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"SHARED"
Mental methods are about trying to get to the correct answer in the quickest and
easiest way!
There are lots of ways to add and subtract numbers in your head.
By the time you have looked through the factsheets in this module you will have
used 5 different methods for mental addition and subtraction!
Try to remember them by using the word "Shared".
• When you've read about them, practise the methods you like and can
remember most easily.
• Ask other people about the methods they use - and share your methods
too!
• Keep practising, and HAVE FUN!
Here you can see that the same numbers added together in a different order will
give the same answer.
Addition and subtraction are opposites.
You can check the answer to a subtraction sum by turning the numbers around
and adding them up. Have a look below.
Here you've done the sum 10 - 25 and got the answer 15.
To check the answer, turn the sum around to 15 + 10 and see if you get 25.
Splitting up numbers
Splitting up numbers is a good method to use for both addition and subtraction. It
is sometimes called partitioning.
Addition
Then add the result of that sum to the third number to get the answer:
120 + 9 = 129
Subtraction
Rounding - addition
Rounding is a method for mental addition which is useful in many different
situations.
Imagine you are in a shop and you have to quickly work out an amount.
Further reading.
These tables have some more information to help you with addition by rounding.
The first shows methods and examples for adding a number between 11 and 14
to another number.
This table shows methods and examples for adding a number between 15 and
19 to another number.
Rounding - subtraction
Rounding is a method for mental subtraction which is useful in many different
situations.
Imagine you are shopping and need to work out an amount quickly.
As 20 is 3 more than 17, you have taken 3 too many from the total. So you need
to add 3:
44 + 3 = 47
The first shows you a methods and examples for subtracting a number between
11 and 14 from another number.
This table shows methods and examples for subtracting a number between 15
and 19 to another number.
Empty number line for counting on
Counting on using an empty number line is a good method for subtracting
numbers mentally.
Use this method to find the difference between 37 and 50. This is the same as
the sum
50 - 37.
When you have pictured that line, count on from 37 to 40, which makes 3. Keep
that 3 in your head. Then, count from 40 to 50, which is 10.
Have a look below to see how this works.
Now all you need to do is add the 3 to the 10. This makes 13. So:
The difference between 37 and 50 is 13.
Or
50 - 37 = 13
Doubling
If you are adding together two numbers that are nearly the same, you can
double one of them and then adjust the difference.
Imagine you are adding together 38 and 35.
Key words for mental addition
Here are some of the words which will crop up when doing addition sums.
Have a look below to see how they can be used in the simple sum 3 + 4 = 7.
Add
3 add 4 is 7
Altogether
Altogether, 3 and 4 make 7.
Increase
If you increase 3 by 4 you get 7.
More
7 is 3 more than 4.
Plus
3 plus 4 is 7.
Sum
The sum of 3 and 4 is 7.
Total
The total of 3 and 4 is 7.
Have a look below to see how they can be used in the simple sum 8 - 5 = 3.
Decrease
If you decrease 8 by 5 you get 3.
Difference
The difference between 8 and 5 is 3.
Fewer than
3 is 5 fewer than 8.
Less than
3 is 5 less than 8.
Minus
8 minus 5 is 3.
Reduce
If you reduce 8 by 5 you get 3.
Subtract
8 subtract 5 is 3.
Take away
8 take away 5 is 3.
Here are some of the mental methods you can use. When you've read about
them, practise the methods you like and can remember most easily.
Multiplying the tens then the units, then adding them together.
Tip:
Have you ever worried that if it's called 'mental methods' you have to do it in your
head?
Well, you don't have to! It can really help to jot down some figures which make
the sum easier for you.
Here are two more mental methods you can use. When you've read about them,
practise the methods you like and can remember most easily.
Changing the order to make the numbers easier to work with
Remember! Using mental methods is about choosing the method that works for
you and for the numbers you're working with.
Multiplication Glossary
Here are some of the words which will crop up when doing multiplication sums.
Have a look below to see how they can be used in the simple sums 2 x 2 = 4.
Factors
2 is a factor of 4. One number is a factor of another number if it divides, or goes
into it exactly.
Divisible
6 is exactly divisible by 3. 7 is not exactly divisible by 3.
Groups of
2 groups of 2 make 4.
Lots of
2 lots of 2 make 4.
