Construction and Building Materials xxx (2011) xxx–xxx

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Construction and Building Materials

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Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes

Mehmet Gesoğlu ⇑, Erhan Güneyisi
Department of Civil Engineering, Gaziantep University, 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The paper presented herein was carried out to investigate the permeability characteristics of self-
Received 13 October 2010 compacting rubberized concretes with and without fly ash. At a water–cementitious material (w/cm)
Received in revised form 28 December 2010 ratio of 0.35, the self-compacting concretes (SCCs) were produced by replacing the fine aggregate with
Accepted 1 March 2011
four designated crump rubber contents of 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% by fine aggregate volume. Moreover,
Available online xxxx
the SCCs with fly ash were produced by partial substitution of cement with fly ash at varying amounts
of 20% to 60%. Totally, 16 concrete mixtures were cast and tested for permeability related properties such
Keywords:
as chloride ion permeability, water sorptivity, and water absorption. The tests were conducted at 28 and
Crumb rubber
Fly ash
90 days after casting. Tests results revealed that using the crumb rubber aggravated all of the measured
Hardened properties properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes (SCRCs) without fly ash. However, with the combined
Permeability use of the crump rubber and fly ash, the concretes had better resistance to the chloride ion permeability,
Self-compacting rubberized concrete water sorptivity, and water absorption.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The brittleness and low tensile strength of cement-based mate-
rials are detrimental to their durability [1]. Researchers are trying
to eliminate brittleness of concrete and they have been working on
the possibility to make the concrete tough by introducing waste
rubber phases among the traditional components (cement, water,
and aggregates). It has been estimated that around one million
tires are withdrawn from use in the world every year [2]. Disposal
of waste tires has been a major issue to the cities all around the
world. Generally, the cheapest and easiest way to decompose the
used tires is by burning them. However, the pollution due to enor-
mous amount of smoke makes this method so unacceptable that it
is prohibited by law in many countries [3,4]. The discarded tires are
also buried with the other industrial waste in landfills or stockpiled
in huge dumps. The resulting stockpiles, however, may cause ma-
jor health risks for the public and the environment. Therefore,
recycling and utilization of the waste tires seems to be necessary
[5].
Utilization of rubber wastes in the construction industry is now
well-developed as it helps in improving the sustainability in two
ways. First, reuse of the materials which otherwise will burden
the environment and will be occupying scarce land resource.
Second, it minimizes the degradation of land and the environment
as a result of comparatively less digging. ‘‘Recycling’’ is an all-
prevailing practice now as it conserves the planet’s resources [6].
Different kinds of tires have been employed as partial substitute
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 342 3172404; fax: +90 342 3601107.
E-mail address: mgesoglu@gantep.edu.tr (M. Gesoğlu).
of natural aggregates in concrete [7]. After the addition of tire rub-
ber particles, the overall results indicated a remarkable decrease in
strength and stiffness properties of the concrete. Despite the signif-
icant reduction in the strength properties, the composites satisfied
the basic requirements of construction materials [8]. Furthermore,
replacement of natural aggregate with rubber particles provided
significant increase in toughness and ductility as well as better
damping capacity of the concretes [5,9–14].
In the literate, durability of rubberized concretes has not found
adequate attention. Savasß et al. [15] worked on the rapid freeze–
thaw resistance of the concrete containing different amounts of
ground rubber aggregates. They reported that the rubberized con-
crete had lower performance against freezing and thawing dam-
age. Gesoğlu and Güneyisi [5] examined that the use of rubber
significantly aggravated the chloride ion penetration through con-
crete such that there was a systematic increase in depth of chloride
penetration with the increase in rubber content for concretes with
and without silica fume, especially at high w/cm ratio. As the rub-
ber content increased from 0% to 25% by total aggregate volume,
the chloride permeability of the rubberized concrete with and
without silica fume was about 6–40% at 0.60 w/cm ratio and about
27–59% at 0.40 w/cm ratio greater than that of the controlled con-
crete. The use of NaOH-treated tire rubber in sand–cement mortar
was studied by Segre et al. [16,17]. It was reported that when an
ultimate amount of NaOH-treated tire rubber of 35% of the cement
content, was added to the mortar, flexural strength was reduced by
43% with the incorporation of this amount of rubber. On the other
hand, advantageous effects were observed on the transport proper-
ties of this rubber-containing mortar. Sorptivity coefficient was re-
duced from 0.29 (control) to 0.06 mm/min1/2. By immersion, the

