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Nagarathar History
In ancient days Vaisyas of Lunar Race lived at Santhyapuri of Shambu Islands in Naganadu up
to Kali year 203 (2896BC). The historians say Vaisya's emigrations in Kanjeepuram of
Thondaimandalam was in Kali year 204 (2897 BC) and the nestle in naganadu was more than
4867 years. In Kali Year 2311 (790 BC) Prathapa Rasa Thondaimandalam became new
emperor of Thondaimandalam. They stayed there for a very long time, but being troubled by
heavy levy, they left the country on Kali Year 2312 (689 BC) and settled in Chola country.
Manuneedhee Cholan the Emperor of Chola mandalam welcomed Vaisyas with royal respects
and he entitled them as "Mahugada-Vaisyar" and asked them to residents at South, East and
West street of Kaveripoom pattinam (Poompugar). Since the Chola king knows about the trade
and other aspects of Vaisyas he bestow them three privileges as follow: -
(1) Placing the crown on the head of the new ruler at the time of coronation.
(2) They were allowed to use flags with the figure of a lion on them and
(3) To use golden vessels (Thanga- kalasam) in the roof of there houses.
The lion illustration of lion and Golden Vessel (Thanga-kalasam) are royal symbols.
Poovandhi Cholan crowned as new king of Chola Mandalam on Kali Year 3775 (774 AD). All
the 8,000 Vaisyas families destroyed themselves leaving their 1,502 male children to their
spiritual instructor named Admanadhachariar. Admanadhachariar brought up the male children.
Later due to the illness of Poovanthi Cholan his son Rajabushana Cholan was focused as the
new king. Poovandhi Cholan called Vaisyas for the Sovereign his son but Vaisyas refused to
accept his invitation since they are bachelors. The sovereign of new king was delayed due to
the privileges gave by Manuneedhee Cholan. After a long converse with Shivacharyas
(spiritual instructor) and gurus. He asked Vaisyas to marry the Solia- Vellalar girls. Vaisyas
agreed to marry them with a resounding that they would not give their children in marriage to
Vellala children. After some protest the Vellala peoples agreed to this. Under the royal
patronage, mass marriage was performed. Later Rajabushanan Sovereigns as new king of
Chola Mandalam.The last migration of the Vaisyas from Chola Mandalam to Pandya
Mandalam is by the outstanding request made by Soundaraja Pandiyan to Rajabushana Cholan.
The Pandiyan King had approached the Cholan Prince for some good citizens and Vaisyas
after his country was submerged for sometime due to unprecedented deluge, which had caused
colossal obliteration to his people, property and cattle. The Chola Prince being sympathetic and
finding the plea reasonable persuaded some Vaisyas merchants to migrate to the neighboring
kingdom. But the Vaisyas pointed out they are not agreeable for the community to be separated
as they would like to stay united wherever the
So all the Vaisyas move with Raja-Saundra Pandiyan. They first came to the place Known as
OmkaraKudi in the Pandya Dynasty. As promised the Pandya king allotted three lands and
temples to the three street Vaisyas as below.
Vaisyas were also known as ArruValiyenar (East) NaluValiyenr (west) and YeluValiyenar
(south) as they lived in kaveri Poom Pattinam.Sine they married a Different (sub divisions)
Vellalar Females they divided in to three and shared the temples and towns equally. Due to
some cold war all the East and west street Vaisyas left the vicinity and went to Malayala
desam. Ilayathtankudi Temple and Nagaram belongs to Yellu Valliyenar (present Nattu Kottai
Chettiars or Nagarathars) and the people who settled in this Nagaram came to be called as
Nagarathars. Later Eight Sub-Divisions have been maid by Nagarathars in the following years.
Now Nattu Kottai Chettiars or Nagarathars have Nine Divisions these divisions are known as
Kovils and an single family (A Couple)is known as Pulli. This Nine Divisions are known as
Nagara Kovil. Later nagarathar's spread to nearby villages and reside there as a member of
there belonging Kovils. Thus the 96 villages came into existence. The Chettiars then moved
nearer to the middle of their settlement from the quite remote off villages, and the number of
Nagarathar villages decrease to the present 76 villages
The first book on prints to come out about Nagarathar history is in 1894 called "Thanavaisya
Nattukottai Nagarathar". With the help of scriptures from Poongondrai Velangudi at Thulavoor
Mutt, the book was requested and examined by VR.L.Chinniah Chettiar of Devakottai. The
permission granted by imminent persons such as M.AL.AR. Ramanathan Chettiar and
AL.AR.RM.Arunachalam Chettiar the edition were printed by Sadavadanam Subramania Iyer
of Tanjore at the Desabimani Press at Tanjore. The second edition came in 1904.
