CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

ABSTRACT 2

INTRODUCTION: 4-5
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 OBJECTIVE

METHODOLOGY 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7

CONCLUSION 8

REFERENCES 8

APPENDICES 9

Abstract

1
 After doing this experiment, we are able to determined the specific heat capacity of a
metal, copper. We also had determined the quantity and the direction of heat flow for the
dissolution of salt. Based on our group result, we got 0.0759 Jg-1°C-1 as the specific heat of
copper while the direction of heat flow of the dissolution salt is exothermic. The methods
that we use are weighing, heating, and recording. However, there are some problems
occurred. Our result is not 100% accurate but nearly. The inaccurate result is due to some
errors while doing the experiment. For example, we do not shut the fan off. Thus, some of
the copper powders are dispersing into the air. Moreover, the air pressure also effects the
decreasing temperature of the copper.
As conclusion, we successfully manage to determine the specific heat of a copper and
the heat flow for the dissolution of the salt.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2
1.1 Introduction

A calorimeter is an apparatus for measuring the quantity of heat energy released or

absorbed during a process. Since there are many processes that can be studied over a wide
range of temperature and pressure, a large variety of calorimeters have been developed.

q = (specific heat) ( m )( Dt) = S.H. ( m)( Dt)

Non-isothermal calorimeters measure the temperature change that occurs during the
process. An aneroid-type non-isothermal calorimeter is normally constructed of a material
having a high thermal conductivity, such as copper, so that there is rapid temperature
equilibration. It is isolated from its surroundings by a high vacuum to reduce heat leaks. This
type of calorimeter can be used for determining the heat capacity of materials when
measurements involve low temperatures. Aneroid-type non-isothermal calorimeters have
also been developed for measuring the energy of combustion for small samples of rare
materials.

With most non-isothermal calorimeters, it is necessary to relate the temperature rise

to the quantity of energy released in the process. This is done by determining the
calorimeter constant, which is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of
the calorimeter itself by 1°. This value can be determined by electrical calibration or by
measurement on a well-defined test system. For example, in bomb calorimeter the
calorimeter constant is often determined from the temperature rise which occurs when a
known mass of a very pure standard sample of benzoic acid is burned.

Isothermal calorimeters make measurements at constant temperature. The simplest

example is a calorimeter containing an outer annular space filled with a liquid in equilibrium

3
with a crystalline solid at its melting point, arranged so that any volume change will displace
mercury along a capillary tube. The Bunsen ice calorimeter operates at 0°C (32°F) with a
mixture of ice and water. Changes as a result of the process being studied cause the ice to
melt or the water to freeze, and the consequent volume change is determined by
measurement of the movement of the mercury meniscus in the capillary tube. While these
calorimeters can yield accurate results, they are limited to operation at the equilibrium
temperature of the two-phase system. Other types of isothermal calorimeters use the
addition of electrical energy to achieve exact balance of the heat absorption that occurs
during an endothermic process.

All calorimeters consist of the calorimeter proper and a jacket or a bath, which is
used to control the temperature of the calorimeter and the rate of heat leak to the
environment. For temperatures not too far removed from room temperature, the jacket or
bath contains liquid at a controlled temperature. For measurements at extreme
temperatures, the jacket usually consists of a metal block containing a heater to control the
temperature. With non-isothermal calorimeters, where the jacket is kept at a constant
temperature, there will be some heat leak to the jacket when the temperature of the
calorimeter changes. It is necessary to correct the temperature change observed to the
value it would have been if there were no leak. This is achieved by measuring the
temperature of the calorimeter for a time period both before and after the process and
applying Newton's law of cooling. This correction can be avoided by using the technique of
adiabatic calorimeter, where the temperature of the jacket is kept equal to the temperature
of the calorimeter as a change occurs. This technique requires more elaborate temperature
control, and its primary use is for accurate heat capacity measurements at low
temperatures.

In calorimetric experiments it is necessary to measure temperature differences

accurately; in some cases the temperature itself must be accurately known. Modern
calorimeters use resistance thermometers to measure both temperatures and temperature
differences, while thermocouples or thermistors are used to measure smaller temperature
differences.