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.021

Please cite this article in press as: Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E. Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes. Constr Build Mater (2011),
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.021
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amount of water absorbed by the specimens with rubber was re- Table 1
duced by 16%. Benazzouk et al. [18] investigated the influence of Chemical composition and physical properties of Portland cement and fly ash.

rubber aggregates on the durability factors of cement–rubber com- Name Portland cement Fly ash
posites in terms of capillary absorption, hydraulic diffusivity, and CaO (%) 62.86 4.24
air permeability measurements. They concluded that the presence SiO2 (%) 19.73 56.2
of rubber particles reduces sorptivity and hydraulic diffusivity by Al2O3 (%) 5.09 20.17
decreasing water absorption. Similarly, air permeability was con- Fe2O3 (%) 3.99 6.69
MgO (%) 1.61 1.92
siderably reduced due to the presence of these additives. The cellu- SO3 (%) 2.62 0.49
lar character of rubber further improves behavior when in contact K2O (%) 0.80 1.89
with fluid. Moreover, in the work of Benazzouk and Queneudec Na2O (%) 0.18 0.58
[19], using of compact rubber aggregates appeared to improve Loss of ignition (%) 1.90 1.78
Specific gravity (g/cm3) 3.14 2.25
the durability of the concretes.
Blaine fineness (cm2/g) 3270 2870
Concrete has undergone several changes in its formulation and fcc (7 days) (MPa) 41.8 –
technology to become stronger and durable such that fly ash, fcc (28 days) (MPa) 58.4 –
ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, and superplasti-
cizer. have been added to the traditional mix. In the late 1980s
self-compacting concretes (SCCs) have been achieved for tailoring
preparations and has been considered as a ‘quiet revolution’ in rubber, FM 5-559 [23], whereas for fine a and coarse aggregate, the sieve analysis
was carried out in accordance with the requirement of ASTM C136. The particle size
the concrete construction process, with major benefits in increased
gradation obtained through the sieve analysis of the fine and coarse aggregates, and
productivity, enhanced construction quality, and much improved the crump rubber are presented in Fig. 1. Moreover, a polycarboxylic ether type
working environment on site [8,20–22]. In the production of SCCs, superplasticizer (SP) with a specific gravity of 1.07 was employed to achieve the de-
coarse aggregate content is restricted and generally mineral and sired workability in all concrete mixtures.
chemical admixtures are used. The combination of these compo-
nents leads to a mixture of very compact microstructure and allow- 2.2. Concrete mixture design
ing high values for compressive strength, however, the failure
Four different series of self-compacting rubberized concrete (SCRC) mixtures
behavior in self-compacting concrete is still brittle. Therefore, it
were designed with a constant water–cementitious material (w/cm) ratio of 0.35
seems worthwhile to study the combination of high toughness and total cementitious materials content of 550 kg/m3. The first group of mixtures
and low stiffness characteristics of rubberized concrete with major was designed to have only Portland cement as the binder. However, the second, the
well known benefits of self-compacting concrete. In the literature, third, and the fourth series of the mixtures contained fly ash partially replaced with
there are few works on the production of rubberized self-compact- Portland cement at 20%, 40%, and 60% levels by weight. To develop the RSCCs, fine
aggregate was substituted by the crump rubber at four designated contents of 0%,
ing concretes. Bignozzi and Sandrolini [7] produced self-compact-
5%, 15% and 25% by volume in all series of concretes. Therefore, 16 different SCRC
ing concrete containing different amount of rubber aggregates. mixtures were designed as given in Table 2 in details. All of the concrete mixtures
They found out that self-compacting rubberized concrete (SCRC) re- were cast to give a slump flow diameter of 70 ± 5 cm which was tried to achieve by
quires slightly higher amount of superplasticizer than conventional using the superplasticizer at varying amounts. A detailed description of the fresh
properties of the self-compacting rubberized concrete mixtures can be found in
self-compacting concrete. Moreover, the compressive strength and
the study of the second author of this paper [24].
stiffness of self-compacting rubberized concrete decreased with
increasing amount of rubber phase in the mixture, and significant
2.3. Concrete casting and test specimens
concrete deformability was measured before failure. Unfortunately,
self-compacting rubberized concrete porosity is poorly affected by In the production of self-compacting concretes, the mixing sequence and dura-
the presence of significant amount of rubber phase in comparison tion are very important. Thus, the procedure for batching and mixing proposed by
to that of the ordinary self-compacting concrete [7]. Khayat et al. [25] was employed to supply the same homogeneity and uniformity in
The objective of the present study is to investigate the perme- all mixtures. The batching sequence consisted of homogenizing the crumb rubber,
fine, and coarse aggregates for 30 s in a rotary planetary mixer, then adding about
ability related properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes
half of the mixing water into the mixer and continuing to mix for one more minute.
(SCRCs) with and without fly ash. In the production of self- Thereafter, the crumb rubber and aggregates were left to absorb the water in the
compacting rubberized concretes, crumb rubber partially replaced mixer for 1 min. After cement and fly ash were added, the mixing was resumed
the fine aggregate at four designated contents of 0%, 5%, 15%, and for another minute. Finally, the superplasticizer with remaining water was
introduced, and the concrete was mixed for 3 min and then left for a 2 min rest.
25% by fine aggregate volume. In order to eliminate the negative
Eventually, the concrete was mixed for additional 2 min to complete the mixing
effect of crump rubber on the workability of SCRCs, fly ash was sequence. Then, specimens cast from a typical mixture consisted of four
used in partial substitution of cement at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% con- Ø100  200 mm cylinders for determining chloride ion permeability, twelve
tents by weight. Totally, 16 concrete mixtures were cast and tested 100  100  100 mm cubes for water absorption and sorptivity index. The speci-
at 28 and 90 days for chloride ion permeability, water sorptivity, mens were demoulded 24 h after casting and stored in water tank at 20 ± 2 °C until
the time of testing.
and water absorption.

