melia Earharl. the plucky aviator

whose 1937 round-the-world flight
attempt ended in disaster. may have been
the victim of a mapmaker's mistake. Ear-
hart's flight plan gave the wrong coordi·
nates for Howland Island. the 2-mile-long
sandbar in the South Pacific that she and
navigator Fred Noonan were trying to
reach when they vanished. The faulty
flight plan. which was based on inaccur-
ate government charts. put Howland Is-
land 7 miles to the northwest of its actual
location. Earhart's flight plan listed
the coordinates for the tiny island as
across vast oceans. but also the progress
of their civilizations.
HISTORY OF MAP MAKING
Maps are as old as human culture. The
detail and accuracy of mapmaking effortS
ha\<e. in turn. both reflected and en-
hanced the advancement of civilization.
From prehistoric hunters. who probably
drew crude maps in the dirt. to Renais-
sance navigators. who explored and
mapped the oceans and continents. 10
today's cartographers. who use satellitc
mind. The Greeks conceived the idea of a
spherical Earth. About 400 B.C .. Aristo-
tle offered evidence as proof: the shape of
Earth's shadow on the Moon during an
eclipse (Chamberlin. 1950). Eratosthenes
(276-194 B.C.). mathematician and phi-
losopher. estimated the size of Earth
based on observations of shadows and
a knowledge of geometry. Despite his
crude methods (by modern standards). his
estimate of Earth's circumference (28.000
miles) .....as only 12 percent larger {han its
actual size (about 24.900 miles; Cham-
berlin. 1950). His map. which showed

CAlIFO~NIA GfOlOGY July 19'90

'"
pans of Europe. Africa, and Asia. was
the first to IOclude parallels and meridi-
ans. The early Greeks also defined the
poles. equator. and tropics and developed
sevel"'J.l projections that are still used today.
Medieval cartographers. seeking a
more simplistic view of the world to mir-
ror their religious beliefs. chose more
symmetrical, "divinely perfect" outlines
for Europe, Africa. and Asia l"'olther than
the more accurate irregular coastlines of
earlier maps. In the late 13th century.
oowC\'er. the use of the compass bur-
geoned. as did the production of highly
accurate maps known as portolan charts.
which were used with minor modifica-
tions for more than three centuries. Por-
tolan charts were based on systematic
compass surveys. Most charts included 16
or 32 compass roses with radiating rhumb
lines (lines that show compass direction).
a design sometimes used on current maps
as decoration (Raisz. 1962).
The discovery of the Americas effected
a renaissance in carlOgraphy. As the
number of trade routes increased. so did
the need for more detailed maps. New
discoveries from explorations modified
humans' view of the world. The first map
to include America. published in 1500.
showed it as part of Asia (Raisl. 1962). It
was not until after Magellan's voyage
from 1519 to 1522 that maps accurately
depicted the immensity of the Pacific
Ocean. The in,'ention of the engraving
and printing processes during this period
enabled wider and more timely distribu-
tion of new maps. The highest quality
maps produced during the late 16th and
17th centuries weTe compiled by DUlCh
and Flemish map making masters. such
as Mercator. Ortelius. and Janszoon
(Rain. 1962).
The 18th century, known as the Age of
Reason, brought a concomitant age of
map accuracy. Instruments to measure
latitude and longitude became more s0-
phisticated. Triangulalion and topo-
graphic mapping of France during Ihis
time spurred interest in similar national
surveys during the following century
(Raisz. 1962). Cartographers of the 19th
century also diversified and specialized
their products. creating geologic. eco-
nomic. and transportation maps. among
others. Wilh the founding of the U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) in 1879.
systematic mapping of the United States
became an organized effort.
The advent of remote-sensing tech-
niques. such as aerial photography and
'"
satellite imagery. enables cartogrolphers
to cre:lIe a "bml's-cye" \'iew of Ihe ,",orld
and ItS fe:ltures. Digital scanning sy~tems
:lnd 1a.\Cr ploHers have dramatically in-
creased the accuracy and detail of modern
maps (Figure I). Technological advances
and increasingly sophisticated instru-
ments continue to cnh:lnce the quality
and accuracy of human aHempts at
sketching the face of Earth.
SCALE
Scale defines the relationship between
a distance shown on a map and the corre-
sponding aclual distance on the ground.
Scale may be expressed in three ways
(Zumberge and Rutford. 1983):
(I) As a graph, line. or bar divided into
units that represent ground distances.
(2) In words that state the relationship be-
tween map diSlance and ground distance:
for example. "one inch equals one mile"
mellns Ihat I inch on the map corre-
sponds to I mile on the ground.
(3) As a fraction or fixed ratio between
linear measurements on the map (the nu-
merator) and corresponc:!ing distances on
the ground (the denominator). For exam-
ple. a scale of .,_~ or 1:63.360 means
that I unit of measurement on the map
(I inch) represents 63.360 of the sam~
units on the ground. In this example, I
inch on the map corresponds to I mile on
the ground II inch (map) - 63.360
inches (ground) :Ill 5.280 feet (ground) =
I mile (ground)J. The firsl number (map
distance) given in the rillio is always l:
the second number (ground distance)
varies. but the larg~r the second number.
the smaflu the scale.
Many areas have been mapped several
times. but at different scales. One should
choose a map with a scale specific to its
intended use. For instance. a large-scale
map shows more detail. but less area:
therefore. an urban planner might choose
a 1:600-sca1e mllp that shows power and
wateT lines. house lots. and streets. A
small-scale map shows less detail. but en-
compasses a wider area. A geologist in-
terested in the general geologic history of
California might choose a 1:750.000-
scale geologic map of the state that shows
major rock formations and geologic
features.
Large-scale topographic maps (see sec-
tion titled "Types of Maps") of 1:24.000
show natural and man-made features.
such as important buildings. camp-
grounds. caves. ski lifts. watermills.
bridges. and private roads. Intermediate-
scale IOpographic maps of I:50.000 and
1:100,000 usually omit these features.
CALifORI'IIA GEOlOGY
Small-scale topographic maps of
I:250.000 and smaller (such as scales
with a larger denominator) show only ma-
jor features like national and state parks.
military reservations. airports. major
roads. and l"'olilroads (U.S. Geological
Survey. 198Ib).
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Accurately locating oneself on a map in
the wilderness is not easy. Evtr since the
first map was compiled. cartographers
have searched for an accurate system to
locate points on the globe. Some map
users, such as navigators. need a means
to track their progress across oceans:
others. such as land owners and govtrn-
ment officials. need a method to establish
property lines: still olhers. such as geolo-
gists. need a way to identify localities
of outcrops and separate rock units so
thai future researchers can find and
study them.
In the United States. three coordinate
syslems are generally used: (I) geo-
gl"'olphic coordinates (latitude and longi-
lude): (2) Public Land Survey (PLS). also
called the "Land Ornce Grid" or "town-
ship and r4nge": and (3) Universal Trans-
~-erse Mercator (UTM) grid. Each of
these systems is explained in the follow-
ing sections.
latitude and longitvde
Cartographers have arbitrarily divided
the Earlh's surface into a system of refer-
enee coordinates termed latitude and Ion·
gitude based on a series of imaginary
lines. called parallels and meridians.
respectively. drawn on the surface.
If one imagines Earth as a globe with
an axis Ihrough the North and South
poles, meridians of longitude would be
circles around Ihe globe that pass through
both poles. A meridian is labeled accord-
ing to its distance. measured in degrees.
east or west of the zero meridian, which
was established in 1884 by international
agreement as the meridian that passes
through Greenwich. England. near lon-
don. Before this time, many countries
used meridians that passed through their
own capital cities as the OD meridian for
their own maps (Chamberlin, 1950). The
zero meridian is also called the Green·
wich meridian or prime meridian. Be-
cause the globe encompasses 360". the
180" west meridian (long 180" W.) and
the 180" easl meridian (long 180" E.) ~P'
resent the same imaginary line known as
the International Date Line. Although
 75' 100'12.5' 125' 100' 75' 5.0' 0' 5.0' 7.5'

20.'~ _ _

(
\ r
r
\
\ \
\

'oow

'00' O· 5·W

Figvre 2, Mognlttic declinotion, olso known os composs variation, is thlt ongle between True (geographic) north and The direcTion given by the mogne~c composs
[mognetic north), Magnetic declinaTion 01 the beginning 011980 is indicaled in thisligvre by isogonic line., or lines of eqval declination, Valves olong lap of
chart reler to dashed lines. Valves along sides and bottom refer to solid line>. Solid lines indicOle lhe nvmber of degrees between magnetic north and lrue north,
with mognetic north shown east of true north at locotions that are west 01 the O'line [labeled at the bottom of Ihe figure), ond west 01 trve north eost of 0" line.
Dashed lines indicate change, in minutes per year, in directIon of magnetic north, with change TO more eastward direction eOSI of 0" line [Iobel&d ollop of
~gure), and chonge 10 mOre westward direcTion west of 0" IlIle. From Fabiano and Peddie, 1980.

this line mostly follows the 180" merid-
ian. there is some variation to prevent
separ<lting land masses, such as the Aleu-
tian Islands. into two time zones.
Midway between the North and South
poles. an imaginary line called the equa-
tor circles eanh and cutS it in half into the
Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Imaginary lines drawn concentrically
around the poks and paraJlcllO the equa-
tor are called parallels of latitude. They
arc labeled according to their distances.
measured in degrees, north or south of
the equalOr. The equator is 0" latitude
(Ial 0"). the Nonh Pole is 90" north lati-
tude (lat90" N.J. and the South Pole is
90" south latitude (I at 90" S.). Parallels of
latitude. as their name states. always par-
allel each other; meridians of longitude,
however. converge at the poles.
Each degree used to measure latitude
and longitude may be divided for more
precise location into 60 minutcs. rcprc·
sented by the symbol'. Each minute. in
turn. may be subdivided into 60 seconds.
identified by the symbol ". For e:'lample.
coordinates of the Division of Mines aud
Geology Publications Office in Sacra-
mento arc lat 38" 40' 54" N., long 121"
29' 27" W. (U.S. Geological Survey.
1954).
Because the circumference of Earth is
about 24,900 statutc (land) milcs (21.6CMJ
nautical miles). each degree of latitude
measurcs about 69.2 ~latute miJe~ (a
"statutc" lui Ie is officillily recognized as
5.280 feet in length) each minutc mea-
surcs about 1.15 statute milcs (I nautical
mile), ilnd eaeh second measurcs about
101 feel (Chamberlin. 1950), Distances
reprcsented by degrecs of longitude vary
depending on the latitude. Atthc North
and South poles. for cumplc. onc could
walk through 360° of longitude by walk-
ing in a circlc around the pole. At the
equator, such a walk would be a consider-
able undertaking. indecd!
Timc zoncs arc relatcd 10 meridians
because of Earth's rotation. A full rotation
of canh on its axis (360 0 of longitude)
takes 24 hours, 15" of longitude takes
I hour. and I" takes 4 minutes.
The latitude-and-longitude coordinate
system is used worldwidc. Similar sys-
tems are used in spacc. Of the threc sys-
tems discussed in this article. this is the
only onc thllt can be determined astro-
nomically without a map (Mcrrill.
1986a).

CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY J.. t~ 1990

'"
 ..............,.,. ',,',=,7"'1
figure 3. Principal California meridians and base
lines, and the areas where they are used. Dates
indkate when the base line' and principal meridi·
on, were adapted by the U.S. Deportment of the
Interior.
.......... ,_ ...
···<i•• • •·
:!·m::Q1~I:Q::8A!le::tINE::: ..
SAN BERNARDtNO
Meridians always run in a true north-
south direction. True north. however. is
not the same as magnetic north (the di-
rection thallhc needle in a magnetic
comp3ss points). clleepl on the meridian
thai passes through the magnetic North
Pole (Zumbcrgc and Rutford. 1983). This
is because of the phenomenon called p0-
lar wandering; the geomagnetic axis does
nOI coincide with Earth's true north-south
allis of rotation, The magnetic Nonh Pole
is actually at aboullat 700 N" which is
about 1.250 miles from the gcogr.lphic
(tflle) North Pole (Strahler, 1981).
The angle in any given location be-
[ween true north and magnetic north is
called the magnetic or compass declina-
lion. Declination records have been kept
in Paris and London since about 1600
(Strahler. 1981). Local declination and its
annual variation arc usually shown in the
lower margin of most maps published by
the USGS. The correction for annual
change. however. will be only approxi.
mate ifthc map is more than 20 years old
(Compton. 1962). Declination can also be
dctermined from an isogonic chart (Fig-
ure 2) or by sclling a compa.~s on a level
surface and sighting on Polaris. the North
Star (Compton. 1962). Thc magnetic
150
z at township 9 north (T. 9 N.) of the
OC
w
m (R. 5 E.) of the Mount Diablo meridian.
BASE LINE
z As with degrees of latitude and longi-
<
W IUde. sections may be further divided 10
--- ----
declination in SacramenlO is 17° E., in
San Diego the magnetic declination is
13° 13' E. (Jennings. 1977).
Township ond 11:0nge
Township and range designations arc
used to locute property boundaries. Al-
though lhis system of land division is
linked to the coordinate system of lat itude
und longitude. it works independently of
il. The basic unit. called a scction. is a
square-shaped lIfea I mile long and
I mile wide. One section contains 640
acres. A township contains 36 scctions. or
23.040 acres. When this system was de-
signed. each section was imended to en-
compass an exact square mile of land.
Survcying crrors. howcver. crcated irreg-
ularitics in the shapes of Illany sections
and IOwn~hips in the United States and
many sections do not contain one exact
square mile of land (ZumDcrge and Rut~
ford. 1983).
CAliFORNI .... GEOLOGY Juty 1990
Township-range divisions arc bascd on
a grid of perpendicular lines. Boundary
lines that rUIl cast to west arc called
lownship lines: those than run north 10
south arc called range lines. Instead of
the equator and zero meridian. reference
Ii nes for township designations arc spe-
cific latitudinal and longitudinal lines
called the base line and principal merid-
ian. respectively (Zumberge and Rutford.
1983). A township is located by giving its
position north or south of the base line
and cast or west of the principal merid-
ian. The notal ion "'I'. 4 S .. R. 2 W ..· in-
dicates township four south. range two
west. Many base lines and principal me·
ridians are used in the United States. so
township and range coordinales arc nevcr
very large.
In California. townships arc measured
from the Humboldt base line and merid-
ian. the Mounl Diablo base line and me-
ridian, and the San Bernardino base line
and meridian (Figure 3). For example.
the Division of Mines and Geology l:tubli-
cations building in Sacramento is located
Mount Diablo base line. and range 5 easl
locate features more precisely: into halves
[for example. the north half (NY:) or cast
half (E'h)] or into quarters Ifor example.
the northwest one-quarter (NWY4) or
southeast one-quartcr (SEVo)]. Quartcr
sections. in turn. may be subdivided into
halves or quartcrs. In Figure 4. the 40
ancs shown in the extreme southcast cor-
ner of section 24 arc designated by this
notation: SEVoSEY4 sec. 24. 'I'. IS ..
R.2W.
UTM Grid
The Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM) grid was adopted by the U.S.
Army in 1947 to assign rcctangular coor~
dinates on military maps of the world
(Snyder. 1987). Although the original
UTM grid used only numerals as coordi-
nates. the U.S. Army simplified it by
substituling leiters for several numbers. In
military parlance. the UTM is called the
Military Grid Reference Systcm: in scien-
tific jargon. it is simply called lhe UTM
(U.S. Department of the Army. 1969.
[983: Hincs. 1986: Merrill. 1986b).
The UTM divides the Earth from west
to cast into 60 numbered zones. each of
which encompasses 6° longitude. Begin-
ning althe 1800 meridian (the Intcrna-
tional Date Line). lone~ are numbered
I to 60 consecutively from west to eaSl
(Merrill. 19S6a). For example. zone I ex- < n.