Multiple
4 is a multiple of 2.
Multiply
If you multiply 2 by 2 you get 4.
Product
The product of 2 and 2 is 4.
Sets of
2 sets of 2 make 4.
Times
2 times 2 is 4.
92 ÷ 3 is approximately
90 ÷ 3 which is 30
143 ÷ 7 is approximately
140 ÷ 7 which is 20
994 ÷ 5 is approximately
1 000 ÷ 5 which is 200
Check by multiplying Multiplication and division are inverses (opposites).
Division sums can be checked by multiplying, like this:
81 ÷ 3 = 27
27 x 3 = 81
Jot it down Have you ever worried that if it's called 'mental methods' you have to
do it in your head?
Well, you don't have to! It can really help to jot down some figures which make
the sum easier for you.
Here are two of the mental methods you can use. When you've read about them,
practise the methods you like and can remember most easily.
Splitting the number you're dividing into, to make it simpler.
Numbers can be split into factors to make dividing simpler.
Here are two of the mental methods you can use. When you've read about them,
practise the methods you like and can remember most easily.
Spacesaver division
This is long division without all the written bits! Let's look at the sum 22 972 ÷ 4.
1. 4 into 2 won't go - so carry 2
2. 4 into 22 (5 x 4 = 20) - so carry 2
3. 4 into 29 (7 x 4 = 28) - so carry 1
4. 4 into 17 (4 x 4 = 16) - so carry 1
5. 4 into 12, that will be 3 exactly
With this method you're doing a division sum, but all the thinking is multiplication
and subtraction!
Dividing with even numbers
Remember! Using mental methods is about choosing the method that works for
you and for the numbers you're working with.
If you're in a group you could vote for the most popular methods, then let us
know the result!
Division Glossary
Here are some of the words which will crop up when doing division sums.
Have a look below to see how they can be used in the simple sums 6 ÷ 3 = 2 and
7 ÷ 3.
Divide
If you divide 6 by 3 you get 2.
Divisible
6 is exactly divisible by 3. 7 is not exactly divisible by 3.
Groups
There are 3 groups of 2 in 6.
Left over
If you divide 7 by 3 the answer is 2 with 1 left over.
Remainder
If you divide 7 by 3 the answer is 2 with 1 remainder.
Share
If you share 6 toffees between 3 people, each person gets 2.
What is ratio?
Ratio is a way of comparing amounts of something. It shows how much bigger
one thing is than another. For example:
Ratio is the number of parts to a mix. The paint mix is 4 parts, with 3 parts blue
and 1 part white.
The order in which a ratio is stated is important. For example, the ratio of
screenwash to water is 1:10. This means for every 1 measure of screenwash
there are 10 measures of water.
Mixing paint in the ratio 3:1 (3 parts blue paint to 1 part white paint) means 3 + 1
= 4 parts in all.
3 parts blue paint to 1 part white paint = is ¾ blue paint to ¼ white paint.
If the mix is in the right proportions, we can say that it is in the correct ratio.
But this amount of paint will only decorate two walls of a room. What if you
wanted to decorate the whole room, four walls? You have to double the amount
of paint and increase it in the same ratio.
If we double the amount of blue paint we need 6 pots.
If we double the amount of white paint we need 2 pots.
The amount of blue and white paint we need increase in direct proportion to each
other. Look at the table to see how as you use more blue paint you need more
white paint:
Pots of blue paint 3 6 9 12
Pots of white paint 1 2 3 4
You can check that you have worked out the ratio correctly by adding the shares
together. In this sum Dave's and Adam's shares should equal £20.00
Let's check: £12.00 + £8.00= £20.00 Correct!
Factor
The factors of a number are those numbers which divide into it exactly.
Example:
1 x 12 = 12
2 x 6 = 12
3 x 4 = 12
So the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12.
What is rounding?
Rounding is a way of simplifying numbers. If the driveway of a house is 5 metres
and 7 cm long we would usually just say it is 5 m long.
Saying it's 5 m long will be close enough most of the time.
Here is another example. The picture shows a stick of rock next to a ruler. The
ruler has only got the 10 cm points marked on it.
We can't see exactly how long the rock is. But we can see to the nearest 10 cm.
The end of the rock is close to the 20 cm mark. So we say that the rock is 20 cm
long to the nearest 10 cm.