2.4. Test procedure

2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials
An ASTM Type I Portland cement (PC) was used to produce the various SCC mix-
tures. As a mineral admixture class F fly ash (FA) was used as per ASTM C618 such
that the total amount of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 content was about 83%. Table 1 sum-
marizes physical properties and chemical composition of the Portland cement and
fly ash used. The coarse aggregate used was river gravel with a nominal maximum
size of 16 mm. As fine aggregate, a mixture of natural river sand and crushed lime-
stone was used with a maximum size of 5 mm. The river sand, crushed sand, and
coarse aggregate had a fineness modulus of 2.87, 2.57, and 5.66 respectively, and
a specific gravity of 2.66, 2.45 and 2.72, respectively. The crumb rubber (CR) with
a specific gravity of 0.83 was used as a fine material. The sieve analysis of the crumb
rubber was carried out according to Florida Method of test for testing of ground tire
2.4.1. Resistance to chloride ion penetration
The rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) was conducted in order to deter-
mine the resistance of the concrete to the penetration of chloride ions according
to AASHTO T277 [26] Three specimens for each concrete were tested simulta-
neously at the end of 28 and 90 days. After curing, a 50 mm thick disc sample
was cut from the middle of each Ø100  200 mm cylinder and was conditioned
as mentioned in AASHTO T277 [26]. A data logger registered the current passing
through concrete over a 6 h period. Fig. 2 displays the schematic presentation of
the test set up. Terminating the test after 6 h, current (in amperes) versus time
(in seconds) were plotted for each concrete and the area underneath the curve
was integrated to obtain the charge passed (in coulombs). AASHTO T277 [26] clas-
sifies the chloride permeability in concrete into five classes from ‘High’ to ‘Negligi-
ble’ on the basis of the coulombs. The results presented are the averages from three
concrete specimens. The test was conducted at the ages of 28 and 90 days.

Please cite this article in press as: Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E. Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes. Constr Build Mater (2011),
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.021
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100

90

80

Percent passing (by weight)

70

60
Gravel
50 Sand
Crumb rubber
40
Coarse agg. upper limit
30 Coarse agg. lower limit
Fine agg. upper limit
20 Fine agg. lower limit

10

0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve size (mm)

Fig. 1. Sieve analysis of aggregates and crumb rubber.

Table 2
Mixture proportioning of concretes.