-..
tends from long 1B<r W. to long 174° W. .2
~

From soulh to north. the UTM divides ~

the Earth into 20 lettered sublOnes. each :>:
of which encompasses 8° of latitude. ex-
cepl for zone X, which e:uends I r (Mer- ~ T"
rill. 19800: Snyder. 1987). These zones
are lellere<! C 10 X consecutively from
south to north. (The \etters I and 0 are
.."
·u
<

001 used 10 avoid confusing them wilh TO.

numbers.) Most of California lies in UTM
grid zones 10 S. 10 T. II S. and II T 6111;". Bose Line
(U.S. Department of the Army. 1969).
Numbered and lellered grid zones extend
only from lat B<r 5.10 lal 84° N. The p<>-
~ TO'
MILES
Iar regions beyond these: parallels are as-
signed coordinates on the Universal Polar
Stereographic (UPS) grid, which will 001
1l2W II I W ROE
'" R>'
be discussed in thIS article (Snyder. 1987).
I Mile
6MO..
Each grid zone may be fUriher divided
into grid squares that measure 109.361 •, , • , , , w,
.,
,i 160 .o.CRES

•• "
yards on a side: tkesc are given double-
letter dcslgnations. In tum. grid squares 5 " " • •
.. ~

.. "
" HW;' NW;
.f
ME;

may be subdivided with finer numerical
grids that enable one 10 locate an area
II yards by II yards on most currenl
maps (Merrill. 198(0).
The USGS began adding UTM grid
lines to its 7VJ·minute quadrangle maps in
1957. A quadranglc map is a rectangular
map bounded by parallels of latitude and
meridians of longitude. Most 15-minute
quadrangle maps do not include them.
State base maps, new maps. and reprinted
quadrangle maps. however, include UTM
grid lincs or tick marks (Merrilt. 19863).
In an unending quest for perfeci accu-
racy, scientists continue to develop new
location systems or modify old ones and
dcbale the usefulness, precision. and
accuracy of each (Hines. 1986: Merrill.
1986a.b. 1987: Nelson. 1987).
MAP PROJECTIONS
The Earth is a sphere. aclUalty a sphe-
roid because it bulges slightly at the equa·
tor and flattens at the polcs. The most
accurate map of Earth is a globe because
scale is constant and geographical rela-
tionshIps are true. Because a globe is
cumbersome and impractical on a large
scale. carlographcrs ha\'e developed ways
to con\'Crlthe lhree-dimensKlnal spherical
image to a two-dimensional flat image. A
map projection is a syslematic method of
transfering the grid system of parallels
and meridians from globe 10 paper using
mathematIcal calculallons to alleviate
distortion (Chamberlin. 1950).
" """""
" 0000
" .. .. 00
" ""oz. " " Slof
ONE TOWNSHIP
Figure 4. Townlhip and range 101M! divis;ons used ill the Uniled
some porn 01 Canoda. From ZlImbe'ge ond Rvtford, 1983.
As the word "projection" implies.
areas of the globe are projected onto
another surface and then trJlIsfcrred to
paper. This intermediate surface can be
a cylinder. cone. or plane. The shape of
this surface. the line of contact or point
of tangcncy between this surface lInd the
globe. and the point on Earth chosen as
the ("enleror starting point determine the
type of projection (Figures 5 and 6).
There is no best projection to portray
the world. A cartographer determines
which projection to usc based on the
characteriSlics deemed mosl important,
such as area. shape. .seale. or dlreclion.
Hundreds of projections have been de~'CI­
oped Ihroughoul the history of cartogra-
phy. but only a fe..... dozen are used 10
produce most of today's maps. Some of
the more common or useful projCCtions
are briefly described below. An excellent
book on project)OrlS that includes boch
hislocical and dcscriplivc tellt for the lay-
person and mathematical calculatiOfis
for the professional carlographer IS by
Sn)'der (1987).
Nto l
swi
24
HW;ol NEi-of
SEi SE;
SW~of SEiot
swi SE; SEi
ONE SECTION
Stole. and in
Cylinders
Perhaps the most well·known and rooSt
easily dr;lwn projection was developed by
the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mer-
cator (1512- 1594). The Mercator projec·
tion is drawn by wrapping a cylinder
around the globe. with both surfaces
touching along the equator: meridians are
then projected from the center of lhe
globe (Snyder. 1987: Figures 5a and 00).
Mercatorde\'Cloped this projection 10 aid
navigation. This is the only projeclion on
which all points are shown at their true
compass courses from one aflOl:her: if a
ship's direction remains conSlant with re-
spectlO north. Ihe sailing roule between
IWO points is a straight line. Since 1910
Ihis has been Ihe standard projection used
on nautical charts oflhe U.S. Coasl and
Geodclic Survey. now called Ihe National
Ocean Service (Snyder. 1987).
Areas in Ihe polar regions. tlO.....e\-er.
are greatly distorted with the MercalOf
projeCllon. Greenland appears 10 be
larger than South America. )'et it is only

