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Please note that this manual explains all about the equipment
including options. Therefore you may find some explanations
for options not installed on your equipment.
K.C. Engineers
Contents
1. Objective …………………………………… 1
2. Aim …………………………………… 1
3. Introduction …………………………………… 1
4. Theory …………………………………… 2
5. Description …………………………………… 3
01. OBJECTIVE:
To understand working and operation of a Diesel Engine.
02. AIM:
To determine:
• Brake Power
• BMEP
• Air Fuel Ratio
• BSFC
• Brake Thermal Efficiency
• Volumetric Efficiency
• IMEP
• Indicated Power
• Frictional Power
• Mechanical Efficiency
03. INTRODUCTION:
A Diesel engine is almost the same as a petrol engine but it burns a different type of fuel.
Diesel is named after its inventor Rudolf Diesel, a German who first developed this type
of fuel in the early 1900’s. Diesel engines have mainly been used in lorries and buses
because of their increased power and their reliability. They tend to be noisy and smelly
compared to a petrol engine but are more economical to run.
In a diesel engine the compression stroke only compresses air and not fuel. On the
ignition stroke the air is compressed to a very high pressure and then fuel is injected into
the engine cylinder with the help of a injector, resulting in generating enormous heat,
which then ignites the fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber at that precise
moment of maximum pressure. There is no need for a spark plug in a diesel engine. The
04. THEORY
05. DESCRIPTION:
Present setup is single cylinder, four stroke, vertical, water cooled diesel engine. Flow
rate of water to engine jacket and exhaust gas calorimeter is measured with the help of
individual Rotameter provided. Test rig is also supplied with Air intake tank and fuel
supply tank. Proper instrumentation had been done to measure temperatures and flow
wherever required. Engine is connected with dynamometer (Electric Brake Type) with
load sensor.
A combustion pressure sensor is mounted on the cylinder to detect the pressure. Output
shaft of the engine is coupled with crank angle sensor for detecting crank angle and RPM
of the shaft. With the combination of pressure sensor and crank angle sensor, pressure
inside the cylinder at different angles of crank can be detected and pressure versus crank
angle and pressure versus cylinder volume can be calculated to plot P-V and P-θ
diagrams.
The whole assembly is fixed on a rigid MS channel frame.
The real time data acquisition can be done by interfacing the set up with computer using
software. The software is capable to tabulate the sample readings according to the
requirement of experiment under study and results obtained can be compared. Software
allows the user to have control on data logging, printing stored data, and preparing spread
sheet in Excel.
Three CDs are provided with the equipments. Two CDs are of NI-DAQ Driver and one
for Operating Software. Before starting this operation, ensure that PC should be matching
with computer requirement mentioned in Section 06.6 of Article 6.
The NI-DAQ Driver has two CDs named as “Disc 1 of 2” and “Disc 2 of 2”. First, place
the “Disc 1 of 2” in CD-ROM and wait for 5 to 10 seconds. A blue-colored window
appears on the screen. Click “Browse CD” (i.e. third in row) and another window opens.
Open the file named as “DAQ Quickstartguide.pdf”. Read the installation part accurately.
Now, take third CD i.e. “1 Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine Test Rig” Operating
Software CD and place in CD-ROM. Open the CD and open folder “1 Cylinder 4 Stroke
Diesel Engine Test Rig” and then double click “Installer” folder, double click on
“Setup.exe”. Follow the instructions and do the installation.
Go to desktop and double click on “Measurement & Automation”. A window opens and
look at left side. Follow the path as “My System” “Devices and Interfaces” “NI-
DAQmx Devices”. Click it and PCI-6220: “Dev” appears. Right click and rename it as
“003” and press “enter”. Now, it appears as PCI-6220: “003” and close the window.
Open the exe of the software by clicking it from program menu of main Menu bar.
Click “Login”. Fill the relevant information in “Professor Name”, “Student Name” and
“Roll No” in appeared window. These are not mandatory and may be left blank if
desired. The “Password” for the software is “2313d1398” and press two times “enter” or
click “OK” to enter password.