What about this longer stick. How long is it to the nearest 10 cm?
It is closer to 30 cm than 20 cm. So we say it is 30 cm long to the nearest
10 cm.
Rounding numbers to the nearest 10 means finding which 10 they are nearest to.
What about 25? It's exactly half way between 20 and 30. It has to be rounded
one way or the other.
The rule that everyone usually follows is that 25 gets rounded up to 30.
The Rules
In this way we get the rules about rounding up and down.
Is 37 nearer to 30 or to 40?
When a figure is halfway between two hundreds, the rule is to round up.
Rounding to the nearest 1 000 can help you estimate the number of people who
attended a pop concert or football match.
Example
If 43 715 tickets were sold for a football match, that number could be rounded to
the nearest ten, hundred or thousand:
Example
To estimate the cost of 11 pens at 95p each, you could round down 11 to 10 pens
and round up 95p to £1.00
The estimated cost would then be
10 x £1.00 = £10.00
Place value is the idea that a figure has a different value when used in
different places.
Below is a place value table with the numbers 7 853 and 5 387.
Note: Each column can only contain one figure from 0 to 9.
In the number 7 853 (seven thousand eight hundred and fifty three) the 7 has the
value
7 thousand. This number is 7 000 + 800 + 50 + 3.
In the number 5 387 (five thousand three hundred and eighty seven) the 7 has
the value
7 units. This number is 5 000 + 300 + 80 + 7.
In these two numbers the 7 stands for different values when it is in different
places.
You will notice that the numbers are grouped in three figures. There is a space
between each group of three figures (counting from right to left). You will
sometimes see a comma used to separate the three figures. (If there is no
comma in a large number and you have problem saying it, try putting in the
comma.)
This grouping can help you to say the number 405 000.
The first group of three figures is four hundred and five and the last three figures
show thousands (since there are three zeros in a thousand).
The number is four hundred and five thousand.
This example shows how important zero is. In 405 000 the zero between the
4 and 5 keeps the place for the missing tens of thousands. Without the
zero, the number is forty five thousand (45 000).
Again by writing in the letters TTh, Th, H, T and U above the number can help
with writing it in words. Grouping the numbers in threes from right to left will let
you know that the number must be fifty eight thousand and something. The last
three figures can be read on their own as four hundred and thirty two. The
number is fifty eight thousand, four hundred and thirty two.
4. Write 1 200 in words.
Th H T U
1 2 0 0
Start by writing the letters Th, H, T and U above the number you have been
given. You can then see that the 1 is in the thousands column and the 2 is in the
hundreds column. The number is one thousand, two hundred.
Note: Another way of writing this number would be twelve hundred. Although this
is not incorrect if you think writing numbers such as these as twelve hundred
might confuse you, stick to writing them in terms of thousands.
Look at each column in turn. The figures for Friday and Saturday will be the
largest as these have figures in the tens of thousands column. Looking at the
thousands column shows that since there is a 4 in the thousand column for
Saturday and a 0 in the thousands column for Friday that Saturday has the
largest number. Carry on for each of the other numbers.
Numerical order
The order that you would write numbers if you were counting from the lowest up.
405, 406 and 407 are in numerical order.
Unit
The word unit means one. It is the smallest number and is always on the right-
hand side of a whole number:
5 This number has 5 units
72 This number has 2 units
591 This number has 1 unit
Multiples
Multiples of a number can be made by multiplying the number by any whole
number. The first four multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6 and 8. You get them by doing
2 x 1, 2 x 2, 2 x 3 and 2 x 4
The numbers you find in the 2-times table are all multiples of 2.
Reminder: when you do multiplication you can write the numbers in any order
and get the same answer. 6 x 2 is the same as 2 x 6.
Here is how to make multiples of 10. Just multiply 10 by a whole number each
time.
1 x 10 = 10,
2 x 10 = 20,
3 x 10 = 30,
4 x 10 = 40,
5 x 10 = 50,
6 x 10 = 60,
and so on ...
The first six multiples of 10 are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60.
Example 1 Is 12 a multiple of 3?
If you multiply 3 by 4 you get 12, so 12 is a multiple of 3.
Example 2
20 is a multiple of 5 because 4 x 5 = 20.
20 is a multiple of 4 too, because 5 x 4 = 20.
