How Change Happens
Interdisciplinary Perspectives for Human Development
Roman Krznaric
A report prepared for Oxfam GB
OXFAM RESEARCH REPORT
Contents
History.................................................................................................................................6 Politics.................................................................................................................................9 Sociology...........................................................................................................................12 Social anthropology...........................................................................................................15 Psychology........................................................................................................................16 Economics.........................................................................................................................18 Management and organisational studies..........................................................................20 International relations and globalisation............................................................................21 Geography.........................................................................................................................22 Legal studies.....................................................................................................................23 Technology and science...................................................................................................25 Philosophy.........................................................................................................................26 Ecology..............................................................................................................................26 Cross-disciplinary approaches to how change happens...................................................28
The rough guide to how change happens.........................................................................31 The abolition of the slave trade and slavery in Britain......................................................33
Market liberalisation..........................................................................................................36 Managed markets..............................................................................................................37 Corporate social responsibility..........................................................................................37 International aid.................................................................................................................38 Empowerment...................................................................................................................38 Grassroots participation and social organisation..............................................................39 Reforming the state...........................................................................................................40 Land reform and securing private property.......................................................................41 Changing attitudes and beliefs..........................................................................................42
How Change Happens
Oxfam GB Research Report, February 2007
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©
Oxfam GB 2007 This is an online version of a report, also issued in print as
How Change Happens: Interdisciplinary Perspectives for Human Development
at: www.oxfam.org.uk/publications This online report was uploaded in February 2007 The print version, which will be published in March 2007, is the authoritative edition. ISBN 978 0 85598 597 4 This publication is copyright, but may be used free of charge for the purposes of advocacy, campaigning, education and research, provided that the source is acknowledged in full. The copyright holder requests that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. For copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, permission must be secured and a fee may be charged. For permission or further information, please email publish@oxfam.org.uk. Oxfam GB, founded in 1942, is a development, humanitarian, and campaigning agency dedicated to finding lasting solutions to poverty and suffering around the world. Oxfam believes that every human being is entitled to a life of dignity and opportunity, and it works with others worldwide to make this become a reality. Oxfam GB is a member of Oxfam International, a confederation of thirteen agencies of diverse cultures and languages, which share a commitment to working for an end to injustice and poverty – both in long-term development work and at times of crisis. For further information about Oxfam’s publishing, and online ordering, visit www.oxfam.org.uk/publications. Roman Krznaric is an independent consultant who specialises in multidisciplinary approaches to issues in human development and social policy. He has degrees in the social sciences and Latin American studies from the universities of Oxford, London, and Essex, where he obtained a Ph.D. in political sociology. He can be contacted at roman.krznaric@gmail.com. Many thanks to the following for their advice and suggestions: Tom Battye, Phil Bloomer, Becky Buell, Rosalind Eyben, Flora Gathorne-Hardy, John Gaventa, Lisa Gormley, Duncan Green, Alex Grigor, Thalia Kidder, Ruth Mayne, Forrest Metz, Annalise Moser, Andrew Ray, Barbara Stocking, Caroline Sweetman, Kevin Watkins, and especially Kate Raworth.
This Oxfam Research Report was written to inform policy development and as a background paper for the Oxfam Poverty Report (forthcoming in 2008). It is published in order to share widely the results of Oxfam-commissioned research. The views expressed in the report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect Oxfam’s views. For further information on the issues raised in this report, please e-mail enquiries@oxfam.org.uk or go to www.oxfam.org.uk.
How Change Happens
Oxfam GB Research Report, February 2007
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