U.UfORNlA GEOLOGY J..1y 19?O '51


Figur.. 5. Proj..,lion 01 Ill.. globe onto th,.... ,uria,..., (0) ,egular 'ylindrkal(suMa,.., tau,h along
Ilquolo,j; (b) I,on,vers.. <;ylindri'ol ('UMO'''' tOlKh along m..ridian); 1<;1 obliqu.. <:ylind,i<;oll,u,lo<;..,
too<;h olong <;ird.. palh); (d) ,..gulor <;on,<; bUMo<:"s lou<;h olong poroll.,I}; 1..1 plonor or ozimuthal, palor
osp..d (surlou. tOlKh ot pol.,); (I) plonor or orimUlhol, oblique O,ptld !,urfo,.., tOlKh 01 point b.,twHn
pol.. ond Ilquotor!; and (9) plonor 0' oz;muthol, ..quotorial o'ptld l'urfo<;.,. talKh ot .,qootar). From
Snyder, 1987.
V.th the size of the continent (Snydcr.
1987; Figure 6a). Because most world
maps in elementary and high school text-
books are drawn with the Mercator pro-
jection. SlUdents could be confused about
relative sizes of land masses. This projec-
tion is best used on maps of equatorial re-
gions and has been used to map those
areas on Eanh. Mars. Mercury. Venus.
the Moon. and the moons of Jupiter and
Saturn (Snyder. 1987).
Variations of the Mercator projection
have been developed to handle special
cartographic needs. In the Transverse
Mercator projection. the cylinder and
globe touch along a meridian instead of
along the equator (Figures 5b and 6b).
Areas along the ccntral meridian remain
true to scale. no mailer how far north or
south of the equator they are. This pro-
jcction is used for areas in which the
north-south dimension is greater than the
east-west dimension. It is also the base for
USGS I:250.000-scale maps (1 0 x 20
quadrangles) and some 7'h.- and 15-min-
ute quadrangles (Snyder. 1987). In the
Oblique Mercator projection. the cylinder
touches the globe along a circle path spe·
cifically chosen to alleviate distortion in
the mapped area (Figures 5c and 6c). The
USGS has further modified this to obtain
the Space Oblique Mercator projection.
which is used for continuous mapping of
Landsat satellite images (Snyder. 1987).
",
Cones
Cylindrical projcctions are used mostly
for maps of the world or narrow areas
along the equator. a meridian. or an
oblique circle. Conic projections. on the
other hand. are used to map areas in the
middle latitudes that extend in mostly an
east-west direction.
A regular conic projection is drawn by
setting a cone on top of the globe. with
the cone apex and globe axis aligned. Thc
cone and globe touch along a specific lat-
ilUde (standard parallel). Meridians are
drawn from the apex to points at which
corresponding meridians on the globe in-
tersect the standard pardllel (Figure 5d).
The cone is thcn cut along one meridian
and unrolled (Snydcr. 1987).
The simplest conic projection is the
Equidistant or Simple Conic. which
shows true scale along all meridians and
one or two standard parallels (Figure 6<.1).
It is the basic form developed about 150
A.D. by the Greek astronomer and geog-
rapher Claudius Ptolemy. This projection
is the one most often used in atlases for
maps of small coumries (Snyder. 1987).
Variations of the simple conic projec-
tion include the Polyconic. which is
mathematically based on an infinite num-
ber of cones tangent to an infinite number
of parallels (Snyder. 1987). This projec-
tion was developed by Swiss-born Fcrdi-
CAlIfO~NI"" GEOLOGY
nand Rudolph Hassler (1770- 1843). who
became the first superintendent of the
U.S. Coast Survey. precursor of the U.S.
Coast and Geodetic Survey. Because of
Hassler's promotion. the Pol)'conic pro-
jection was used on large-scale maps of
the United States. such as USGS 7Vl- and
15-minute topographic quandrangles. un-
til the 1950s. Quadrangle maps drawn
with the PolyconiC" projection at the same
scale llnd based on the same central me-
ridian will fit eJlactly from north to south
or east to west; however. they cannot be
mosaicked in boIh directions without
distortion (Snyder. 1987).
The Lambert Conformal Conic projec-
tion was developed by the Alsatian math-
ematician and cartographer. Johann
Heinrich Lambert (1728-77). On this
projection. local shapes. scale. and an·
gles remain accurate. but area docs not.
It is used for mapping large countries and
smaller regions with an cast-west orienta-
tion such as the United States. North Car-
olina. and Long Island (Snyder. 1987). II
is also the projection used for the USGS
I :500.000-scale state base-map series: the
same scale California base map was used
to compile the 1977 version of the state
geologic map. After compilation. the
state geologic map was reduced to
1:750.000 scale (Jennings. 1977).
Pl(lnes
An azimuthal (also called zenithal)
projection has a portion of the Earth's
sphere projected onto a plane that is tan-
gent to it. The tangental point can be at
a pole or any other point on the sphere.
The tangent point becomes the center of
the map from which all azimuths (or di-
rections) radiate. This point of tangency
also determines the projection view or
"aspect" and are polar. equitoria1. or
oblique (Figures 5e. f. g: 6c. f. g). Be-
cause an azimuthal projection has one
standard point or center. it is used mostly
to portray cireular regions such as Ant-
arctica. rather than areas that extend
mostly in one direction (Snyder. 1987).
On polar aspects. meridians are shown as
straight lines that radiate at true angles
from the center (pole). like the spokes on
a wheel; latitude lines appear as concen-
tric circles around the pole (Figure 6e).
Except for the polar aspect. azimuthal
projections are more difficult to draw
than the cylindrical or conic versions.
Azimuthal projections. however. portray
Earth's roundness and unity, features
that are less apparent in the other two
projections.
 The Stereographic projection i~ the
mOSI widely used azimuthal proJeclion.
Hipparchus. the Greek astronomer and
father of trigonometry (2nd century
B.C.), is credited with its invention.
although it ..... a~ probably kno.....n to the
Egyptians. The Stereographlc projection
.....as u~ed only for Illap~ of the heaVl:ns un-
til the early 1500~ (Snyder. 1987). Thi~
prOjection can depIct only one hemisphere
at a time. Its polar aspect is used exten-
swely for maps of Antarctica and the po-
lar regions of other planct~ and s;ltelhtc~
(Figure 6c).
The Orthographic projection is proba-
bly the moM well known of the azimuth;ll
projections. Becallsc the perspective is
from an infinite di~tance. maps drawn
with Ihis projection appear as they would
from outer space. with a thrce-dimen-
sional effect (Figure 61). Its development
is also credited to j·hpparchus. who Ilsed
it for ~tronomical calcul;llions. The
Orthographic projection became poplll..r
during World War Il as world leaders
tried to empha~ize the global aspects of
the conflict (Snyder. 1987). It is seldom
uscd in atlases today. except for pictorial
views of the globe. because only one
hemisphere t'an be ~hown at a time and
distortion ncar the outer edges is severe.
The Azimuthal Equidistant projection
shows distances and directions correctly
from the point of tangency on earth's sur-
face and any other point on the map (Fig-
ure 6g). Maps based on this projection
usually show less than one hemi~phere.
The Egyptians probably used the polar
aspect for star charts. Navigators have
used it to chart coastlines based on dis-
tances and direclions oblained at sea.
This projcction is u~ed today in maps of
thc polar regions and continents and in
.....orld map~ for radio and .'>Cismie use.
The polar aspect is also used as the
emblem of the United Nations.
REMOTE SENSING
Before the invention of the airplane.
map making wa~ a profession based on ob-
scrvations made on rand or !>Ca. With the
ad\'ent of aviation. eamerJ..s could record
""hat only birds alld ballooni~b had ~een
previously. Remote-sen~ing technique~.
such a~ aerial photography and satellite
imagery. are used by xielltists. engi-
neers. alld carlographer~ to determine
land features. ~tudy seasonal changes in
vegetation and wildlife habitats. and eval-
uate damage cauM:d by geologic haz:lTds
such as f100d~. landslides. and active
VOrC;lnOCS.
•
t~1~~~~
(e) Stereogrophic (plonor or ozimvthol, polor o~pecl); (~ Or1ho·
grophic (plonor Or ozimvthol, obliqve ospect); ond (g) Azimuthol
Equ,di~tont (plonor or oz,mulhol. ",quolo,;ol oo.pe<:l).
• From Snyd",r, t987.
Vegetalional difference~ are reflected
in thc .~hades and pallerns that appear
in black-and-white aerial phologrJphs.
Heavy vegetation such a~ forests arc
medium to dark gray in color. whereas
gras~lands are light gray. Cultivated
fjcld~ 3re usually rectangular in shape.
Shadcs also give clues to wil and rock
type. Clays that retain moisture. for ex-
3mple. appear darker than dry sand. l3e-
eau~e the type of vegetation commonly
reflects the bedrock on which it grows.
vegetallonal variations can also be used
to delermine rock type (Zumberge and
Rutford. 1983).
Photoll1terpretation can be enhanced by
viewing aerial photo.'> stcreoscopically.
Two photos of the .'>:lIIle arca taken from
~Iightly differcnt positions can be o\'er·
lapped through the usc of a stereoscope to
~how the relief of the land. Each eye see~
only one of the photo~. bUlthe bmin com-
bines the two ill1ilges to produce a three-
dimension;ll view (Zurnbcrgc and
Rutford. [983).
False-color image~ arc cre:lted by ~atel­
rites that record infmred radiation from
earth. The mea~ured differences arc com·
puter-enhanced to produce a picture in
which the colors are not true to life: for
example. green vegetation may ~how
as red and water lllay appear black
CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY JU t1 1990
b
Figurll 6. SlllllCllld mop projiK'
lions: (0) MerColor (regulor cylindri·
col); (b) Tronsvene M"'rcolor (Iron~verse
cylindricol); (c) Obliqve Mercotor (obliqve
cylindricol); (dl Simple Conic (regvlor con'c);
(Zumberge and Rutford. 1983). Color
variation~ result from differences in
wgetatlon. soil. moisture. and rock
types. False-color images cre:lled by
E:trth Resource Technology Satellites
(comlllonly called Landsat) arc byprod-
ucts of the U.S. space progrJlll. Each
L;lndsat salellite circles the globe 14
time.'> a day. scan~ a particular area of
Earth more lhan 40 times a year. and cre-
ales images. each of which covers 115
square miles(U.S. Geological Survey.
198Iil). Thc frequency and amount of
eo\'Crtlge make satellite imagery esp.:-
cially useful in studying Earth's surface.
Satellite image.s, however. cannot show
the detail that aerial photographs can be-
cause they are taken farther from E:lTth'~
surface and thus. at a slllalier scale.
TYPES OF MAPS
A map b a graphic representation of
part of E:lrth's surface. Some types. such
as road maps. show the distribution of
fealure~ and manmade structures in two-
dimensional form. Other lypeS. ~uch as
topographic maps. illustrate the three·
dill1en~ional nature of Earth'.'> fealures on
a two-dimen~ional surface. Bccause geo-
logic structures are three-dimensional.
the l'llter type of map is more useful 10
geologist.'>.
153
 There arc basically four type~ of mapS:
planimetric. lopogmphic. photoim:lge.
and thematic. Planimctric maps show
natuml :lnd manmade features. such as
rivers. lakes. roads. milroads. towns. and
land boundarie~. but do not show relief
features. sueh as hills or valleys. The lat-
tcr may be labeled. however. A road map
is a pl:wimetric map. Topographic maps
show both features and land elevations.
Pholoim:lge maps. such as onhophoto-
quads and orthopholOmaps. arc derived
from aerial phOlogmphs that havc becn
corrected 10 eliminate distortions due to
perspective or camcrJ till. Thc~e maps
are related 10 standard coordinate sy~tems
but show details that do not usually ap-
pear on convcntional maps. Thematic
maps. or maps portrJying a special
theme. show information about:l specific
topic such as geology. minfall. popula-
lion. Mlil (pedology), or vegetation.
Thematic maps include geologic maps.
which ~how the position. structure. and
composition of rock units and surficial
materi:lls and the nature of boundarie~
between rock types. such as faults and
depositional contacts: geophysical maps.
which show variations in geophysical
properties. such as gmvity or magnetism
(Figure 2): hydrologic maps. which show
information about water resources: pedol·
ogic maps. which show distribution and
character of soils: liOd land-use maps.
which indicate the areas that arc being
used for agricultural. recreational.
wilderness. urban. or other purposes.
Because of their usefulness to the
profcssional geologist and bcc:luse they
arc often confused by the layperson. lOp-
ogmphic and geologic maps arc described
in furthcr delail in following sections.
Topographic MOP5
Every geologic process leaves a mark
on Earth's surf:lce. Wind and water ero-
sion. glaciation. and volcanism leave
their respective signatures as charac-
teristic landforms. Unlike other maps.
a topographic map shows these three-
dimensional imprints. as well as m:ln-
made features. Relief (mountains. hills.
valleys. and plains). bodies of water
(lakes. ponds. rivers. canals. and
swamps), and cultuml features (roads.
railroads, towns. and land boundaries)
arc depictcd on topographic maps.
On a comour map. relief is shown
through the use of contour lines - imagi-
nary lines on Earth's surfacc that connect
points of equal elevation above or below
sea level (Figure 7a). A contour interval.
""
FIgure 70. Portion 01 the 15·minute U.S. Geolog,col Survey Milford, Colilornio topographic quadrangle
mop (1:62,500 scolel. A geolog'c mop 01 the .ome oreO '0 ,h's figure i5 shown io Figure 7b on Ihe ne~1
poge. The oreo ,n Ihi. mop ,ndudes 0 POrtlOO ollhe Diomond Mounloin" a few mile, 5Oulhe051 of
Honey Lake, Lonen County. Geologis15 use bose mops like Ihis for moppIng geologic feolure,.
the clevation difference between t.....o adja- physical features and create~ ,I threc-
cent contour line~. is genemlly a eom.tant dimcn~ional effecl. Slope maps create thi\
value chosen according to the ground ~ame effect through the usc of different
slope and map scale: It !l1:ly v:lry. how. color~ and ~h:lde~ 10 indic:lle ~Iope
ever. on a singJc map to \how relief fea- sleepness.
tures more precisely. Contour intervab
range from 5 to 1.000 feet (Zumberge
and Rutford. 1983).
Widely spaced contours Indicate flat
:lTeas or arC:lS with a gem Ie slope.
whereas closely spaced contour~ indicate
steep terrain such as mountains or c1iff~.
Index contours. which arc usually every
fifth contour line and arc drawn with
heavier lines than other contours. list ele-
vations. Spot elevations may be given for
certain locations, such as mountain sum-
mits. road intersections. or lakes. Bench
marks indicale point!> at which the land Pholo I. Bran beoch mark sel in concrete. Th" i,
elevalion has been preci!>Cly determined o cootrol510'ioolhcl1 's port of nOlion-wide nel-
by survcying techniques and arc marked work 01 permanent su.....ey mooumen15 used for
on land by bms~ plates that arc penna- moppiog and other purposes. The preci5e eleva·
nenlly filled on the ground. These can be lioolrom a 5el datum plane. usually 5eO level, '5
.hown os "H 15 and indicates Ihi. 510lion;s 15
H
found on Ihe tops of remote mountains as
leel above .eo level. The preci5e locolion ollhi.
well as on the ~idewalk~ of major cities
slotion i. 0150 known and ;5 lied to the Notional
(Photo I). Each bench mark is shown on a Triongulolion Network. The Meodes Rooch
topographic map by the leiters "8M," triangulation .Iolion is located ot 10lilude
followed by a cross and the measured ele- J9·IJ'26.686"N .• loogitude 98·32·30.506.........,
vation. When contour lines cross stream- obout12 mile5 north of tUC05, Koo5O' and i'lhe
filled valleys or canyons shown on a map. bose point or origio olgeodelic po,ition5 and di.
they bend upstreafll: the contour resem- reclio05 in Ihe lrioogulotion net of the Uoited
bles lhe lellcr .. v .. with the apell pointing Slole,. The Meade. Ranch stolion i5 at the iunc-
lion ollhe moin e051_wesltronscontinentol trion-
upstream (Zumberge and Rutford. 1983).
gulOlioo orc, which slretche.lrom Ihe Allo"tic to
the Pocilic coo.15, ond Ihe moi" north'50uth are,
On a shaded-relief map. thc land is which follows opproximolely Ihe 98th meridion
shaded to simulate the effect that sunlight Irom the Conadion border 10 Ihe Rio Grande
would have on the term in. The paltern of River ollhe Mexican border. Pholo by Don
light and dark accentuales the shape of Dupr05.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY July 1990
 rocks are visible and can be identifted
in outcrops (ledges. fault scarps, and
streambanks) or in manmade excavations
(roodcuts. mmes, and wells). In areas
where the bedrock is cO\"ered. geologists
may be able to infer what the underlying
rocks are by studying surficial materials,
\"egclalion. landforms. and regional struc-
ture. Age-dating techniques are unique to
each rock type. The age of each rock unIt
is identified from fossils. bits of other
rocks included within it. radiometric dat-
ing. or from its position relati\"e to other
units. (Barring an episode of geologic up-
heaval. a sedimemary or volcanic rock
unit is always younger than the one below
it. a nalUral law that geologists call the
law of superposition.) Geologists also
study aerial photographs and preexisting
maps to fill in missing data and to corro-
borate field observations (U.S. Geological
Figure 7b. Geologic mop of the I.Qme area ltlown in Figure 70 on the pr.....OU1 page. Geologilts use
Sun·cy. 1982).
IOpogropNc bose MOps combined with field obsetVOllons 10 distinguIsh patternl as they mop the geo·
logic: units. For uomple. Rot lying YOkonic roclu {T"of unit on mopl often form hilll whereos eroded
moteriollike olluvium IQ ""it on mopl often fill \IOll.y Roo~ Thts mop is a compolonon 01 field nates The geologisl records the locations.
ond geologIC mops roughed out ,n the field and finalized in Ink on 0 deor plost>c: ~ by the geolo· types, and ages of the rock units and sur-
gtSI who inlMpreled the geology. Q • Quoternary mud and so;!; Qls _ Iondilide one! slump debris; ficial materials by using various colors or
Tvol • Miocene ondesit. Row.; T\lOp _ MIocene ondesde breccia and luff; hmo _ Mioc_ maffic: paucrns on a topographic base map. Stan-
andesite; roo _ Mioce.... intrusive onde1.ite; Kgr _ Cretoc:eous hombIende gronocioote;
1r -
dard pallerns have been adopted 10 distin-
_ - _'" • fouIt. doshed were opprollimate. 4o-r- • strike ond dip, direclton of Ioncklide. guish among rock types. The basic rock
units shown on a geologic map are called
formations. A formation is usually named
after a geographK: feature (mountain.
Geologic Mops
canyon. or town) near the area where the
A topographic map CO\"ers a specifIC JUSt as a person'S face may renect his unit was first identified. Using special
quandrangle. Standard quandrangle maps or her character. lhe face of Earth may symbols. the geologist records other sig-
are bounded by 7Y1 minutes each of lati- reveal what lies beneath ils surface. A nificanl observations on the map such as
tude and longitude (and is commonly geologic map shows how Earth would ap- faults, folds, conl3CtS between rock units.
referred 10 as a 7'h-minute "quad"). by pear if materials. such as vegetation. were and the strike and dip of formations (re·
IS minutes each of latitude and longitude stripped away (U.S. Geological Survey, spectively, the direction of a horizontal
(I S·minute quad), or by I ° of latitude and 1982). These maps use standard symbols. line within a unit and thc angle Ihatthe
roflongitude (10 x 2° quad: Table I). pallerns, and colors to depict the types unit slopes in outcrop).
The USGS has been producing standard and relative ages of rocks and surficial
topographic maps for 7Vz- and IS·minute materials, and the surface and subsurface The reliability of a geologic map de·
quadrangles in the United States since the associations of rock units (Figure 7b). pends on the number of observations
1880s. Although the aClUal area shown on made in Ihe field and the competence of
a quad map is not a Irue rectangle. the A geologic map is not easy to compile. the geologist. If there are few outcrops.
map appears to be rectangular because It requires many hours of fieldwork. keen little contrast between rock types, and a
it is drawn al such a large scale. observation skills. an ability to think hislory of complicated geologic events,
three-dimcnsionally. and imagination to geologists can make many plausible inter-
GO\"emment agencies and private in- envision how rock units were formed and pretations and several credible geologic
duslries use topographic maps as bases changed over geologic time. The first maps of the same area (U.S. Geological
for more specialized maps, such as geo- step includes studying areas where the SUI"\"e)'. 1982).
logic.land-use. soil. and road maps.
Specialized data are superimposed di-
rectlyon the topographic base sheet. Top- lA5lE 1. MAP SCAtES AND COlRESPONOING AlEAS ON THE GROUND.
ograpluc maps are also used by plannmg from U.S. G.oIogocol Sunoe): 1981b.
agencies to aid in selecling sites for high-
ways. aIrports. induslrial plants. pipe.
""'" Stondord Quadrangle