Example 3 Is 15 a multiple of 3?
3 x 5 = 15. So 15 is a multiple of 3, (and also of 5).
Example 4 Is 21 a multiple of 6?
21 is not a multiple of 6 because you can't make 21 by multiplying 6 by any whole
number.
6 x 3 = 18 and 6 x 4 = 24 but there is no whole number between 3 and 4 that
could give us an answer of 21.
Example 5 Is 30 a multiple of 15?
30 = 2 x 15, so 30 is a multiple of 15.
You can also see that 2 x 3 x 5 = 30 so 30 is a multiple of 2, 3 and 5.
And 30 = 3 x 10 so 30 is a multiple of 10.
Also 30 = 5 x 6 so 30 is a multiple of 6 too.
Factors
In arithmetic, a factor is a whole number that divides exactly into another whole
number.
For example, what are the factors of 12? Try making 12 in different ways.
Your answer should look like this:
6 x 2 = 12
12 x 1 = 12
4 x 3 = 12
Remember that you can write your numbers in any order you like for a
multiplication so:
2 x 6 is the same as 6 x 2
1 x 12 is the same as 12 x 1
3 x 4 is the same as 4 x 3.
The full list of factors of 12 is
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.
Some numbers have many
factors, so it is a good idea to work in an organised way or you may miss some.
Don't forget to include 1 and the number itself in your list.
Here is one way to find the factors of 48. Start with 1 and pair off your numbers.
1 x 48, 2 x 24, 3 x 16, 4 x 12 and 6 x 8 all make 48.
Write the list in order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48.
Here is another way: Write your first pair of factors with a reasonable space
between them, then move on to the next pair until you have them all. (You don't
need to put in the lines.)
This way, when you get to the 6,8 pair, you can stop because 7 is not a factor
and you already have 8 in your list.
Sequences
A sequence is a set of numbers arranged in order according to a rule. Each
number in a sequence is called a term.
Multiplication tables give good examples of sequences. For example the 2-times
table gives you the sequence
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, ... and so on
Each term comes from the 2-times table. The rule for this sequence is 'add 2'
each time.
The first three terms of the four times table are 4, 8, 12. You can see that each
term in the sequence increases by four. If you carried on with this sequence you
would eventually reach 92 (try it!).
What is the next term after 92? Using the rule of adding four each time gives you
the next term, 96 (because 92 + 4 = 96).
Example What is the next term in the sequence 35, 32, 29, 26, ...?
This time each term is three less than the one before it. Using this rule (take
three away each time) gives the fifth term as 23, because 26 - 3 = 23.
Example A sequence begins 64, 32, 16. What are the next two terms?
The numbers are decreasing, but not by equal amounts. The rule for this
sequence is 'Divide by two'. The next term will be 8, because 16 ÷ 2 = 8. The
term after that will be 4, because 8 ÷ 2 = 4.
Example What are the next two terms in the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, ?
The rule is 'multiply by 2 each time'. The next two terms are 8 x 2 = 16 and then
16 x 2 = 32.
Example
Look at this sequence: 3, 5, 8, 12, ...
It doesn't follow any of the rules above. But if you look at the differences between
each pair of terms, you can see that they are 2, 3 and 4. The next difference will
be 5 and so the fifth term is 17, because 12 + 5 = 17.
Number patterns
Some sequences can be shown as number patterns, for example:
The difference between one term and the next is 2. So the next term in the
sequence will be 10. (We don't need the pattern to work it out.)
Example Here the patterns are made from circles.
The differences between the terms are 2, 3 and 4. The next difference will be 5,
so the fifth term is 15.
Square Numbers
You square a number by multiplying it by itself. For example 5 squared is
5 x 5 = 25 and not 5 x 2 = 10. It is an easy mistake to make!
The first four terms of the sequence of square numbers are 1, 4, 9 and 16. They
are worked out by squaring the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 like this:
These can be written 1², 2², 3² and 4². We say this as 'one squared', 'two
squared' and so on. The tenth term will be 'ten squared' which is written 10². That
is 10 x 10 = 100
What are digits?
Numbers are made from combinations of the digits:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
For example 816 is a three digit number. It has 3 digits. You might also call it a
three figure number.