After this many researchers on Nagarathars have written many research essays on the past
history. Certain notable essays are those written by Kamban Adipodi Sa. Ganesan,
Dr.V.SP.Manickanar, Dr.SP.Annamalai and Dr.T.Chockalingam. Based on the above we can
classify the old history of the Nagarathars as below: .
In the Kaliyuga year 3775 (674 BC) Poovanthicholan who was ruling at that time harassed and
imprisoned all the womenfolk. Hence, the 8000 Vaishyas leaving behind all their assets, 1502
boys and the Maragatha Vinayagar under the custody of their guru Atmananda Sastri to do
pooja and look after, they all committed suicide. The guru Atmananda Sastri taught them the
five-letter panchatara mantra for upadesam, till to this date they remember it with the help of
the Patharakkudi Madam.
In the Kaliyuga year 3784 (683 BC) the old aged Poovanthicholan requested the Vaishya
youngsters to do the coronation ceremony for his son Rajaboosanacholan. The youngsters said
that they were incapable of doing the coronation since they were all bachelors and there were
no eligible girls in the community to get married to. The king consulted with Esana sivachariar
and pronounced that Vaishyas can marry Vellala caste girls. The Vaishya youngsters said that
they would marry the girls from the Vellala caste, but they would not marry their girls by birth
to the Vellala caste. The king requested the Vellala community to accept this. The Vellala
community accepted on the condition that their community guru would perform the dhikshai
for their girls and the girls born to them. The East Street, which was divided into seven
branches, had 502 Vaishya youngsters married to Solliya Vellala girls. For these girls their guru
was Alagiya Gurukkal from Srivanjiyam.
Soundarapandian gave land demarcated, West of the sea, East of Pranmalai, North of River
Vaigai and South of River Vellar (present Chettinadu), to live, build temples and mutts. The
Pandya king gave Ariyur town and Pranmalai temple, Sundarapatinam and its temple and
Ellayatrankudi and its temple.
The three streets Vaishya youngsters could not live together for long because of difference of
opinion created since they married Vellala girls of different - different groups. Hence therefore,
those who lived in the West street in six branches at Kaveripoompatinam were given Ariyur
and Pranmalai temple, South street in four branches were given Sundarapattinam and its
temple, East street by seven branches were given Ellayatrankudi and its temple. The Maragatha
Vinayagar was under the custody of Ariyur. They agreed upon the rituals and prayers to be
common. After this the six branched were called Ariyurar, four branched as Sundarathar and
the seven branched as Ellayatrankudi Nagarathar also Nattukottai Nagarathar.
As the days went by there was difference opinion amongst the Ellayatrankudiyars' and they
separated branch wise and met Soundarapandian and requested for different temples. Pandian
agreed, the temples given were Mathur, Vairavanpatti (712 AD) Iraniyur, Pillaiyarpatti,
Nemankovil, Ellupakkudi (714 AD) and Soorakkudi, Velangudi (718 AD). Henceforth the
creation of the nine temples took place. When the population increased there were many
branches with in the temples. This is the only community in the world to be divided on the
basis of Sivan temples.
During the Kaliyuga year 4262 (1161 AD) Nemankovil's Arunachalam son of
Ellanalamudaiyan Muthuveerappa Chetty of Manickam Street, Velangudi at Poongkondrai's
five year old daughter, Muthumeenal was taken to the capital by Karunyapandian in the chariot
when he as hunting over there. The Nagarathars on knowing this grouped together and decided
that the girl should get justice according to the caste practise and the met the Pandya king and
asked him to release the girl. The Pandya king said that if had known it was their girl he would
not have brought the girl over to the capital. He said that, he had heard that if he handed over
the girl, the girl would be killed. He also said that if at all he heard that the girl was killed, they
would have to pay eight heads and eight hundred sovereigns of gold and he handed the girl.