".- NR
on Mop Ouodrangl. Siz.
lines. powerlines. communication R.presents IlQl. lOttgl {Squo!"e Milell
facilities. and recreational areas (U.S.
Geological Survey. 1983). These maps 1:24,000 2,ooof..1 1l'.r • 7YI min"". 491070
1:62,500 neony t mile lS .15 minule t9710 282
are especially important in assessing and 1:250,000 neorly 4 miles 1'.2'0.1'.3" 4,580 to 8,669
managing natural resources. They also 1:1,000,000 nearly 16 miles "'.6' 73,73410102,759
serve as practical guides for camping.
hiking, fishing and hunting trips. '1'.3' is the .Iond<;..d size fa. quodrongl. MOpS 01 Alosko

CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY My 1990 '55

 Gcologic maps can be used 10 locate
minerJI dcposits becau!>C specific rock
types or structures (such as faults) are
oftcn associated with ~pedfic de~its.
They can also be used to locale wurccs of
groundwater or const ruct ion m:llerials
(sand and gravel. or flagstone) to deter-
mille the suit:lbility of areas for agricul-
lUre or urban development. or to idcntlfy
potential geologic hlu.ards (such as land-
~Iides or earthquakes). Geologic map~
provide an enormous amount of informa·
tion needed for deciphering EiHlh's long
and complex geologic hi.~t()ry.
WHERE TO OBTAIN MAPS
Divi$ion of Mine$ ond Geology
The Divi.'>lon of Mines and Geology's
Public Information Office provides di-
verse aspects of geologic and mining in-
formation 10 the public. Geological.
geophysical. and seismic maps ofCaJifor-
nia arc available for reference and/or for
salc. A good way to find out what Divi-
sion maps and other publications are
obtainablc for sale is to ~quest a free
"List of Available Publications" from:
Division of Mines and Geology. P.O.
Box 2980. Sacramento. CA 95812-2980
(please include your return address). Divi-
sion maps and publications can also be
ordered by mail from the above address.
Division maps and other pub1ication~
may be examined in person and/or pur-
{'hased directly over the counter at Divi-
sion l>Ublic Information Sales Offices at
thc following locations: Public Informa-
tion and Publications Officc, Division of
Mines and Geology. 660 Bcrcut Drive.
Sacr.ll11cnto. CA 95814-0131 (tel. 916-
445-5716); Division of Mines and Geol-
ogy. 107 Soulh Broadway. Room 1065,
Los Angeles, CA 90012-4402. (tel. 213·
620-35(0). and Division of Mines and
Gcology, 380 Civic Drive. Suite 100.
Plcasant Hill. CA 94523-1921 (tel. 213-
62().3560).
Out-of-print Division maps and other
publications may be consulted at the Divi-
sion Library facilities in the Sacramento.
Pleasant Hill. and Los Angeles offices.
Division Library eollcctions in SacrJ'
mento and Pleasant Hill also contain
other map resources which the public may
consull. Thest resources include histonc
mines and mineral resource maps. topo-
graphic maps. orthophotoquads. USGS
atlas folios. flood control maps. and a
VlI.ricly of other published maps and atlases
relatcd to the eanh sciences. Further in-
formation about map collections may
156
be obtamed by (:alling the S:l(:r:llllentO
library facility (tcl.916-327-1850) or lhe
Pleasant llilllibr.H) facility (lel 415-
646-5941).
u.s. Geologicol Survey
The Map Dlstnbutlon Section (MDS)
of the U.S. Geolo~lcal Survcy (USGS)
sells by mall all geologic and topographic
maps publishcd by the USGS. MDS dis-
tributes. free of charge. indices titled
"Index and Order Form for Topographic
Maps of Culiforniu" and "Index and Or-
der Form for Geologic Maps of Califor-
ma." Readers may request these indices
by writing: MOS. USGS Map Salcs. Fed-
eral Centcr. BO\ 25286. Delwer. CO
tl0225 (tel. 303-236-7477). Be ~llrc to
include )'our return addrcss.
The USGS Book and Report Sales
Office for the westcrn United States sells
the "List of USGS Geologic and Waler
Supply Maps of California" for $4.75.
This book includes all available USGS
geologic map publications specifically of
California. This book can be obtained
from: USGS Book and Report Sales. Box
25425. Denver. CO 80225. Include return
addre~~ and make checks jXlyable to the
U.S. Geological Survey.
The USGS has an mformation network
of Earth Science Information Center~ that
offer convenient o\·cr·the·(:ounter sales of
maps and reports of California. Informa-
tion questions arc also answered. There
arc three USGS Earth Science Informa-
tion Centers in California at the following
locations: Earth Science Information
Center, U.S. Geological Survey. 7638
Federal BUilding. 300 North LOll Angeles
Slreet. Lrn. Angeles. CA 90012 (tel. 213-
894-2850); Earth 5cicn(:c Information
Cenler. U.S. Geological Survey. Building
3, Room 3128, Mail StOp 532,345 f.'lid-
dlefield Road. Menlo Park. CA 94025.
(tel. 415-329-4390); Eanh Scicnce Infor-
mation Office. U.S. Geological Survey.
504 Custom House. 555 Battery Street.
San Francisco. CA 94111. (tcl. 415-556-
5627).
Although the popular USGS 7.5·mm·
Ole and 15-nunute quadrangle maps of
California arc available at Earth Scleoce
Informal ion Cenlers. they arc also fre-
quently sold at a variety of map stores.
sponing goods stores. and surveying and
mining equipment stores in rno!>! Califor-
nia cities. Locations lind telephone num-
bers of such store~ can be located in the
telephone book Yellow Pages under Ihe
heading "Maps-Dealers."
G\UFORNIA GEOLOGY
U.s. Bureau 01 land Monagement
The U.S. Bureau of Land f.lanagement
(BLM) compilcs and distrioolC\ maps of
California that indicate land ov.ncnohlp
~t:ltus. Privlltc. Federal. and State lamh
- such as parks. monument~. and llllli-
tary re'\Cf\~Jtlons - arc delineatcd. Map~
arc of V'Jrious '\Cales and many are of
I: loo.OCXl scale. The BLM also m:llntams
records of land holdings. For information
contuct: BLM. California State Offi(:e.
2800 Cottage Way, Room 2807. Sacra-
menlO. CA 95825. (leI. 916-978-4754).
There arc foor additional BlM dl\tnct
offices where thc public cun go for the
over-the-coumer ~ales and IOforrn:llIon
aboulthosc particulur arcus. These
offices arc locatcd althc followlOg
uddresscl>:
ijlM Bukersfield District. 800 Tru)l(un
Avenue. Room 302. Bllkersfield. CA
93301 (tel. 805-861-4191):
BLM California Desert Diwict. 1695
Spruce Street. Riverside. CA 92507, (tel.
714-351-6383):
BlM Susanville District. P.O. Box 1090.
705 nail Street. Susanville. CA 96130
(lcL 916-257-5381): and
BlM Ukillh District. 555 Le~lie Strcet.
Ukiah. CA 95482. (tel. 707-462-3873).
U.S. Forestry Service
Thc U.S. DcjXlrtrnenl of Agriculture
(USDA) Forestry Service prejXlfCS and
sell~ recrcalional maps of Federal forestry
lantls in Californiu. For addltlonalmfor-
mation write or telephone: U.S. Depan-
lIIent of Agriculture Forestr) Service.
Public InqUIries. 620 Sansome Slreet.
San Fnmcisco. CA 941 II (lcl. 415-
705·2890).
Depository Librarie$
Map~ of California. including many
rare hhtorical maps. can be examined ut
certain Jibruries within the ~talc desig-
nated as ·'depository libranc~." Such
librarics recelvc copies of .. II Fedcral and
State lIIaps of California sold to the pub-
lic. Deposllory hbr.tries in California 10·
dude; The SCutc Library in SaCTlllllento
(tel. 916-322-4570). all Uni\'Crsity of Cal-
ifornia campus hbmries, and municipal
librJry systems in Los Angeles. San
Diego. San FranCISCO. und Oakland. All
Californiu Statc Unl\'Cf.'olt)' libmries and
California Junior Collcge librarie~ con-
tam extensive collections of maps. Many
cOlllmuOlty librJne~. historical societies.
and private institutions throughout Cali-
fornlil also have notable map collections.
 REFERENCES

Borlcer, Vicki, 1986, forhort's disap~oronce
linked to mop, New Hayen Register, Decem·
ber 21. p. A4B.
Chamberlin, Wellmon, 19S0, The round eorth on
flol paper; mop prolecr,ons used by co"ogro·
phers: Notionol Geographic Society, 126 p.
Compron,Il:.R., 1962, Monuol of field geology:
New York.. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., 378 p.
Fabiano. E.B., ond Peddie. N.W.• 1980. Magnetic
declinorion in the United States -epoch
1980: U.S. Geologicol Survey Miscelloneou.
Inyestigotions Series Mop 1-1283. scole
1:5.000.000.
Hines, RA. 1986, Mop location literacy - how
well does Johnny Geologisr reodi; Discus-
.ion: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
y. 97, nO. 10. p. 1283.
JennIngs, C.W.. 1977. Geologic mop of Colifor·
n,o: Colifornio Diyision of Mines and Geol-
ogy Geolog'c doto mop no. 2, "ole
1:750,000.
Merrill, GJ(, 19860. Mop locotion lirerocy ~
how well does Johnny Geologist reodi:
Geological Soclery of America Bullerin,
Y. 97, no. 4, p. 404-409.
Mer"lI, G.Irl, t986b, Mop locotion IIterocy-
how well does Johnny GeologIst reod1; Re-
ply: Geological Society of America Bullerin.
y 97, nO. 10. p. 1284.
Merrill, G.K., 1987, Mop location lirerocy _ how
well doe. Johnny Geolog ..1 reod~; Reply:
Geolog'col Society 01 Ame,ico Bulletin, y. 98,
no. 5. p. 619-620.
Nelson, R.E., 1987, Mop locotion I,rerocy _ how
well does Johnny Geolog'st reodi; Discus_
sion: Geologicol Society of Americo Bulletin,
Y. 9B, no. 5. p. 618.
Roisz, f<Win, 1962, pril\Ciples of cortogrophy:
McGraw-HilI, New York.. 315 p.
Snyder, J.P.• 1987. Mop proiections - a worleing
manual: U.S. Geologicol Survey Professionol
Poper 1395, 383 p.
Srrohler, A.N., 1981, Pl>ysicol geology: Harper &
Row, New Yorle, 612 p.
Thompson. M.M" 1979. Marx for Americo: U.S.
Geologicol Survey, 265 p.
U.5. Department of Ihe Army, 1969, Mop read-
ing: fM 21·26.
U.S. Deportmenr of rhe Atmy, 1983, Grid. and
grid references. TM 5_241_1,
U.S. GlIOlogicol Survey, 1978, Topogrophic mops:
brod'ute, 27 p.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1979, Topographic mops;
silent guidel for ourdoorsmen: pamphlet.
U.S. Geolog<col Survey. 1954. Sacromenro eosr
ql>Cldrongle, Socromento County, 7.S·minute
series (topogrophicl, scale 1:24,000.
U.S. Geological Survey, 19810, How to order
londsat imoges: pamphlet.
U.S. Geologicol Survey, 1981b, Mop scoles:
pamphier.
U.S. Geologicol Survey. 1982, Geologic mops;
portraits of the eorth: brochure. 19 p.
U.S. Geological Survey. 1983. Topographic mops;
lools for planning; pamphler.
Zumberge, J.H" ond Rutford, R,H~ 1983, loboro·
lory monuol for physical geology, si~th edi·
tion: Wm. C. Brown Co.. Dubuque, 187 p. ~

Greenwich Mean Time

Tines of latitude have definile starting
L and finiShing poinls because they
are nleasured in degrees starting from the
0" latitude atlhe equator and increasing
to 9O"N. at lhe Nonh Pole or 90°5. atlhe
South Polc. For lines of longitude. how·
ever. there are no naturJI slarting and
finishing points and the Slarting poim i:.
therefore arbitrary. Longitude lines, or
meridians. arc imaginary nonh-south
lines that pass through the North and
SOUlh poles.

Prior to the ISSOs many European

countries adopted their own zero meridi-
ans that were used to determine the daily
time standard for that panicular count ry.
These local limes were more or lesl> ad-
justed to the position of the sun at noon-
time on a certain area. such as at a capital
city. At that time the speed and efficiency
of transport by train and ship allowed an
expanding number of travelers to visit for-
eign countries. However. travel timetables
became confuslIlg because of the differ-
cnttime zones. Many tra\'elers missed
their scheduled rides on railroads and
ships because they could not keep abreast
of the correct times in different countries.

PhOl0 1. Geophysicist osrridethe prime meridion ..

in front of the Royal Greenwich Ob.ervorory.
fnglond. Photo by Margie Young<.

CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY July 1990 157

It became necessary to find a common
international zero meridian so that a
common time standard could be used
(Malin and StOll. [984).