Some examples
The number 3 538 has four digits
3 5 3 and 8
The number 276 has three digits
2 7 and 6
The number 41 has two digits
4 and 1
The number 5 has only one digit
5
Multiplying by 100
When you multiply a decimal number by 100 you move all the digits two places
to the left. The number becomes 100 times bigger.
Example 2.63 x 100 = 263
Multiplying by 1 000
When you multiply a number by 1 000 you move all the digits three places to
the left. The number becomes 1 000 times bigger.
Example 2.63 x 1 000 = 2 630
Dividing by 100
When you divide a decimal number by 100 you move all the digits two places
to the right. The number becomes 100 times smaller.
Example 3 502 ÷ 100 = 35.02
Dividing by 1 000
When you divide a decimal number by 1 000 you move all the digits three
places to the right. The number becomes 1 000 times smaller.
Example 3 502 ÷ 1 000 = 3.502
Shortcuts
When multiplying by 10, 100 and 1 000 there's a pattern that can help you get the
right answer very quickly. This method moves the decimal point rather than the
digits.
Multiplying number Number of places to move the decimal point
10 1
100 2
1 000 3
10 000 4
The zeros in the multiplying number tell you how many places to move the
decimal point.
Example
Multiply 2.341 by 100
100 has two zeros. Make 2.34 bigger by moving the decimal point two places.
It's the same when you divide except you have to remember to move the decimal
point the other way. Remember when you divide you are making the number
smaller.
Example
Divide 761.2 by 10
10 has one zero. Make 761.2 smaller by moving the decimal point 1 place.
When multiplying (or dividing) by 10, 100, 1 000, etc count the zeros to find
out how much bigger (or smaller) your number must be.
Make sure you move the digits (or the decimal point) in the correct direction!
£ 1 = 100 p
1 kg = 1 000 g
1 km = 1 000 m
1 m = 100 cm
1 cm = 10 mm
Digits can be used on their own to give us small numbers like 2 and 4. They can
be used together to make bigger numbers, like 27, 431 and 2 146
Question Is the digit 4 always worth 4?
Answer No. For example 4 is worth a different amount in each of these
numbers:
4, 40, 400, 4 000
Because we only have ten digits, the same ten have to be used in such a way
that we always know whether a 4 stands for four, forty, four hundred or four
thousand. Place value helps with this.
Understanding place value tells us whether we have been given a bill for four
pounds, forty pounds or four hundred pounds: £4, £40, £400
Place value is vital. It means putting digits into columns. These columns are
always in the same order.
thousands hundreds tens units (ones)
Place holders
Look at the number 4 040. How much is it worth?
thousands hundreds tens units (ones)
4 0 4 0
This number is four thousand and forty. We must use zeros to keep the digits
in the correct columns. If we missed out the zeros from the number above we
would have 44 and that is a very different number from 4 040.
44 = four tens and four units
thousands hundreds tens units (ones)
4 4
Both the fours and the zeros are important in this number. Zero is called a place
holder. It is not worth anything on its own, but it changes the value of other
digits. In this case zeros change the number 44 to the much larger number
4 040.
The digit on the right of any number must always go into the units column. If
there are no units there will be a zero. For example in the number 20 there is a
zero in the units place.
thousands hundreds tens units (ones)
0 0 2 0
Common mistakes
Whenever we work with numbers we must always remember to use place value.
If we don't our answers will be wrong. Have a go at working out this sum
142 + 56
Did you put the digits on the right into the units column?
If you don't put the digits into the
correct columns you will get a
wrong answer.
Forgetting to use place holders is another common error. How would you write
the number six thousand, three hundred and nine? It should look lke this
thousands hundreds tens units
6 3 0 9
That's 6 309. If you missed out the place holder (the zero) you would have written
639. That would be six hundred and thirty-nine, which would be a completely
different number.
Another common error is mistaking big digits for big numbers. For example 1 111
may look smaller than 999 because it is made up of small digits, but put them
into columns to see that 1 111 is bigger.
thousands hundreds tens units
1 1 1 1
9 9 9
That is 1 500 000. How would you write one million, three hundred and twenty
thousand and fifty four? Put place holder zeros into the empty columns like
this
That number is 1 320 054. It would be very different if it was 1 302 054
That is one million, three hundred and two thousand and fifty four, which is
smaller than 1 320 054
1 302 054 < 1 320 054