The Nagarathars took leave of the king and killed the girl on the way according to the caste
regulations. Then they prepared themselves for the punishment ordered by the king. For the
seven branches seven heads were ready and there was a question mark over the one remaining
head. At that time among the seven branches, Ellayatrankudi, Eraniyur and Pillaiyarpatti were
as one branch though they had different temples, it was decided that this branch give an extra
head. Henceforth Okkurudayar a branch of Ellayatrankudi came forward to give the extra head.
The condition put was that they get the first honour in the temples and mutts including the
Viputhi. The Nagarathars accepted. Later they went to the king and stated that they have
brought the eight heads and eight hundred sovereigns of gold. The king was so depressed and
said, the sin of killing one girl itself is enough, you don't have to give anything and you can go.
The Nagarathar's returned back.
During the Kaliyuga year 4389 (1288 AD) there was trouble and Ariyurpattinam was
demolished. The sixty-four Vaishya families that stayed there escaped to the Malayala kingdom
(Kerela) and started living near the River Korattar. They built a temple for Maragatha
Vinayagar and continued the prayers.
During Kaliyuga year 4644 (1543 AD) there was trouble at Nattarasankottai due to robbers and
they raped some Nagarathar women. Nagarathars met their Gurus' and requested them to give
permission according to their custom to kill them. The gurus did not accept. On the insistence
of the Nagarathars the gurus accepted and went to Kasi to have a holy dip in the Ganges.
Nirambia Alagiya Gurukkal alone returned to Thulavur after three years. The Kala mutt guru
did not even return after twelve years. Hence some of the Nagarathars went to Ramanathasamy
of Thirupunavayil to get upadesam. After twenty-one years during the kaliyuga year 4665
(1564 AD), the guru of Kala mutt came and joined. The Nagarathars met him and explained the
happenings. The guru said that those who got dhikshai from Ramanathasamy belonged to
Vamisa, henceforth they and their generation have got to get dhikshai from Vamisa generations
and gave a mutt at Patharakudi, which is also known as Ellanjeripattinam at Kanakapuram.
From then on Nagarathar men had Kala mutt and Patharakudi mutt; the women had Thulavur
mutt, which were the three Gurukalams.
5. Later History
In 1278 AD, Eranikovil and Pillaiyarpatti the two branches of Ellayatrankudi separated
completely and decided to live as separate Pangaligals. Till date the two branches have no
marriage alliance among themselves.
As the days went by Kala mutt and Patharakudi mutt merged together and now Patharkudi
mutt alone is for Nagarathar men as the Gurupeedam.
As days passed by the Nagarathar families which lived around the places of the temple spread
to various places. It is described that they lived in ninety-six places and now they live only in
seventy-five places.
The Vaishyas were basically traders. One of the groups of traders was called the Chetty. Later
this word changed to Chettiar. One who does business is a Chetty is often referred to as a
stingy person. There is no population boom for the community. They are very selfish in
thinking and they think of themselves and their community.
Silapathikaram, a book written by Elango Adigal, states that the main character in the book
Kovalan is a Chettiar. Salt trade was famous during the Pandya regime. After going to many
places to do business finally they would converge at Palani during the festival of Thaipoosam
and write "Magamai". Magamai is an annual tax paid to the god. According to the capital
invested or profit got a percentage is calculated and the magamai is derived. Here they set right
their accounts and look at there profits and accordingly write their magamai. Later they give
free food to all called "Annadhanam". This can be seen in Palani on a stone engraving, where it
states that Kuppan Chetty's son Kumarappa Chetty of Nemam Kovil was the first to do salt
trade at Palani with the help of Deivanayaga Pandaram. Usually all Saivaites strictly follow the
two beneath i.e.;
2. No one should do anything during the stars of Karthigai and Thiruvathirai according to
the Sastras. But the Nagarathars being ardent devotees of Lord Muruga and Lord Shiva they
performed the Karthigai Padumai for their sons and Nataraja's Thiruvathirai for their
daughters. The above went against all sastras. No other Saivaite community do these functions,
hence these solely belongs to the Nagarathars.
3. The Nagarathars consider the viputhi as a sacred and holy item whereas others consider
it just the opposite, since it is got from burning and as ash. The womenfolk of the Nagarathar
community put viputhi and the manjal kungumam on their forehead, while the others put
manjal kungumam only. The viputhi is considered so sacred that during marriages the oldest
lady of the house, even though she is a widower, holds a lamp on the left hand and puts viputhi
on the groom and bride. When the Nagarathars travel anywhere they make it a point that they
carry viputhi in a special bag called the "viputhi pai". During death also the Nagarathars place
viputhi considering it to be a sacred item. No other Saivaite gives so much importance to
viputhi unlike the Nagarathars.