Mix no. Mix ID w/cm Cement FA Water SP Coarse Fine aggregate Crumb rubber
(kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) aggregate (kg/m3)
Natural sand Crushed sand
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3) (kg/m3)
M1 0R0FA 0.35 550 0 192.5 7.54 838.5 574.0 226.6 0.0
M2 5R0FA 0.35 550 0 192.5 8.09 838.5 516.6 203.9 25.6
M3 15R0FA 0.35 550 0 192.5 8.91 838.5 401.8 158.6 76.8
M4 25R0FA 0.35 550 0 192.5 22.00 838.5 287.0 113.3 128.1
M5 0R20FA 0.35 440 110 192.5 7.18 820.9 562.0 221.8 0.0
M6 5R20FA 0.35 440 110 192.5 7.26 820.9 505.8 199.6 25.1
M7 15R20FA 0.35 440 110 192.5 8.09 820.9 393.4 155.3 75.2
M8 25R25FA 0.35 440 110 192.5 13.75 820.9 281.0 110.9 125.4
M9 0R40FA 0.35 330 220 192.5 6.05 803.4 549.9 217.1 0.0
M10 5R40FA 0.35 330 220 192.5 6.16 803.4 494.9 195.4 24.5
M11 15R40FA 0.35 330 220 192.5 6.99 803.4 385.0 152.0 73.6
M12 25R40FA 0.35 330 220 192.5 13.75 803.4 275.0 108.5 122.7
M13 0R60FA 0.35 220 330 192.5 2.75 785.8 537.9 212.3 0.0
M14 5R60FA 0.35 220 330 192.5 2.75 785.8 484.1 191.1 24.0
M15 15R60FA 0.35 220 330 192.5 2.86 785.8 376.5 148.6 72.0
M16 25R60FA 0.35 220 330 192.5 3.30 785.8 269.0 106.2 120.0

2.4.2. Sorptivity index 3. Test results and discussions

For the sorptivity test, test specimens having a dimension of
100  100  100 mm cube were used in accordance with ASTM C1585 [27]. The
specimens were dried in an oven at about 105 ± 5 °C until the constant mass was 3.1. Compressive strength
obtained and then allowed to cool to the ambient temperature in a sealed container.
Afterwards, the sides of the specimens were coated by paraffin wax; the sorptivity To determine the strength range of the self compacting rubber-
test was carried out by placing the specimens on glass rods in a tray such that their ized concretes, a compression test was conducted on the 150 mm
bottom surface up to a height of 3 mm is in contact with water. This procedure was
considered to allow free water movement through the bottom surface. The speci-
cube specimens. The overall compressive strength ranged from
mens were removed from the tray and weighed at different time intervals up to 16.2 to 71.3 MPa and from 20.8 to 86.7 MPa at 28 and 90 days,
1 h to evaluate the mass gain. The volume of water absorbed was calculated by respectively. It was evident that there was a marked reduction in
dividing the mass gained by the nominal surface area of the specimen and by the the compressive strength of concretes with increasing rubber con-
density of water. These values were plotted against the square root of time. The
tent, irrespective of the testing age.
slope of the line was defined as the sorptivity coefficient of concrete. The test
was conducted at the ages of 28 and 90 days. For each concrete mixture, three spec-
imens were used and the average values were reported.
3.2. Chloride ion permeability
2.4.3. Water absorption
As per ASTM C 642 [28], water absorption was determined using
The chloride ion permeability test results as a function of crumb
100  100  100 mm cube specimens for each concrete mixture at each testing rubber and fly ash contents as well as testing age are depicted in
age. The water absorption (WA) of each concrete was calculated through Eq. (1) Fig. 3. The data presented in Fig. 3 indicated that the chloride ion
where W1 and W2 being oven dry and saturated surface dry weights, respectively. permeability of the SCRCs were in the range of 1904 to 3460 C
Three specimens from each mixture were tested at the ages of 28 and 90 days
and 476 to 3139 C at 28 and 90 days, respectively. There was a pro-
and the average values were reported.
  gressive increase in the chloride ion penetration with the increas-
ðW 2  W 1 Þ
WAð%Þ ¼  100 ð1Þ ing the rubber content, especially for the concretes without fly ash.
W1
In the case of the first series concretes, as the crumb rubber content