Heat capacities of materials and heats of combustion are processes that are routinely
measured with calorimeters. Calorimeters are also used to measure the heat involved in
phase changes, for example, the change from a liquid to a solid (fusion) or from a liquid to a
gas (vaporization). Calorimetry has also been applied to the measurement of heats of
hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds, the heat of dissolution of a solid in a
liquid, or the heat change on mixing two liquids.

4
1.2 Objective
1) To determine the specific heat of a metal
2) To determine the quantity and direction of heat flow for the dissolution of a salt

2.0 METHODOLOGY
Materials
Calorimeter, thermometer, beaker 400 ml, test tube, bunsen burner, wire gauze, graduated
cylinder, three finger clamp, copper, natrium tiosulphate

5
Procedure:
A) Specific Heat of a Metal

1. 10 g of copper is weighed and transferred it into a dry test tube. The test tube is
placed in a 400 ml beaker. Then, the beaker is filled with water until it is well
above the level of the metal sample in the test tube. The water is boiled using a
heater and maintain this temperature for at least 5 minutes so that the metal
reaches thermal equilibrium with the water. The temperature is recorded.
2. The mass of calorimeter is weighed. By using a graduated cylinder, 20.0 ml of
water is added into the calorimeter. The combined mass of the calorimeter and
water are determined. The thermometer is secured with a clamp and position it
below the water surface. 5 minutes is allowed for the system to reach thermal
equilibrium. The temperature is recorded over 60 second intervals.
3. The test tube from the boiling water is removed and only the copper is quickly
transferred into the calorimeter. The lid is replaced and the content is stirred
gently. The water temperature is recorded as a function of time (about 30 second
intervals) for 3 minutes.
4. The temperature (y axis) versus time (x axis) graph is plotted. ΔT is determined
from our curve and then do the calculations indicated on the report sheet.

A) Entalphy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

1. The mass of the dry calorimeter is weighed. Using graduated cylinder, 20.0 ml of
distilled water is added into the calorimeter and temperature is recorded. The
temperature is recorded for 60 seconds with 15 seconds interval. The combined
mass of the calorimeter and water are reweighed. After that, the thermometer is
positioned below the water surface.
2. 5.0 g of the natrium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 salt is weighed.
3. The salt is added to the calorimeter, the lid is replaced and stirred gently until the
salt dissolves. The temperature and time are read and recorded at 15 seconds
intervals for 3 minutes.
4. The temperature versus time curve is constructed and ∆ T is determined.

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

(A) Specific Heat of Metal

Temperature of copper = 81.5 °C
Mass of calorimeter = 6.8g

6
 Mass of calorimeter + water = 25.5g
Mass of water = 18.70g

Time (s) Temperature of water in calorimeter (°C)

60 29.0
120 29.0
180 29.0
240 29.5
300 29.5

Time (s) Temperature of water + cooper (°C)

30 30.0
60 30.0
90 30.0
120 30.5
150 30.5
180 30.5

Temperature of water+copper versus time

30.6
30.5
30.4
30.3
temperature(°C)

30.2
30.1
30
29.9
29.8
29.7
30 60 90 120 150 180
tim e(s)

∆Twater = Tfinal(water) – Tintial(water)

= (29.5 – 29.0) °C
= 0.5 °C
∆Tcopper = Tfinal(copper) – Tintial(copper)
= (30.0 – 81.5) °C

7
 = - 51.5 °C
Heat lost by copper = - (Heat gained by water)
Specific heat (copper) x mass (copper) x ∆Tcopper = - [Specific heat (water) x mass (water) x
∆Twater ]
q x 10 x (- 51.5) = - (4.184 x 18.7 x 0.5)
q = 0.0759 Jg-1°C-1
∴The specific heat for copper is 0.0759 Jg -1
°C-1.