In 1884 an international conference of

astronomers met in Washington. D.C.
and decided that the line passing through
the RO)"oIl Greenwich Observatory ncar
London .....ould be adopted as the world
standard prime meridian, All other lines
of longitude are numbered east or west of
the Greenwich meridian and increase to
180" EaSI or 180" West. For example. the
longitude of Sacramento is 121"29'2r
Wcst of the Greenwich meridian. Follow-
ing acceptance of the prime meridian.
most countries adopted a universal time
7.one sy~tem based on the Greenwich
mendian, called Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT). Univers.ll Time (UT). or Zulu
Time (ZT), Twenty-four time zones were
adopted with 7.one ooundarics determined
by local governments,

Royol Greenwich Observatory

Many disa~ters at sea in the 17th and

18th centuries were directly caused by ig-
norance of position. One nOlable disaster
occurred when an English fleet was
wrecked on the rocks of the Scilly Islands
with the loss of over 2.000 lives. Admiral
Shovel!. who was in charge of the f1eel.
believed he was safely headmg into Ihe
English Channel.
Determining latitude at sea could be
ochieved by celestial observalions. Reck-
oning longitude at sea when landmarks
.....ere not available. ho\I.·ever. was much
more difficult. To solve Ihe problem, in
1674 King Charles II assigned the Eng-
lish aSlronomcr. John Flamsleed, to build
the Royal Greenwich Observatory. It was
finished in 1676 and is the oldest existing
aSlronomical observatory. Astronomers
believed that. like latilude. longitude
could be determined by astronomical
observation (Malin and StOlt. (984).
By carefully observing the Moon and
the Slars with telescopes. a ralher compli-
cated method of locating ships at sea was
developed. called the "lunar distant
method." The lunar distant method
proved to be difficult 10 usc and prone to
error. For example, a measurement error
of only one minute of arc in the position
of the Moon would resull in an error in
longitude on Ihe surface of the Earth of
aooul 30 miles (Malin and StOll. 1984).
Photo 2. n.. gote clock oubid. the courtyard 01 rho Royal Gre.nwich Obs......otory. It IhoW1
Gr••nwich M.on Time rhroughout rho ~ar. Pltoro by tel YOllngl.
Time
A more effeclive solution to the prob-
lem of finding one's longitude at sea was
the invention of an accurate chronometer.
or clock. [n 1728 an English carpenter
nllmed John Harrison presenlcd the first
accurate marine chronometer that could
keep prccise time for months on end, In
relation to the sun, the Earth rotates one
degree of longitude every four minutes. If
a timepiece were set to the time at a loca·
lion where the longitude was known-
such as the Greenwich meridian - then
as the ship proceeded on its voyage. the
difference between "Greenwich time"
and the time on board Ihe ship (usually
taken when the sun was direclly overhead
- or local noontime) would provide the
longitude of the ship and ils distance in
miles east or ~'Cst of the Greenwich
meridian (Lewis. 1982). By the mid-
1700s marine chronomelers were used
worldwide as an effective means of
finding longitude at sea.
Scienlists at the Royal Greenwich
Observatory kepi the precise time with
clocks and periodically adjusted Green-
wich Mean Time from astronomical 00·
servations. Greenwich Mean Time was
distributed by means of a large bright red
"time ball" located at the Observatory
that could be easily seen from the sur-
rounding area. The ball was cranked by
hand up a tall pole on top of tnc: roof of
Aamsteed's house al the Observalory and
released by an astronomer in the base-
ment precisely at I p.m. each day. The
time ball lit Greenwich was the world's
first public lime signal and was easily
seen from ships on the Thames and in the
nearby Port of London. AI the moment
the time ball dropped, mariners set their
chronometers and took Greenwich Mean
Time to sea so they could accuratcly find
their longitude. Similar time balls were
used throughout the world before observa-
lories scnt oottime signals by telegraph
or radio (Malin and StOll. 1984).
DQII Dllpms. DMG.
REFERENCES
l.w'•• 8renda Rolph. 1982, Th•••orch lor long,_
rude: Oc.onl, JonU'Ory, p. 18-23.
Molin, Sruort, and Sroh, Coral., 1984, The
Gre.nwich meridian: W 5 Cowell Ltcl .• SO p. ~

15. CAUFORNIA GEOLOGY

 Mine Safety
1893
M an has mined minerals from the
Earth for over 6.000 years and un-
derground mining has historically been
arduous and dangerous. Occasional cave-
ins. pop-outs. c:..plosions. and ocher
accidents have killed or injured miners
Ihroughoullhc world. However. because
of improved equipment and increased
safety practices. incidents of mining :Ied-
dCnl~ in the United States have greatly
decreased since the early 1970s. The
following excerpt from California SI:lIc
Mining Bllrcau Bulletin No. 18. Till'
Motlier Lode Region of Ctlfi/urllio (1900)
by W. H. Storms. p. 40-42. describes
safety procedures u~ed in Mother Lode
gold mines of California at the turn of the
cemury. Mining operations in Californi:l
today must adhere 10 numerous FedcrJl
and Slale safety rcgulations. and thcse
operations are inspcclcd rcgularly.

MINE BELL SIGNALS

II having come to my IIolice tllol in some locali-
ties the legalized code of mine bell signals is not
in use, it oppeors imporlonl to call Ollention 10
the fact thaI the California Slate legislOlure
adopted a code of mine bell ,ignols May 1, 1693,
which should be odopled by all mines regard Ie.,
of custom or diffe.enl practice elsewhe.e. The.e
is a liability ouoclled fa. Ihe liOn-use of Ihe legal
,ignol code. fa. the benefit of Colifo.n;o mine"
the legal "gnol code is he.e published.
California Code of Mine Bell
Signals
1 bell, to hoist. See Rule 2.ISee Iisl of rules
below.]
I bell, to Slap, if in motion.
2 bells, to lower. See Rule 2.
3 bells, man to be hoisted; run slow. See Rule 2.
4 bells, start pump if not running, or stop pump if
running.
1-3 bell" start A. slop oir·compressor.
5 bells, send down tools. See Rule 4.
6 bens, send down limbers. See Rule 4.
7 bells, occident; move bucket Or cage by verbal
orde" only.
1-4 bell., foreman wonled.
2-1-1 bells, done hoisling until called.
2-1-2 bells, done hoisling for the day.
2-2-2 bells, change buckets from o'e 10 wale.,
a. vice vena.
3-2~1 bells. ready 10 shoot in lhe shaft. See
Rule 3.
Engineer'••ignol that he i. ready to hoist is to
raise the bucket or cage two feet and lower il
again. See Rule 3.
level••holl be de.ignoled and in.erted in
notice hereinafter mentioned. Se. Rule 5.
Mine hoist, Empi.e minll. The m,ne" we'e lowered into III. mine to begin thll wo.k of Ihe .hi/t.
DMG Photo File.
Rules
Fa. thll pu'po.e 0/ enforcing and property
underslonding the above code a/signals, the
following rules o.e he.eby established:
RUlE 1. In giving signals make st.okes on bell at
regular inlervols. Thll ba. (-I must toke the .ome
time as for one stroke of lhe bell, and no more.
If timber, lools, the fo.emon, buckel, or cage are
wonted to Slap at any level in Ihe mine, .ignol. by
null' be. of slrokes On the bell, the number 0/ the
level fi"t before giving the .ignol fa. limber, tool.,
etc. Time betwllen .ignols 10 be double ban
(- -I. Example"
6-- -5 would mean to slop at sixth level with
tool•.
4__ 1_1_1__1 would mean stop at fourth
level, man on, hoi.t.
2- -1-4 would mean slopol.econd level
with foreman.
RUlE 2. No person muSI get off Or On Ihe
buckel Or cage while the some is in motion. When
men are 10 be hoisted, give Ihe signal fa. men,
Men mu.1 then get on the bucket Or cage, then
give Ihll signal 10 hoist. Bell cord must be in reach
01 the men on the buckel or cage 01 slotion.
Ruu 3. Alte. signal "Ready to shoot in shalt,"
engineer must give the signal when he is .eodf to
hoist Mine" must then give the signal of "Men to
be hoisted," then "spil/u,e," gel inlO the bucket,
and give the signal to hoist.
RUlE 4. All timber, tools, etc., "lange. than lhe
depth of the bucket," 10 be hoisted or lowe,"d,
must be secu.ely lashed at the upper end to the
coble. Miners must know they will .ide up or
down the shaft without catching on 'o<:ks a.
limbers and being thrown oul.
RUlf 5. The foreman will seelho! One prinled
sheet 0/ lhe,e ,ignols and rules lor each level and
One for the engine·.oom are attached to a board
not Ie.. than twelve inches wide by thirty-six
inches long, and ,ecu.ely /osten the boord up
where signals can beeolily read at the places
above stated.
RUlE 6. The above signals and 'Ullli must be
obeyed. Any violotioll will be sufficienl g.ound,
fa. discharging the party or parties so doing.
No pe.son, company, co.porotion, or individual
operaling any mine within the Stale 0/ Colilo.nio
sholl be responsible lor occiden!s that may hop·
pen to men disobeying the above rules and sig.
nols. Said notice and rules sholl bll signed by the
person or .uperintendent having charge of the
mine, who sholl designole Ihe nOme of the
corporation or owner o/Ihe mine.
The Law
Section 3 of the low ,oys: "Any person a. com·
pony foiling to corry out any of the provi,ion. 0/
this Act sholl be .esponsible fa. all damages aris-
ing to or incurred by any pe"on working in soid
mine during the lime a/such failure." ~

CAlIFORNtA GEOLOGY July 1990 159

 Earthquake Safety Award
T he California Earthquake Safely
Foundation presented the "Alfred E.
Alquist A.....ard for Achievement in Earth-
quake Safety" 10 Stanley Scott of Laray-
clle :mu ChrislOphcr Arnold of Palo Allo
during California Earthquake Prcp:Hcd-
nc~s Moruh (April 1990). The prc.~cnI3­
lion~ were made by Found,ltioll Chairman
Wilfcru Peak 31 the annual award~ lunch-
eon held in April. in S'lcramcnlo. The
award. :m engraved silver mcd:llJion. IS
given [0 recognize indll'iduals who have
made OUI~I;tnding com ribulion~ 10 sci\lllic
safely in CaliforlU3. II is n,lIlled for Sl.lte
Senator Alfred E. Alquist. a long-lime
supporter of sci~mic ~arclY progr.l1m. III
California.
Stonley Seolt
Stanley SCOlt, adminlslralOr and fC-
~ar(hcr 31 the University of California at
Berkeley .'>ince 1941. b A.'>sislam Direclor
of the [n.'>tilute of Governmenlal Studies.
a position he has held since 1958. His
inlerest in earlhquake hazard mitigation
began in the early I950s and continues
loday. He ha.'> .'>Cn'Cd in variou.'> consult-
ing and othcr capacities for the Pre.'>ident·s
Office of Science and Technology: the
We.'>lern Governmenlal Re.'>carch A.'>.'>ocia-
tion: lhe California Joinl Commillee on
Sel'mic Safely: the Nalional Science
Foundation: The California Coastal Zone
Conscrvallon Commission: and the Bay
Area Regionul Earthquake Prcparednes.'>
ProJect. lie hus been a vulued member of
the California Seismic Safety Commi.'>-
.'>ion .'>ince its inception in 1915. and ha.'>
.'>Crved tenm both as Chillrman and
Vlce-Chamnan of thai organll.ation.
Scott n:ceivcd ,I number of Olher pre,tl-
glou.'> CIVic and profcssional aw,lrd, for
hi.'> ~·ontrlbution.'> 10 the under,tanding
and mllig,Itl0n of earthquake hai':ard.'>.
The.'>C indude a commendation from the
California orncc uf Emergency Services.
and a resolution from the California Leg'
blalure for his effon, on behalf of the
JOll1l Committee on Sel.'>mie Safel)'
(predece.'>.'>or 10 Ihe Seismic Safely Com·
mi"ion). lie ha., wril1en or has been
coauthor of n13ny [Japer, dealing "ith
earthquu"e halard, :lrld mitigation.
publi,hed locally and nationally.
Christopher Arnold
Chrislopher Arnold has been involved
in research on archileclurul a,pecls of
e;lrthquakc, .'>lnce 1916. lie i, lhe fiN
archilectto be hunored by the Foundation
with the Alquist Medal. Following lhe
October 11. 1990 Lolna Prieta earthquake
he was .'>clel'ted by GOvernor Dcukmejian
a.'> a lIlember of the select panel of expert~
"tuJying the eoltap~e, of lhe Inter.'>tate
880 viaduct and lhe Oakland Bay Bridge.
Arnold i~ a grudualc of London Unlvcr-
"ny: he received an M,A, degree in Ar-
chitecture fronl Standford Unlver.'>lly. He
i~ the cO:lUthor of a lext entitled "Huitd-
ing Configur.Jtion and Se"mk Dc.'>lgn.··
whIch has been lrun"lated imo ,ever:ll
language.'> induJing Ru",ian. He i~ the
author of a number of other arl1e1e, and
papers on the architecture of sei.'>Elllc de-
,ign. Arnold has pre,ellled lIlany profe,-
,ion'll work"hop.'> and seminar.'> on .'>ei.'>rI1ic
de.'>ign and e:mhquake h'llard, mitig,l-
lion. and has .'>[Xl"en on the subjecl before
numerous lechnical group,. He i.'> a mem-
ber of the Ad Hoc C01l1nullee on lhe
International l),:eaJe of Naturul I-Ialard
Reduction. "pon,on:d by the National
Re<,earch Council.
He has frequent I) been a con~ultant on
earthquake-related maller, for the Na-
lional Science Foundation. and ha.. mve.'>-
ligated the effect' of carthqua"e.'> in man)
location~ around the world 11\ recent
year,. Hi.'> "petial area., of expcrll"c
inelude recon,truellun and tempor:lry
.'>hellers after earthquake.'>: de.'>ign :md
consl ruct ion of archileclurJI cOIl1fl\JIlenh
10 reduce d;1l11age by earlhqu;lke,: and the
cffecb of earthquakes on re.'>idences.
ho~pitah. and ~chuob.
The Foundation
The California Earthquake Safety
Foundation i" a nonprofit pUblic bcnefit
cor[Xlration dedicaled 10 raising the level
of public awarene.'>s and commitment to
earthquake safely in California. Funding
of lhe Foundation is entirely by don,l-
lions. which are fully tax-deductible.
Individuals and cor[Xlration.'> concerned
aboUI future earthquake .'>afety in Califor-
nia may eomribute direclly to the Foun·
dation. P.O. Box 22912. Sacrame11lo.
California. 95S22. ,. lVilfml W. P/'{/k,
Colijol"l/i(l E(lr/!lqlwkl:' Sa/l:'ly FOlil/dation. ~