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4 M. Gesoğlu, E. Güneyisi / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2011) xxx–xxx
Fig. 2. Schematic presentation of the test set up for RCPT.
increased from 0% to 25% by fine aggregate volume, the chloride
ion penetration of SCRCs increased from 2491 to 3460 C and from
2131 to 3139 C at the 28 and 90 days, respectively. Moreover, an
average reduction of 6% was observed with the extension of curing
period from 28 to 90 days so that all of the concretes in this series
seemed to have moderate rating, irrespective of testing age.
As seen in Fig. 3, incorporating fly ash did not cause a consider-
able drop in the chloride ion permeability of the concretes at
28 days. Indeed, when the concretes had included fly ash at 20%,
40%, and 60% replacement levels, a chloride ion permeability of
2491 coulomb for the control concrete slightly decreased to
2320, 2180, and 1904 C for the mixtures M5, M9, and M13, respec-
tively at 28 days. However, when the curing period was prolonged
to 90 days, incorporating the fly ash into the self-compacting rub-
berized concrete mixtures significantly enhanced the resistance of
the concretes against the chloride ion ingress. Irrespective of the
4000
3500
Charge passed [Coulombs]
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 5
0FA
Fig. 3. Chloride ion permeability variations of self-compacting rubberized concretes with crumb rubber and fly ash contents.
Please cite this article in press as: Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E. Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes. Constr Build Mater (2011),
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.021
crumb rubber content, the SCRCs with 20%, 40%, and 60% fly ash
exhibited an average reduction of 67%, 79%, and 78% in the chloride
ion permeability, thus using fly shifted the rating of the concretes
from moderate to very low. This indicated that the negative effect
of crumb rubber on the chloride ion permeability remarkably
diminished with the use of fly ash at 90 days. This finding is attrib-
uted to the long-term reaction of fly ash which refines the pore
structure of concrete to reduce the ingress of chloride ions as sta-
ted by Manmohan and Mehta [29]. As a result of the refined pore
structure, chloride ion permeability is reduced.
3.3. Sorptivity index
The water sorptivity of a concrete surface depends on many fac-
tors including concrete mixture proportions, the presence of chem-
ical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials, the
composition and physical characteristics of the cementitious com-
ponents and of the aggregates, the entrained air content, the type
and duration of curing, the degree of hydration or age, the presence
of microcracks, and the presence of surface treatments such as
sealers or form oil, and placement method including consolidation
and finishing. Water absorption is also strongly affected by the
moisture condition of the concrete at the time of testing [27].
Fig. 4 presents the sorptivity coefficients of the self-compacting
rubberized concretes depending on the contents of crumb rubber
and fly ash as well as testing age. As seen in Fig. 4 that sorptivity
displayed a marked increase with increasing the rubber content.
To illustrate, the control concrete at 28 days had a sorptivity coef-
ficient of 0.078 mm/min0.5 which reached to 0.106 mm/min0.5
when the concrete included 25% crumb rubber. The sorptivity coef-
ficients measured at the 90 days displayed a reduction as com-
pared to those of the 28 days, especially in the case of fly ash
concretes. Similar to the behavior seen in the chloride ion perme-
ability, incorporating fly ash to the SCRCs provided gradual reduc-
tion in sorptivity coefficients, especially at 40% replacement level
of fly ash and testing age of 90 days. The 90-day sorptivity of the
non-fly ash concrete was about 7% less than that measured at
28 days. However, this reduction appeared to be more influential
for the SCRCs with fly ash. Irrespective of the crumb rubber and
fly ash contents, the SCRCs with fly ash exhibited an average reduc-
tion of about 20% in the sorptivity index resulting from the refined
pore structure of the concretes attributed to long-term pozzolanic
effect of the fly ash.
28 Days
90 Days
Moderate
Chloride ion penetrability
Low
Ver y low
15 25 0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25
Rubber content [%]
20FA 40FA 60FA
 M. Gesoğlu, E. Güneyisi / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2011) xxx–xxx 5

0.120
28 Days
90 Days
0.100

Sorptivity [mm/min0.5]
0.080

0.060

0.040

0.020

0.000
0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25
Rubber content [%]

0FA 20FA 40FA 60FA

Fig. 4. Water sorptivity variations of self-compacting rubberized concretes with crumb rubber and fly ash contents.

4000
Chloride ion permeability [Coulombs]

3500

3000 y = 34110x - 191.77

R2 = 0.9271
2500

28 days
2000 90 days

y = 56747x - 2839.7
1500
R2 = 0.658

1000

500

0
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120
Water sorptivity [mm/min0.5]

Fig. 5. Relationship between chloride ion permeability and sorptivity.