Using the q = mcΔT equation, the heat of copper determined. The result we get is far from
the real specific heat capacity of copper. This is due to some errors during handling the
experiment. Which are, we open the lid of calorimeter too long and this might effects the
temperature of calorimeter. Besides, when we measured the temperature of thermometer,
the bulb of the thermometer is touched the surface of coffee cup. This situation has affects
the reading of the thermometer taken. Parallax error also occur during the thermometer
reading is taken. We should have ensured that our eyes are perpendicular with the
thermometer scale. Apart from that, there are some errors when the weight of copper is
taken.
The percentage deviation of actual specific heat capacity of copper with the result we
get is as below:
(0.385-0.0759) x 100% = 80.29%
0.385

8
 (B) Enthalpy of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt
Mass of dry calorimeter = 6.7g
Mass of calorimeter + water = 21.6g

Time (s) Temperature of water in calorimeter (°C)

15 28
30 28
45 28
60 28

Time (s) Temperature of water + dissolve salt (°C)

15 23
30 23
45 23
60 24
75 24
90 24
105 24
120 24
135 24
150 24
165 24
180 24

Temperature of water+dissolve salt versus

time

24.5
temperature(°C)

24
23.5
23
22.5
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
time(s)

Based on the graph,

∆T = gradient of graph

9
 60 .0 − 45 .0
=
24 .0 − 23 .0
= 15
Heat lost by water = - (Heat absorbed for the dissolution of Na2S2O3)
Heat lost by water, QH2O = Mass (water) x Specific heat (water) x ∆T
= 14.9 x 4.184 x (15)
= 935.12 J
∴Heat absorbed for the dissolution of Na S O 2 2 3 = 935.12 J

For experiment B, the result that we get is 935.12J. While handling this experiment B, there
are also some errors that occur. One of it is, the Na2S2O3 did not dissolve in water thoroughly
even we had stir it. Besides, the other errors that occur during this experiment B is same as
what we had in experiment A which IS the lid of the calorimeter is opened too long. This has
affected the reading of thermometer.

4.0 CONCLUSION

10
 At the end of this experiment, the objectives are achieved. The specific heat flow of
copper is 0.0759 Jg-1°C-1 and the quantity of the dissolution is 935.12 J. From the graph we
sketch, the reaction show the released of heat, exothermic.

EXERCISES:

11
1. What is the difference between specific heat and heat capacity? What are the units
for these two quantities? Which is the intensive property and which is the extensive
property?

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1
gram of any substance by 1°C at constant pressure. And the units for specific heat
capacity is Jg-1°C-1 or calg-1°C-1. Specific heat capacity is an intensive property.

While, heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change a sample of substance
by 1°C. The units for heat capacity is Jmol-1 °C-1 and it is an extensive property.

2. A 20.94 g sample of an unknown metal is heated to 99.4oC in a hot water bath until
thermal equilibrium is reached. The metal is quickly transferred to 100 ml of water
at 22.0 oC contained in a Styrofoam cup. The thermal equilibrium temperature of
the metal plus water mixture is 24.6 oC. What is the specific heat of the metal?

qsystem = 0
q = mcΔT - CcalΔT
= (120.94)(4.184)(2.2)
= 1113.23
qsystem = 1113.23 + [(120.94)(74.8 -)(‫])א‬
0 = 1113.23 + [(120.94)(74.8 -)(‫])א‬
1113.23 = +9046.31 ‫א‬
=0.123 J/g°C

12
 3. Magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloride acid according to the following
equation.
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq)  Mg Cl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
When 0.425 g of magnesium was added to 150.0ml of 1.00 M HCl in a coffee-cup
calorimeter the temperature of the solution increased from 24.5 oC to 35.3 oC.
Given that the heat capacity of the calorimeter is 125 J/ oC and that the density of
the HCl solution is 1.00 g/ml, calculate the heat released per mole of magnesium.

q = mcΔT
= (0.425)(125)(10.8)
= 573.75
let,
0.0175 mole ≡ 573.75
1 mole ≡?

So, 1 mole = 32785.71

REFERENCES

13
• William L.Masterton, Cecile Nespral Hurley. Chemistry principles and Reactions.5th edition.
Belmont,USA: Thomson
• John W.Moore, Conrad L.Stanitski and Peter C.Jurs. Chemistry the Molecular Science. 2nd
edition. Belmont.USA: Thomson
• Melanie M. Cooper. Cooperative Chemistry Laboratory Manual. 1st edition. Clemson
University: McGraw-Hill INTERNATIONAL EDITIONS
• Ignacio Tinoco Jr, Kenneth Sauer, James C. Wong and Joseph D. Puglisi. Physical Chemistry
(Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences). 4th editon. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall

14