Trivia
(1) Thl.' I,!cographlc cemer of an area mOl> be 'kfin.:d u, lhe center of
~ra\ily of Ihe ~urfacc. or lhal pOln1 on "'hlch lhe ,url'ace oflhe
arl'U would balance if il "ere a plane ofunlforrn Ihlckne" Where
1) lhe geographiC eenler of CalJforllla'!
(2) flow old IS lhe olde)1 known ~eologlc map"
(3) The lenglh of lhc day" dClcrnlln.:d by Ihe rOlalLon of Ihe bnh
l>y u)lng a.'>trontlmieal ob\erVal'on Ho".:vcr. becau,e the l:anh
ha) a nonuniform rale "f rOlal,on and a unlformt,mc: ,cate I' re-
qUITed for many llOllng appllcatlon,. ho" do )<:,.'nt,)l, delcrnllnc
lhe leng.lh of a )ecood"
(-I) Where did Ihe term, "a.m, .. for morning and "I'. m .. fur e~elllnj;
UTlj;lnm.··!
(51 Why wa, a "leap ,eeond" added 1O [he off'e,alllmc el'lc~, rUT Ihe
"urld nn IkccmlJ.cr J I. 19S<J'
ANSWERS
(I) The geographIC cenler 01 California is 38 miles eosl of lhe lown of
Mode'o, Madero Counly.
(21 A 3,l00·yeor-old popyrus scrolt, depicling gold minel in ancient Egypt,
's the oldesl known geolog'c mop and the eorHest ev,dence of geologi.
col thought Known 0> the Turin Popyrus, it portroys mountoins, volley..
roods, m'ne quo"ie,. a well, and house" It is one of Ihe eorlie'l known
mOpl from onc,enl l,mel.
(3) In 1967 scienh'll ogreed 10 define the second os "9.192,631,770
penods of rod'ohon derived from on energy·level tronsihon in the ce-
,"um otom,~ In olher words, the meo'ured frequency of on eleclron ,pln·
n,ng around the nucleus of 0 cesium otom is the method scient"I' use to
determ,ne lhe length of 0 second. This type of measurement" called on
"Ol0mic c1ock,~ and th,s accuracy i' necelSory for many .t<enT,fic oppl,.
c0100ns. For example, Voyager WI encou"ler wilh Neptune could not
have been nov,goted w,lhout the precision of on olomic clock.
(41 The le,ms onte me"d,em and PO" m.md,em ore lOI,n for "before noon"
10bbrev'0led o,m.) and "olrer noon~ (abbreviated p.m.).
(5) The overage doy is g'oduolly lengthen,ng due 10 a numbflr of foctors.
The sloshing of wale, on Ihe surface of the EOMh octs in a broke-like
losh'on 10 slow Ihe rotOI,on by lwo 10 five milli'econd, a cenlury
Il:ed'slrobuhon of mogmo w,th,n Ihe Earth can decreose the rotOlion
,peed of the Earth; oboul 57 seconds hove been lost ,n lh;s manner
since 1900. Exceplionolly slmng eoSl·west winds .lowed lhe rolOlion 01
the Earth by a half a milli.econd over a ten·doy pe..od ,n Jonuory 1990.
Th,s wos Ihe lorgesl slowdown due 10 weothe' since 1984. :x-

160 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY

A Page for Teachers

Rock
Crossword Puzzle
R ock h defined as an aggregate of one or more minerals or a body of undirrercn-
Ilaled mineral matter. Rocks are broadl)' classified into three groups: (I) igneous
rocks. (2) sedimentary rocks. and (3) metamorphic rocks. For basic informaTion on
rocks sec Division of Minc~ and Geology Special Publication 33. "Minerals and
Rocks" ($1.00), available from DMG. P.O. Box 2980. Sacramento, CA 95812-2980.

The crossword puzzle can be used as a special inlerest activity after a ba~ic lesson on
rocks. It is suitable for grades 61hrough [2. Pllz;11' CO/lr/l',fy O/ClUO/ S/(/(/IIIII, Dept"1-
IIlt'lll ojGeofogiml Sdellct's, C/Jliforn;() Sill//.' Ullirersily. Fllllerloll,

ACROSS ClUES , .,- • , ,

I' 1 1 ~
I
1. sedimentary 'o,h otc~m...lote in
4. plo!I!Y metamorphic rock full 01 mico
,,- ~ ~ e- •
9. an ignea... ~ ratk wilh ha le5 and f1owline5
11.• edimentary rock compo.ed 01 rounded
I"
" e- "
pebble.
12. parent ratk of marble 1 1 e- f--- -
14.•edimentary rack that lorms aro...nd springs
15. light colored cry.talline ign..o... ~ rod ~ '---- ~ ~

Cammon in the Sierra Nevada

16. dark calar..d cry~tallized ignea.... rod ~ ,,- I"
22. a foamy volcanic ratk that floc!> in water
23. a hard black arganic ...dimentary ratk
24. a metamarphic ratk with bands of calor
~ ~ - "
2S. ~edimentary ratk campased al angular f---
grav.. 1
f-
" 1 -
'---- f-
DQWNClUES
~
I" " " ,,- r,o
2. sedimentary ro<k Iram mud
3. a salt sedimenlory fo<k composed 01 plant f--- e- ~ ~ e- f---
Irogmenb
f- L-- f--- f--- e- f---
5. slalatrite~ or.. calcium.
6. shale und..r pr....ur.. becam..... '" f- f- f---
7. a partially crystallized igneau. ratk
8. sedimen!> cemented togelher lorm rock
1"1 I" I ~ e- f-
10. a ~ne powder exlNded from volcano .
13. a plutonic igneous rack composed of huge e- '---- ~ e- ~
crystals and gems
17. this volcanic rack form~ oceanic cNstal plal..s
18. a glossy extrusive volcanic rock
L-- ,.
19. sandstone is lhe parent rod of this mela·
marphic rack
20. th.. ~ .. lo..i1 ~h ..lI. produc.. dialamite
21. acid causes corbono'e rocks '0 ... "I
See p. 162 for an.wers to Ro<k Crossword F\luJe. ~

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY July 1990 161

 You are invited to attend the national
1990 ANNUAL MEETING
of the
ASSOCIATION OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS

"Engineering Geology For The 90's"

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
October 1·5, 1990 PtTTSBURGH
'" ;; .......
TECHNICAL PROGRAM

• Mine Subsidence· Hazardous Waste In- • Professiooal Registr3tioo for Geologists;

vestigations & Remediation· Rock Slopes
• River & Lakeshore Stability & Erosions
• Problems of Appalachian Geology· Ap-
plying Computers to Landslide Problems
• Dam Foundations & Rehabilitation
• Facility & Environmental Siting SlUdies
• HydrogeologylHazardous Waste
SHORT COURSES
• Application of Microcomputers to Rock
Slope SlabililY Analysis· An Introduction
to Geosynthctics: Selection Dcsigo. &
Applicatioo to Wastc Facilities· Geologi-
cal Aspects & Issues of Nuclear Waste
Disposal· Environmeotal Applications of
Engineering Geophysics
SYMPOSIA
• Mine Subsidence - Prediction aod
Control (32 P:lpers. Oct. 2 & 3)
History. Need. Currcot Status
FIELD TRIPS
• Ciocionati to Pillsburgh (pre-meeting
trip) • Hazardous Waste Landfills
• Dams & Highway Constructioo • Local
Pittsburgh Geology Tours
EXHIBIT PROGRAM
• Featuring over 55 Compaoies with
reserved Exhibit Booths· Exhibit area
is io the Centrally located Ballroom of
the Hilton Hotel (Space still available!)
To request a brochure and for
further information on exhibits and
registrations contact: AEG. MEMS •
P.O. Box 270· Greensburg. PA 15601 •
(412) 836-6813' 800-343-5129' 800-
441-1674 (in PA)' Fax (412) 836-6817 ~

(From page 161) ••• I'LIA YIE R '5 "P l§"c H I '51IJ
H A fiL
P A '5 A R 1'1. AV A
It ONG LOM ERA T E B T 5
R E 0 0 E H
Answers to Rock P
H P l1 M
IMESTO NE
A
Crossword Puzzle ~ E E T U FIAI
~Y M
ORA N I T E
T
~

A t; AB BR t>
T R A B 'Q 1>
I Y 5 5 U I
F T A I A A
I>UM I e E COlA L 0 R ~
Z T I T 0
Z A Z ~
G NE I 5 5
T
'DR E e ell A

162 CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY

 Books r....iewed in thiS seclion o,e nol ovoiloble lor pv,chose F,om DMG.

Book
Reviews
GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION OF ARIZONA.
AnzonaGeological Society Digest 17. Ed-
ited byJ.P. Penny and 5.1. Reynolds. 1989.
Arizona Gcological Society, P.O. Bo~
40952, Tucson, AZ, 85717. 866 p. 560.00.
hard cover. prepaid (includes postage and
handhng).

Seven years In the making, lhe 35 papers

In thiS volume summarize the Slr~tigraphic.
structural. and tcctonic (ValUlion of Arizona
from Precambrian through Quaternary lime.
Intended as a compendium of current knowl-
edge of Arizona geology. the papen; synlhes-
iu previous .....00; with new data. ideas. lind
concepts as well as identifying unresolved
problems fOf" fUlUrc research. Emphasis IS
placed on the geologic evolution of the state
as a whole ralher than specific local areas.
The papers arc organized in ttrms of geo-
logic eras: Proter01:Oic. P:alco'toic. MesozOic.
and Cenozoic. The concluding secllon offers
topical studies in the areas of gcuphYSlcs.
indusuial minerals. uranium. oil and gas.
geothermal resources. hydrogeology. and en-
vironmental geology. California ~aders WIll
- ·'--_ __'·'-_c~"- _

_ .• ,--_.
__'~'-_C~"__~~

SYMBOLS
....l...._. _.
__, t"',
o
CJ ...
CJ , , ."
-.--- . ......
_---.....
I , ...,

-.-.--
find much of interest In thiS research volume

........__
because many of the tectonic processes that
I:::J
........ ........ ....,...,._.....
n........" ...K ...' .....
formed Arizona also affected the develop-
ment of this state.
"~._

.
G.ologic mop 01 the lo~e Mead area, nor1h.
w.,I.rn Arizona. loulhern Nevada, and south.
eastern Colilomio. The la, Vegol Volley Iheor
zone (LVSZI and the Lo~e Mead sheor zane
(LMSZl connect areas of extensionolloulling i...
° monner ,imilor to !hot 01 transform Ioul!s thcr1
conned ac.c",ic ,preoding cenlers. AI! of the
extensio... i... the northern Colorodo River t,ough
wos transformed northwestward by Ihe LVSZ or
nor1heostword by the LMSZ. Reconslruction of
stri~e-slip fouln allow, reconstruction to °p'e·
edensional configuration. Data allowed lor 34
miles of righl-Iole,ol slip on the LVSZ to be reco ... -
llrucled. restoring the soulhealtern McCullough
Range 10 locality {II (arrow ,epr.lenls rKon-
ItnKlion vedorl. This reconllruction r.oligns the
\'Vtie..ler Pass thOVlt (WPT) with !fl. Go.. Peok
thovst,GPl1 and !fI.. K"Y'lone thov'I (KT) With !fl.
Muddy Mounloins thovst!MMT). Reltorohon of
12 mil..s 01 movement on one branch of th.lMSZ
judoposes each half 01 the Hombl,n Boy-Cleopa-
t,o volcano (HCV) and movel the southeastern
McCullovgh Range to !fie l'lOI1Ileast po....on (21
Restoration of 40 mil.l of lotol dllploc.",.nl of
the LMSZ realign, a dISI.....ch. deposihongl con·
tact berwee ... T.r1lory and pre- TerTtory rocks at
Fr.nchmon Mo!.onto,n (Iacobon Al wi!fl a very
.imilor conlocl in !fie .outhern Viri,n Mounlolns
!location BI. and 'estor.1 rh. south.olrern
Oblique oenol view of a Pleislace...e age lava flow. show....... dark" From a ci... der co"'e i... upper m,ddle MtCuliough Rang. to ° position adjacent to
of photo. The lacolio... 01 Ihis o,eo is a lew miles north 01 Flogsloff. Arizona. PIlaIo by Peter l('elO.... !fl. Colo'odo Plateau (3J. GBF • Gold Butr.Io......