Fig. 5 shows the relationship between the chloride ion perme-
ability and sorptivity of the concretes. It was observed that chlo-
ride ingress of the concretes was strongly related to the
sorptivity, especially at 28 days. Higher the sorptivity, the con-
cretes had higher chloride ion permeability values.
3.4. Water absorption
Water absorption of the SCRCs tested as per ASTM C 642 [28] is
depicted in shown in Fig. 6. It was observed that the water absorp-
tion of the concretes varied from 2.73% to 4.25% and from 2.56% to
4.03% at 28 and 90 days depending on the crumb rubber and fly ash
contents, respectively. Using of crump rubber made the concretes
more absorbent with an increasing rate with the crump rubber
content. Bignozzi and Sandrolini [7] attributed this result to the in-
crease in porosity with the rubber phase in the mixtures and prob-
ably due to some deviations of rubber particles from sand grain
size distribution and/or a slightly higher air amount trapped during
mixing procedure of the self-compacting rubberized concretes. As
expected the highest water absorption was measured for the mix-
ture having 25% crumb rubber without fly ash. However, incorpo-
rating fly ash appeared to be effective in the reduction of water
absorption such that the effect being more pronounced with the
replacement level of fly ash. For example, the mixture ‘‘M15’’ (con-
taining 15% crumb rubber and 60% fly ash) had a water absorption
value of 3% at 90 days while that of the mixture ‘‘M3’’ (containing
15% crumb rubber without fly ash) was 3.35% indicating about 12%
reduction. The beneficial effect of fly ash in reducing the water
absorption was noticeable due to the filling effect of fly ash at early
ages and its pozzolanic reaction at later ages. In the presence of FA,
the filling effect is immediate, and the pozzolanic reaction is con-
siderably high within the first 56–90 days for all FA contents.
In Fig. 7, the relationship between the chloride ion permeability
and water absorption of the concretes is presented for 28 and
90 days. It was observed that chloride ion permeability of the con-
cretes was significantly influenced by the amount of water
absorbed.
3.5. Statistical evaluation of test results
In order to find out the statistical significance of the employed
systems, namely Portland cement with crump rubber (PC–CR),

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4.5
28 Days
4.0 90 Days

3.5

Water absorption [%]

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25 0 5 15 25
Rubber content [%]

0FA 20FA 40FA 60FA

Fig. 6. Water absorption variations of self-compacting rubberized concretes with crumb rubber and fly ash contents.

4002.0

3502.0
Chloride ion permeability [Coulombs]

y = 35.901x + 0.3966
R2 = 0.8926
3002.0

2502.0

90 days
2002.0 28 days

1502.0
y = 35.453x + 0.4292
1002.0 R2 = 0.8681

502.0

2.0
0.04 0.54 1.04 1.54 2.04 2.54 3.04 3.54 4.04 4.54
Water sorptivity [mm/min 0.5]

Fig. 7. Relationship between chloride ion permeability and water absorption.

Portland cement with fly ash (PC–FA), and Portland cement with the variability of experimental test results must be explained in
CR and FA (PC–CR–FA) on the SCRC test results, a general linear terms of the defined systems. The contribution of the each factor
model analysis of variance (GLM–ANOVA) was performed at a on the measured test results are also presented in Table 3. The col-
0.05 level of significance. GLM–ANOVA is an important statistical umn under the percent contribution provides an idea about the de-
analysis and diagnostic tool which helps in reducing the error var- gree of effectiveness of the independent factors on the measured
iance and quantifies the dominance of a control factor. The Minitab response such that higher the contribution, the effectiveness of
software was utilized to analyze experimentally obtained data the factors to that particular response was higher. Likewise, if the
[30]. In the analysis, the measured properties of SCRC such as chlo- percent contribution is low, the contribution of the factors to that
ride ion permeability, water sorptivity, and water absorption val- particular response is less. The percent contribution accounted by
ues were assigned as the dependent variables while the defined the defined systems cumulatively should be greater than 60% to
systems (PC–R, PC–FA, and PC–R–FA) were selected as the inde- show that the levels of defined systems in the experimental design
pendent factors. Then, the general linear model analysis of variance are reasonably correct and being reasonably significant on the
was performed and the effective system and/or systems and their SCRC test results [31]. As can be seen from Table 3 that percent
percent contributions on the above mentioned properties of SCRC contributions of the defined systems cumulatively greater than
were determined. the 60%. This indicates that defined systems statistically significant
P-value seen in Table 3 shows the significance of the employed on the self-compacting rubberized concrete test results.
systems (PC–R, PC–FA, and PC–R–FA) on the test results. If a system According to the contribution column in Table 3, PC–FA system
has less than and equal to a p-value of 0.05, it is accepted as the sig- seemed to have the lowest influence on the water absorption,
nificant factor on the desired test result. As seen in Table 3, the p- water sorptivity, and chloride ion permeability of the concretes.
value of systems on all of the test results were less than 0.05 so that However, the most effective system on the chloride ion permeabil-