In the entire software, a “NEXT” button is provided, at left front, which enables to go to
next step. Another button named as “BACK” is present. This facilitates to retrieve last
step taken. An “EXIT” button, at right bottom end, is there. It may be used to exit at any
session and finally, stopping the software.
1 Cylinder 4 Stroke Diesel Engine Test Rig 5
09. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
9.1 Ensure that oil sump of engine is filled with SAE 20W40 oil up to required level
with help of Dip Stick.
9.2 Fill diesel in the fuel tank and connect the fuel line to the engine.
9.3 Supply the diesel to the engine by opening the valves provided in the fuel supply
line.
9.4 Connect the panel/interfacing unit with the computer by data cable provided.
9.5 Open continuous cold water supply to the engine jacket and calorimeter.
9.6 Set flow rate of water through engine jacket and calorimeter using Rotameter.
9.7 Open water supply through pump, for cooling of dynamometer.
9.8 Start the engine with the handle provided and let it run for 2 minutes under no
load condition.
9.9 When engine start running smoothly, firstly load the engine slightly with the help
of panel and then gradually increase the load.
9.10 Run the engine for 2 minutes so that it can stabilize.
9.11 Note the flow rate of water to Engine jacket and Calorimeter with the help
Rotameter provided.
9.12 Repeat the experiment for different load.
9.13 When the experiment is over, reduce load on engine and stop the engine.
9.14 Close the fuel supply valve and cooling water supply to the engine.
10. FORMULA:
2 * π * N *τ
BP = kW
60 * 1000
BP * n * 60 * 1000
p bm =
L*A*N*N
N/m
2
c
A Q a *ρ a
=
F Q f
Q
BSFC = f kg / kW-s
BP
H f = ( Q f * CV ) kW
B.P. * 100
ηbt = %
Hf
π * D 2 * L * N * Nc 3
V s=
m /s
4 * 60 * n
( )
Area of PV diagram, mm 2 * ( Scale of the diagram, bar/mm )
p im = Bar
length of diagram, mm
p * A * L * N * Nc
IP = im kW
60 * 1000 * n
FP = ( IP − BP ) kW
BP
ηm= * 10 %
IP
(14) Indicated Specific Fuel Consumption
Q
ISFC = f kg / kW-s
IP
IP
ηit =
* 100
Hf
m CCW *C pw *( T 6−T 5 )
m eg *C peg =
(T 3−T 4 )
H exh =m eg *C peg *(T 3−T 7 )
W ECW
m ECW = kg / sec.
3600
g = 9.81 m / sec2
S.N.
1 2 3
RPM, N
Load acting On Dynamometer, m (kg)
Volume of Fuel Consumed, X (ml)
Time taken to consumed X ml of Fuel, T (sec)
Air Flow Rate, Qa (m3 / sec)
Flow rate of cooling Water to Engine, WECW (LPH)
S.No. 1 2 3
RPM, N
BP
Pbm
Qf
A/F
BSFC
Hf
η bt
Vs
η vol
pim
IP
FP
η m
ISFC
η it
Hexh
HECW
Hun
• It is preferred to place the test rig at such a place where laboratory power supply,
water supply, drain and ventilation are easily available.
• Service the engine after every 50 hours of running.
• Always ensure the level of engine oil using dip stick at desired level, before stating
the engine. Fill engine oil SAE 40 once and change it after every 50 hours running of
engine.
15. REFERENCES:
15.1 “A text Book of Thermal Engineering – II”, SS Theti, India Publishing House,
Delhi, 2nd Edition, 1985.
15.2 “A Course in Internal Combustion Engines”, ML Mathur, RP Sharma, Dhanpat
Rai Publications, New Delhi, 7th Edition, 2000.
15.3 “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals”, John B. Heywood, McGraw-Hill
International Editions, Singapore.
15.4 “Automobile engineering”, RB Gupta, Satya prakashan, New Delhi, 5th Edition,
1996.