CALlfORNI.... GEOLOGY Jul,I990 163

 .. Oblique aerial View of spIres, bulles, and mesas
01 Monument Volley, nortll 01 rile rown 01 Koy-
enro, nOrllleostern Arizona View,s to 'lie north
Spire, ,n tile middle of photo are called "Torem
Poles The uppermost rock cop' on the bultes
H

north 01 the TOlem Poles Ore mode of rile Toos"c

ShInarump Member 01 the Chinle Formol,on and
are underlaIn by the TnalSlc MoenkopI Forrno-
han. Pholo by Pefer KreJon,

DraWIng 01 on old wooden stomp mIll used to

cru,h ore, Cl(CO early 1900s,

Mlllcral rc,uun:e, arl" al"'l lIldudcd

In hi' c"ay, "Tcl'lOm,' Sctl1n~ uf Arllumt
Through G<"ulugl<: Tune:' William Old IIt-
,on prl" Ide' a rq!lon.d own "'''' for Ani'"
na" te,'wnl" e,'olulton. Influenced b) cvenh
alung bOlh the Cor<ldlcr:'n and Mewaillefl-
,'an cUnlmentalmar~ln, Thl' "rllde " f"I,
IImcd by I"''' papl"r, by l'hLillp Andcr~lIn
"'h"'h pW\'ldc a lIew ller'pcctl"<': on Ariz,),
na', I'rutero/.l)'" pl,"e leclunlC e,,,luIIOIl and,
fur the 1lr~ttlme, a reglOllal 'Irall~mph",
fr,"ne"ork for the central An ,una I'mtcru·
'OIl" mlcanic hell
Jur:I~"c Tt){'k, an' th<" Im"t dr,"ally e\1,'n-
'I"e Me'(llol<' ruck.. ollhe S"noran De'en
rcglon, part ()f a magmatiC belt e,J(tcndin~
1rum northern I<kxlco [() we,tern Canada
..Jura'''c Ge,)loJ!)' of Ihe Sonuran Ik,ert
Region" d"cul11cnt, ncw evidence III datlllg
'trallgraph,c relallon')lIp~ 10 "'c"ern Ar;·
",na and ,,,uthea-Jern California u'Inf Ih,'
McC,,) MOUnl:III" Formallon and Ihe Oron"
pm Sl'Il"t Nc'" Inl"rlllatilin "al,,' prm Ided
f"r ,ut>dl\ Idlng the Jura"lc l,lull,n,,' roch "f
the Snrl<lran Ix,ert rCflun In Caltlllrma ilnd
Anlona
The pre,em·da)' ph)""graph) 01 ,\ru"na
,lIld the "lUlhw,'~t ,tcm, from mi,J·Tcrtlary
cru,tJI e,'tcn'lOn alld rnagm:ll,'m a"",'lalcd
"'l1h Ihe lu"·an~lc normal fault, characleri,-
II" uflhe Ib,m ami Range l'm>'lnce The,e
ne",ly reC"J!nlfcd ,JelJChmenl fauh 'lructure'
'pre' lOu,ly thought I" b,' thru,t faul"l arc
pfilduce,J b) cru'taI e(len"'ln or 'tretchlng.
In ",hlch lhe overlYing hive" Ix:ha"c' Indc-
pcndcnll) orthe underl)'ing hlox" "l<lIddlc
Tertiary li:clolllC' ul Aritun:t and Adjacent
,'rca," rc, ,cw, c\ Iden{'e and (Onlrover,)
relaled to Ihe nature Jnd dwractcr of m,d-
'Ierllary 1l1aglllall"ll, 'pace-time Ilallcrn, or
magmatl'lIl, alld the chara"ler and tl1mn!! of
e\len,nlllal delornhlllnll In the 1l'''ln an,J
Ran~l' l'ruvln,'c
"Mld-Terllary Ore l.>cpoo!>lh III Arilona:' fnr
e'a"lrle, e\plore, Ila'lll and R:lngc llllneral-
Ifatmn a~,o{'iated "nh Illagmml,m ,md
nlJ~lal c~pan'ltln, Repre-.enlatlw minerai
d"trtCh fur .,hffcrcnll)'pc, of dept"'" arc
uutllncl! A n()thcr papcr f""u,e, un millemi
depo'I" ea",ed b) Ihe Laranmlc Oro~en).
nlHahl) pllrph)'fY c"pper. a"'>c'ated "llh I~­
ncou' aCtl\ Ity 111 "ri/ona am) the "Iuth"e't
The chronological -.eel ,on d",," "l1h paper,
Ile,,",nb,ng laIc Cem>l"ll' 1,'{'tunlC,' and the
r,',ultlng pmtern' ofdcformatlun, 'edllllen-
tallon and \'olc:lnl'm un Ila'io an,J Range
land,capt' dc\doplllcnt. you Ill!, rC""'flll/anl"
voil'anu", and lheir rod." In An/una and ad-
;acent b"rdcrland" anll a dl,cu"lon "f the
hl"lUf) l\f the C"I"rad" Rl\er andn' Grand
Can)'un I're'Cnllng C\ ,denee thai Ihe Grand
Can)un "'a, cut 1O.t milium )'ear~ or Ie"
The ""Iume c"ndud'" "nh" narrallve dc-
,croblng the 191111 Gc,,!ogic 1\lal' of An/una
"hKh i, incl",Jc,J ", p:ln nflhc dlge,1
Re""'",,,,II,,' S,It'", Hr',,,I,,,.·/.,,,,,1> 0

'" CAliFORNIA GfOLOGY July 19?O

 ... More
Book
Reviews
CARBON DIOXIDE AND GLOBAL
CHANGE; Earlh In TransitIOn 8y ShenHtod
B l<lso. 1989 A'~II;lbI~ from IBR Prru.
laMllulc for 81ospMrlC" RcSC'uch.lnc. 6]1
~ uluna Ofl~, Tcmre. AZ 85282 292
p $1995. plus SlOO for handling. USA.
p,;I~rt-"l
O,-cr the p,;iSI ft.. cenluncs man lIa) 111-
(fu.sed the concentratIOn of carlKJn dl01ldc
In lhe almo:.phnc by 30 pernnl through Ihe
burning of (os_it fuels and lilt felling of for-
c~lS. Half of the incrta~ lias occurred in ItIe
pasl four decades.
/o.hny people fur lila! thiS allcrallOn of ltle
;atmosphere rna)' Iud 10 an unprccccknlcd
"armmg of lhe Earlh b) Ihe greenhouse cr.
(ulltlalltlc warmml "'Ill melt lhe polar ice
caps. f:lise sea 1C'\'els. flood eNsta] 10\0 lands.
and cksl:roy Ihe Earlh's agucullurc and n.lu-
nl cCOli)'Slcms. possibly dr!' 1111 many spc·
CIn 10 C~IlMllon Others. l)l)\...~'er. POtrillO
lhe ,rUI blOlO!lcal MMfilS of alrnosphtflC
urbon dlO.\Ick tnrlChltl<l'nlln tnhanelnl \~I'
~Iauyc producll""y and planl .'"lltr 11K tffi·
Cltncy. SorTIC' p<l'oplt VIOl'''' lhlS ~Illon of
urbon dlOAlck InlO Iht EaTlh as a ckslrtd
phtnomcnon which could Iud 10 lilt grttn-
109 oflht Earth Ind provldt lh~ mtans 10
f~td tllc c"tr-incr~aslni popuillion.
Th15 "olumt covers ,lie pros and cons of
III inuu related to the risk in atmospheric
carbon dloAlde The fint half ofille book
pr~senlS a trllleal rf'YI~'" of ,he sial liS of eur'
rUI climalie enftChmell1 of tile Earth "llh
urban dlOAlde A nlllflbtr of ree~nl ck,elop·
menn In Ilie emptrlC"lI.pproaeh 10 ellm.le
ch.nge are dlKUSKd Th,s h.lf concludn
"lIh a r<l'\ IC'Vo of CUrrtDI rue.reh ~fforls
dl~cted 10 cklectlD.ltIe first signs of llIe
JRdlcltd clim'lt Ulastropht
Ttle Keond half of lhe booL IS bloJOIIC.II)
ortented. liineilldcs • eontJRhclIsi"c rc'te..
of kllO\lo'n ~rrtCIS of atmosphcrlc c.rbon dIOA-
K!~ ~nflchm~nl on pl.nt physlolOl!lCal pro-
euses and thc potcnual modification of.
nllmbc'r of tnVlronmCIII.1 eonstralnh Thc
~ff~cls of carbon dlo'idc on animals and a
compr~lI~nsivc analysIs of ""h~re tllc "'orld
may be: h~adtd a) a rcsult of lhls proccss i~
includcd.
Th~ teAt IS thoroughly docum~nlCd 10 tn-
couragc thc rudcr 10 form his o....'n opinions
Included art O\"<I'r 2000 htcralUrt Cllallon,.'
J500 ~nlry subJCcl tndn•• nd a list of mor~
than 2700 aUlhon II IS • ,..Iuablc iIOUrcC for
Iearnlnglboul a p<l'rpJulnl! Illuallon fKlna
mink Ind.
THEMIRACLEPl.A"'ET R) BrtK~ THE '\ORTHERN ItlGHLA:-'OS OF
Bl'O"'nandLancMorl!ln 1990 Gall~) SCOTLANO Fourth td.ll0n. B) G 5
Book~. 112 Madl!oOn ",~nuc. Ne... Yorl.. lohn'tll1l~ and W M)l.uf1I 1989 Bnll,h
NY 10016 (ic,olog'l.'al S... r~) Anllablc from HMSO
T hI' M;ral'll' PI."l'I I) a companion bool.
10 th~ ~IA-pafl lclevl~lon series of Ille ume
Pubhcallons Cenllc. P 0 Bo\ 276. London.
England SW8 .50T
nilmc produced hy KCTS Statile and NIIK
Japan for Puhlk 8roadca~ung S)~lem Ma-
The area deall "It II in thl' booll.'ompn)ts
the mainland of Scotland north of Ih~ G~al
lions The lJQol.nd lh~ sefles ar~ de'lgn~d GI~n. lnl.'ludlng Ih~ Il~bndc:an IslDnd~ TIll
10 pr~sent _ oflh~ r~e~nt comptltll~ the· fourlh edlllon of l~ "oIUmf rcf1tl.'ls lhe
orte~ from IIIe ulth setenl.'es "Ithln In hl)- lnernl.e In rescoarch InIO .11 .sptcb of Iht
lorlCigCOIo!!it" l.'OlIlt),1 to prO' Ilk an ln~llht I~oklty of Ihe Northern HI,hl.nd) Bnef
InlO hovo the nuh loC"lClICn .. orl PaUlCll' rtftrtnet Iii mado: 10 thc ,colO!) of Iht se.~
larly for lhe non·ltolo!l~. the booL I~ .11 around norillern ScOlI:and
lntrodllCll(M 10 fllndaltl<l'nlalJtokJty and 00..
Iht concepts arc llsed to rcKh eonclllSlon~ In
IIIe unh iotlCntes.
The Ilithors \lse Il.'omblnalton of lllCK!
lut. speelll;ular photOl!raphs. and OUl\land- ROAOSlDEGEOLOGYOflfTAH B)
IlIg graphICs 10 upl"n Ih~ fllC~IS of uuh Halka ChronIC" 1990 Mount.tn Press Pub-
)('Icnce under con~ldtralion. In Wltl<l' d,"Cu~· lishing Company. 2016 Sirand "'"tnllC. P 0,
slons. the boolr: JIlCS beyond lhc Itlc' 'Slon ~~­ BoA 2]99. Missoula. MT 59806. ]]5 P
fICS. SOmCllfYlCS to grnl advantagc Th~ book 512.95. paptrbal.'k
l.'an be: tnjoycd for both the sciCnllfil.' and
ac:slhCllC valucs prcsenled more...
MAIL ORDER FORM
c ~ oddrfll form on neJd poge
...........
postoge ond toIft Ill;".
•
BUllETINS
_ _ 8101 An ••p&anolory !elllto OCCOlnpOny 1;750.000 Kole ' - " ond ~ """"
of CoIifomoo. 1987 . . . . . . . S 1".00
_ _ 8101 c.oIogy of !he POInl R.,.•• P.nlnwlo. Morin County. 1977 (re<pnnl) ••••••.••• S 6.00
_ _ 8105Interpr.tohon of !he grovil)' mop of Coljfomio ond in conli... ntol .......gim ..... S ".00
5PfCIAl UPQRTS
_ _ SR51Ind.. 10 geologic mopl of ColifOfnio to O.c.mber 31.1956. 1958 S 2.75
_ _ SR52A Ind.. to e-Iogie mopl of ColifOfrOO 1957·1960.1962 S 3.00
_ _ SR5281nd.. 10 geologic mops of Colifornia 1961-196". 1968 . . . S 1.75
GIDlOGK.Al OATA MAPS 11:750.000 _1.)
_ _ GDM 2 GeoIogoc mop of CoIifotll'lllll 1977. Folded . S 8.00
_ _ GOM 3 GrO¥d)' mop of Coliforll'lllll and III eonti... ntol
Rolled ImoMd II'IlVbel ,......
giM. 1980. Folded
.. . .
, "00
S 6.50
_ _ GOM" G.otf>elll'd resour<fl of CoWomoo.. 1981 Folded •• .• • •••••••. S FRH
Rokd lmoi.d in lVbel . • 1.50
UGlONAl GlOlOGlC MAP SfRlfS (I 250.000 Kale)
_ _ RGM I s.ocr-Ilto qIIOdrongt. 1982 . . S 8.00
_ _ RGM 2A Santo RotO qIIOdrgnWe. 1981 . S 15.00
_ _ RGM 3A Son hrnordino quodrgngle. 1987 ................••............. S \5.00
_ _ RGM"A Weed qIIOdrgngl•. 1987 . S 15.00
CALIFORNIA GfOlOGY
_ _ I yeclr 112 ;11"••1 . ..•..•.••.•..•.......••.••..•...•..••..•••..•.• SIO.OO
_ _ 2 y.oI'112" iuue.l . S20.OO
_ _ lock III,," [Specify volume ond month)lndividuol ill 1 Sl 00 eoch ••...•...••.•• S 100
TOYAl AMOUNT fNClOSEO , S' _
PAYMfNT MUST 8llNCLUOm INlTH OROn
~ ..
J"', ltfO
CAlIfOINlA GEOLOGY
'"
 Rocks along major highways and selected NOhonol Pori: Geology flat-lying rock: (2) Caves and reefs: (3) land-
less-frequemed but geologically interesting scapes shaped by continental or alpine gla-
routes are described in this guidebook. Afler GEOLOGY OF NATIONAL PARKS. ciation (includes Yosemite National Park);
a brief imr..x:luction. the regional geologic Fourth edition. By Ann G. Harris; Esther (4) Volcanic features and volcanic a"ivity
processes in the three major geologic prov- Tuule. Science Editor. and Sherwood D. (includes Lassen Volcanic National Park). and
inces of the state are discussed. Each chapter Thule. Contributing Editor. 1990. Kendall (5) landscapes and structures in areas of
begins with a general introduction and then Hum Publishing Company. 2460 Kerper comple~ mountains (includes Sequoia and
continues with a series ofroad guides. Boulevard. P.O. Box 539. Dubuque. lA Kings Canyon Nalional parks: Channells-
Throughout the book the author describes the 52004-0539. M2 p. S34.95. soft cover. lands National Park. and Redwood National
rocks. and explains the historical geologic Park).
events they record. In this book 49 national parks (six are in Each section includes a discussion of sig-
The cIlapter on Colorado Plateau country California) are grouped into five divisions. nificant geologic fealUreS and processes. a
guides the reader through the well-exposed. based on categories of geologic concepts. summary of the geologie history. informa-
flat-lying sedimemary rocks of southern and Each section of the book is introduced by a tion about the park's history and geographic
eaStern Utah. The chapter about the high brief overview of geologic features and pro- selling. a local ion map. illustrations. and a
country of Utah explains the geology of the cesses dominam in the parks which make up simplified geologic column. References are
southern high plateaus, central volcanic that group. Discussions of geologic compo- included at the end of each chapler.
ranges, and pan of the faulted. folded nentS are given in the appropriate chapters.
Southern Rocky Mountains in the nonh. Throughout the text geologic topics of special
The western desert of Utah is a land of interest are featured. The book progresses
salt. sun. and mountain ranges where streams from simpler geologic themes to more com- Pacif,c Plol"
never reach the sea. This area of the Great plex ones - from discussions of landscapes
Basin geomorphic province is examined in and features developed by the Earth's exter- THE EASTERN PACIFIC OCEAN AND
Chapter 3. The book concludes with a discus· nal processes to the study of regions that HAWAII, Geology of North America. Vol-
sion of the scenic and geologically interest- display the results of the Eanh's internal ume N. Ediled by E.l. Win!erer. Donald M.
ing national parks and monuments of Utah. processes. Hussong. and Robert W. Decker. 1998. The
Photographs. maps. and figures are inter- The five divisions of the book are: (1) Sce- Geological Society of America. P.O. Box
spersed throughout the book, nery developed by weathering and erosion on 9140. Boulder. CO 80301. 577 p. 12 plates in
slipcase. $54.50. hard cover.
..................... ,.,." .
ADDRESS FORM FOR ALL ORDERS D~codf! of North Amuica G~olog)' is a re-
search and publishing project sponsored by
Please print or type
th~ Geological Society of America in honor
PAYMENT MUST 8E INCLUDED WITH ORDER of its 1988 cemenary. This two-part set is
volume N of lhat series. Twenty-eight chap-
NAME _ ters present state of knowledge about the ge-
ology and geophysics of the northeastern part
ADOAESS _ of the Pacific Ocean and adjacent parts of the
North American continental margin. The
CITY _ areal co\'~rage is from the margin west to
the Hawaiian Seamount chain and south to
STATE ZIP _ the equator. Major topics include regional
bathymetry and tectonics: spreading ridge
TOTAL AMOUNT ENCLOSED: ~$ _ systems: Hawaii-Emperor and other seamount
chains; sediments of lhe nonheast Pacific:
and Pacific continental margins of North
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTIONS America.
Eight wall maps at a scale of 1:5.000.000
o 1 yr. $10.00 o 2 yr. $20.00 (Individual issues are $1.00 each) su.mmarile the geology. tectonics. magnetic
and gravity anomaly pallerns. regional Stress
o NEW SUBSCRIPTION: Allow 60 days for delivery of first issue. fields. thermal aspects. seismicity. and neo-
tectonics of North America and its surround·
D RENEWAL: To receive your magazine continuously. send in renewal 60 days before ings are included in the volume. Together.
expiration date shown on your address label. (Example: EXP9012 means the synthesis volumes and maps are the first
that lhe subscription expires on receipt of December 1990 issue.) Please coordinated effort to integrate all available
enclose address label from past issue. knowledge about the geology and geophysics
of a crustal plate on a regional scale.
CAUFORNI,\ GEOLOGY ... newals only: M In Intormallon hom \'0'1' maUing la~ 01 a\lacll 'Ia~
from a pasllulHI.
I.D.# _ EXPIR. DATE _ ACCT.# _
S'rvcMol Geology
o GIFT: (Gift card from _
GEOPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK OFTHE
o ADDRESS CHANGE: Send us an old address label and your new address. CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. Geo-
logical SOCiely of America Memoir 172.
Allow 60 days for address change. Edited by l. C. Pakiser am! Waller D.
Mooney. 1989. The Geological Society of
Your o.der/subscrlptlon cannot be processed unless COHect amount is remilted. All Foreign and America. P.O. Box 9140. Boulder. CO
Canadian orders must be paid with an International Money Order or Drall payable In United Stetes 8030 I. 826 p.
lunds. Address all orders to: DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY, P.O. Bo~ 2980, Sac.amento.
Calilomia 95812·2980. A revicw and evaluation of Ihe present
knowledge of the structure of the crust and