Please cite this article in press as: Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E. Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes. Constr Build Mater (2011),
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.021
 M. Gesoğlu, E. Güneyisi / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2011) xxx–xxx 7

Table 3
Statistical outcomes of GLM–ANOVA model.

Dependent variable Source of variation Statistical parameters Significant Contribution (%)

(properties of RSCC) (description of system)
Degree of Sum of Mean F p-value Pure sum
freedom square square of square
Water absorption PC–CR 4 2.29053 0.6 20.67 0.0000 2.2 Yes 25.6
PC–FA 4 1.77448 0.4 16.01 0.0000 1.7 Yes 19.5
PC–CR–FA 9 3.6312 0.4 14.56 0.0000 3.4 Yes 39.7
Error 30 0.8312 0.0 – 15.3
Water sorptivity PC–CR 4 0.0021391 0.0005 31.46 0.0000 0.00207 Yes 35.5
PC–FA 4 0.0013168 0.0003 19.36 0.0000 0.00125 Yes 21.4
PC–CR–FA 9 0.00186 0.0002 12.16 0.0000 0.00171 Yes 29.3
Error 30 0.00051 0.0000 – 13.7
Chloride ion permeability PC–CR 4 33888338 8472084.5 1595.73 0.0000 33867101.1 Yes 96.3
PC–FA 4 266482 66620.5 12.55 0.0000 245245.1 Yes 0.7
PC–CR–FA 9 868735 96526.1 18.18 0.0000 820951.9 Yes 2.3
Error 30 159277 5309.2 – 0.7

ity of the SCRCs was the PC–CR system with a contribution of
96.3%.
4. Conclusions
Based on the result obtained from this study, the following con-
clusions may be drawn:
 A progressive increase was observed in the chloride ion pene-
tration of the self-compacting rubberized concretes with the
increase in rubber content without fly ash at both of 28 and
90 days test results. Addition of fly ash did not considerably
affect the chloride ion permeability of the self-compacting rub-
berized concretes at the 28 days. However, when the curing
period was extended to the 90 days, the long-term reaction of
fly ash refines the pore structure of concrete so that ingress of
chloride ions decreased drastically.
 Since the presence of the crumb rubber in the concrete, porosity
is poorly affected. Therefore, water sorptivity and water absorp-
tion values of the self-compacting rubberized concretes
increased. Furthermore, increasing the crumb rubber content
increased the water sorptivity and water absorption. However,
with the addition of fly ash, the negative effect of crumb rubber
on these properties eliminated slightly. The amount of reduc-
tion increased with increasing the replacement level of fly ash.
 Statistical significance of the defined systems (PC–CR, PC–FA,
and PC–CR–FA) on the measured permeability properties were
found out by the GLM–ANOVA tests. The results indicated that
there was a good agreement between the qualitative and statis-
tical analysis. The most effective system on the chloride ion per-
meability of the SCRCs was the PC–CR system with a
contribution of 96.3%.
5. Recommendations for future work
In the frame work of this study, only one water–cementitious
material (w/cm) was used in the production of SCRCs. However,
transport properties of such concretes may be remarkably affected
by the w/cm ratio so that a possibility of change in the properties
of the concretes by varying w/cm ratio may be expected. Therefore,
more experiments with other w/cm ratios on the transport proper-
ties of SCRCs may be useful as a further study.
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Please cite this article in press as: Gesoğlu M, Güneyisi E. Permeability properties of self-compacting rubberized concretes. Constr Build Mater (2011),
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.021