4. The Nagarathar community also have people ordained as Nayanmars among the 63
Nayanmars. Karaikal Ammaiyar a lady was ordained as a Nayanmar and was the first person to
sing "Thirupathigams". Her Thirupathigams were called "Mootha Thirupathigam". Before
Saint Appar Swamigal and Saint Thirugnanasambandhar Swamigal could sing thirupathigams
the womenfolk of the Nagarathar community sang thirupathigams. Another person to be
ordained as a Nayanmar is Eyarkai Nayanar.
5. TEMPLES (KOVIL)
The Nattukottai Chettiars are divided among themselves on the basis of temples called "Nagara
Kovils" (Temples of Lord Shiva, since they are Saivaites). They are divided on the basis of
nine temples that have many sub divisions. Marriages can take place among the various
divisions. One cannot enter into an alliance with in the same division, but in some temples if
the sub division is different then the marriage can take place. The temples are the places for the
registering of marriages for the Nagarathars. On the day of the marriage or earlier, the bride's
and the groom's side have to go their respective temples to register their marriage. The bride
would renounce her temple and would be enrolled with the groom. They become a proclaimed
member of the community and they are called as a "Pulli". The marriage becomes legally valid.
On becoming a member, they start paying their annual subscription to the temple. From the
temple on registering, the couples are blessed with the offerings from the respective temples.
The temples and divisions are as follows:
1. ELLAYATRANKUDI
2. MATHUR
3. NEMAM KOVIL
4. ERANIYUR
God : Aatkonda nathar Goddess : Sivapuri Devi
5. PILLAIYARPATTI
6. ELLUPAKUDI
7. SOORAKUDI
8. VAIRAVAN KOVIL
God : Valar oli nathar Goddess : Vadivudai Ambal
9. VELANGUDI
Marriages are performed only intra Kovils - Exemption: Pillaiyarpatti and Inaniyur will not
have alliance in between them as they have brotherly relationship
NAGARATHAR VILLAGES:
Initially there were 96 villages were the Nagarathars lived, over the period of time it has been
reduced. They were divided as follows:
Therkku Vattagai (South)
1. Nattarasankottai 8. Vettriyur 14. Keela Poongudi
2. Paganeri 9. Natarajapuram 15. Sakkandhi
3. Madugupatti 10. Pattamangalam 16. Karungulam
4. Okkur 11. Kollangudi Alagapuri 17. Aranmanai Siruvayal
5. Cholapuram 12. Chokkanathapuram 18. Pannagudi
6. Kalayarmangalam 13. Allavakkotai 19. Sembanoor
7. Kandramanickam
Mela Vattagai
20. Kilasivalpatti 24. Aavinipatt i 28. Sirukudalpatti
21. P. Alagapuri 25. Magilvazhampatti 29. A. Thekkalur
22. Kandavarayanpatti 26. Viramathi 30. Sevoor
23. Pulangkurichi 27. Nerkkupai
Keela Vattagai
35. Devakottai 36. Thanichaoorani 37. Aravayal
Melapathoor Vattagai
38. Valayapatti 43. Rangiyam 48. Vendanpatti
39. Kulipirai 44. Kuruvikondanpatti 49. Vegupatti
40. Nachandupatti 45. V.Lakshmipuram 50. Virachilai
41. Melachivalpuri 46. Ulagampatti 51. Panayapatti
42. Kopanapatti 47. Pon. Pudupatti 52. Mithilaipatti
Pathinaru Vattagai
53. Karaikudi 63. Konapet 73. Chokalingamputhur
54. Kandanoor 64. Athangudi Muthupattinam 74. Kallal
55. Kottaiyur 65. Ramachandrapuram 75. Kallupatti
56. Uyikondan Siruvayal 66. Shanmuganathapuram 76. Siruvayal
57. Kothamangalam 67. Pallathur 77. Athangudi
58. Nemathanpatti 68. Puduvayal 78. Viswanathapuram
59. Ariyakudi 69. Ko. Alagapuri 79. Sivayogapuram
60. Amaravathiputhur 70. Kanadukathan 80. Karaikudi
Muthupatinam
61. Managiri 71. Ko. Lakshmipuram
62. Nachiapuram 72. Palavangudi