166 CAliFORNI,\ GEOLOGY

the upper mantle of the continenlal United
States, exclusive of Alaska, as determined by
geophysical ob$Crvations are pre$Cnled in this
comprehensive work. II highlights some of
the historical developments Ihalled to this
knowledge,
Velocity models deri"ed from seismic
observations can be related to the structure,
composition. and rheologic properties of the
crust and mantle and 10 imponant solid-to-
solid phase transformation. Magnetic investi-
gations, radioactive age dating, seismicity.
and geological studies have revealed the
.....orldwide patterns of sea-floor spreading.
continental drift. and plate tectonics. Impor-
lanl regional similarities and differences
ha,'e been discovered. and simple conceptS of
isostasy and crustal deformal1on have been
modified or discarded.
The book contains four parts. The lopics
progress from re'lew of the geophysical
methods of studYing the Eanh's cruSt and
upper mantle (pari I) to a region.by-region
re'le" of crustal and upper mantle structure
CPUI 2). and from conlinental O\Ierviews of
studies based on the differenl geophysical
methods (part 3) to geological and petrologi-
cal syntheses based largely on geophysical
resultS (part 4). The volume concludes wllh
a discussion of major unsoh'ed problems In
lhis area
The book is designed for geophysiciSlS.
geologists. and graduate students,
DMG Releases
OMG OFR 89-5
INDEX TO GEOLOGIC REPORTS
FOR DEVELOPMENT SITES WITHIN
SPECIAL STUDIES ZONES IN CALi-
FORNIA. JULY I. 1984 TO DECEM-
BER) 1. 1988. Compiled by Perry Wong.
Index Map (scale 1:1.000.(00). S5.00.
The Division of Mines and Geology
Open File Report (OFR) 89-5 is an index
map showing locations of sites for which
geologic reports have been prepared for
developments as mandated by the A lquist-
Priolo Special Studies Zones Act. The
Aet requires that the State Geologist issue
maps of special studies ?Ones in Order to
regulate developments defined as "proj-
ects" ncar active faults. The purpose is to
reduce the hazard of damage by surface
EMIGRANT WILDERNESS AND
NORTHWESTERN YOSEMITE. By Ben
Schlfrin. 1990. Wilderness Press. 2440
Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA 94704. 186 p.
$14.95, paperback.
This comprehensive guidebook describes
the natural environment seen along the hik-
ing trails in the Emigranl Wilderness and
northwestern Yosemite area. The Emigranl
Wilderness is an 118,000 acre federally
designated wilderness area in the Stanislaus
National Forest on Ihe northern border of
Yosemile. It is an area of scenic viSlas, trout-
filled lakes, r~k walls, and quiet scenic
campsites - a hiker's paradi!lt. This middle·
mountain forest area is still uncrowded. and
many trails are open from lhe first of May
until (Xtobcr.
Distances. trailhead directions. and a
summary of the natural features and scenic
highlights are lisled for each lrip described in
the book. A number of cross·country routes
arc given. There are also separate chapters
for mOUnlain bikers. horseback riders, rock
climbers, and cross·country skiers.
Additional features Include chaplers on the
geology. rlora and fauna of the area. the hu-
man history of the area. and ehoosmg atra,1
St"eral topographic maps. includmg one
foldoot map fscak, I Inch equals 2 miles).
arc included with the book. Numeroos black-
and-white photos Illustrate the gUidebook
faulting 10 StrUCtures for human occu-
pancy. Cilies and counties affecled by the
lones mUSl require a geologic investiga-
tion report for each subdivision and for
most structures. and must submit copies
of these reports to the State Geologisl
after lhey are approved.
The consulling reports contain dala in
the form of trench logs. borehole logs.
and geophysical prollles. These sile-
specific data are useful to geological and
engmeering consultants and researchers.
The file conlains 2.200 reports which are
available for reference and copying al the
Division of Mines and Geology, 380
Civic Drive, Suite 100. Pleasanl Hill. CA
94523-1997. (415) 646-5921.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY Jul, t'9O
UNITED STATES TSUNAMIS (Including
United States Possessions), 1690-1988. 1989.
By lames F. Lander and Patricia A. Lock·
ridge. National Ckophysical Data Center,
325 Broadway, Boulder. CO 80303-3328.
265 p. Prepaid. $30.00. hard C<M:r: $15.00,
soflC<M:r. Add $10.00 handling fee.
A tsunami, or $Clsmic sca wa'-e, is gener-
aled by a shon-duration disturbance of the
ocean floor. principally by a shallow subma-
nne earthquake, but also by submarine earth
movement. subsidence. or volcanic eruption .
Tsunamis have been responsible for at least
470 fatalities and several hundred million
dollars in properly damage in the Uniled
States and its territories.
This document collects in one volume the
historical records of tsunamis that have been
observed or recorded in lhe United States
coastal waters and possessions in the Pacific,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. It con-
tains descriptive data about each reponed
tsunami event and details the effects of the
waves. Events from 1812 through 1964 which
affected or ....ere reported to affect coastal
areas of California are described. Tables
summarizing e\,ents and effects are Included
for each area. ~
Approximately 500 sites for which con·
suiting geologic reports have been filed
since 1984 are shown. The sites are iden-
tified on a base map (scale I: 1.000.000)
showing locations of lhe Special Studies
Zones and official maps issued. Previous
reports for 1,700 sites were idenlified in
DMG OFR 84-31, which is available for
S5.00 from lhe Division of Mines and
Geology. 660 Bercut Drive. Sacramento.
CA 95814-0131.
Copies of DMG OFR 89-5 are available
for reference at Division of Mines and
Geology offices in Sacramento, Pleasant
Hill. and Los Angeles. Copies ofDMG
OFR 89-5 are available for purchase from
these offices for S5.00 each.
16'
 STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE RESOURCES AGENCY
DEPARHAENT OF CONSERVAnON
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
DIVISION OF
MINES AND GEOLOGY
P.O. BOX 2980
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95812-013\
USPS 350 840
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED
DMG OFR 89-16
SUMMARY REPORT: FAULT
EVALUATION PROGRAM. 1987-1988.
SOUTHWESTERN BASIN AND
RANGE REGION AND SUPPLEMEN-
TAL AREAS. By Earl Hart. William A.
Bryant. Christopher J. Wills. Jerome A.
Treiman. and James E. Kahle. 15 p.• 2
tables. I plale (scale 1:500.000). $6.00.
A summary of faulls evaluated in the
southwestern Basin and Range region
(Inya County vicinity) for possible wning
under Ihe Alquist-PriOlo Special Studies
Zones (APSSZ) Act is presented in this
report. Faults evaluated in supplemental
areas of southern California also are
summarized.
The APSSZ Act requires the State
Geologist to identify active faults and to
issue maps of special studies zones in
order 10 regulate development "projects"
near active faults. The purpose of the Act
SPECIAL REPORT 156
MINERAL LAND CLASSIFICATION:
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE-
GRADE AGGREGATE IN THE
SACRAMENTO-FAIRFIELD PRODUC-
TION-CONSUMPTION REGION. By
Don L. Dupras. 1988. 14 figures. 10
lables. 40 plates. $18.00.
In any urban land development. land-use
decisions concerning high-grade con-
struction aggregate used in porlland ce-
ment concrete can best be made when a
thorough investigation of this resouree is
completed. This type of aggregate is an
indispensable building material and is
costly to transport.
168
is to reduce the hazard of surface faulting
to structures for human occupancy. Cities
and counties affected by the regulatory
zones must regulate specified "projects"
within the wnes in order 10 locate struc-
tures for human occupancy away from the
traces of aClive faults.
The southwestern Basin and Range re-
gion is the ninth of ten regions evaluated
under a statewide plan initiated in 1976.
Sixteen faults were sludied in this region.
including the Ollo'ens Valley. Death Val-
ley. Panamint Valley. and other impor-
tanl faults. Fifteen faults studied in
supplementary areas include the Imperial
and Superstition Hills faults (Irnperial
County). Rose Canyon and related faults
(San Diego County). Los Osos fault (San
Luis Obispo County). and Peralta Hills
fault (Orange County). Data on the re-
cency of faulting and recommended zon·
ing actions arc summarized for each fault
Land in the Sacramento·Fairfield
Production-Consulllption (p.C) region was
classified to indicate where significant
sand. gravel. or stone deposits suitable for
portland cement concrete (PeC) grade
aggregate occur or may occur.
The Sacramento-Fairfield P-C region.
as defined in this report. covers 855
square miles and incorporales the greater
Sacramento metropolitan area, inclUding
Roseville. Placerville. Elk Grove. and
West Sacramento. In addition. the region
includes the Fairfield-Vacaville. Davis.
Woodland. and Cache Creek areas.
CAliFORNIA G€OlOGY Jul,199(l
SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID
AT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
in Tables I and 2 and on Plate I (scale
I :500.000). Background information and
a summary of the results are presented in
the IS-page tell!.
As a result of these evaluations. 85
maps of new and revised Special Studies
Zones were issued for Preliminary Re-
view on July I. 1989. The proposed zones
encompass all or parts of 24 of the 31
faults evaluated and affect eight counties
(Imperial. lnyo. Kern. Mono. Riverside.
San Bernardino. San Diego. San Luis
Obispo) and two cities (Ridgecrest. San
Luis Obispo).
DMG OFR 89-16 is available for refer-
ence and sale at the Sacramento. Pleasant
Hill. and Los Angeles offices of the Divi-
sion of Mines and Geology. Copies of the
report can be purchased for $6.00 each in
Sacramento and Pleasant Hill.
It is projected that 900 million Ions of
aggregale will be needed by the Sacra-
mento-Fairfield P-C region through the
year 2033. As of November 1982. there
were 97 million tons of permittcd PCC-
grade aggregate reserves. a supply ade-
quate to last only until mid-l990 for all
aggregate uses. If Ihe P-C region's 97
million tons of PCC reserves arc used
solely for PeC-grade aggregate. they
Ilo'ould theoretically last until the year 2000.
Special Report 156 is available for ref-
erence at Division of Mines and Geology
offices in Pleasant Hill. Los Angeles. and
Sacramento.