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Abstract— Sympathetic inrush current phenomenon occurs the saturation of core, a large amount of flux is present in
when a transformer is switched on in a power system network the air, which is not considered accurately in the equivalent
containing other transformers which are already energized. In network models. Also, it is difficult to take into account
this paper, the phenomenon of sympathetic inrush current is
investigated using nonlinear-transient field-circuit coupled finite actual geometrical effects. In case of such phenomenon, flux
element formulation. The cases of the transformers connected in distribution should be examined by solving the phenomenon
parallel and in series have been considered. The results obtained electromagnetically to understand it exactly. The strong cou-
for a 31.5 MVA, three-phase transformer are presented and pling between field and electric circuit, and the presence
discussed in detail. This work also includes the investigation of of nonlinear elements necessitate the use of direct solution
parameters affecting the magnitude and duration of sympathetic
inrush phenomenon, such as series resistance, switching-on angle, approach.
residual flux density and load conditions. These analyses provide
a sound theoretical basis for a thorough understanding of the C
phenomenon.
Vs
Index Terms— Sympathetic inrush phenomenon, finite element A
method, field-circuit coupling, nonlinear transient.
S B
I. I NTRODUCTION
energization of a transformer connected to a network in the In this work, nonlinear-transient field-circuit coupled 2-
presence of other transformers, as shown in Fig. 1, which are D axisymmetric simulations are performed to investigate the
already in operation, leads to the phenomenon of sympathetic sympathetic inrush phenomenon in parallel and series con-
inrush current. Although, severity of the inrush current is nected transformers. Coupled field-circuit analysis for the
higher during single transformer energization, the sympathetic phenomenon has not been reported in the existing literature to
inrush current is of special importance due to its unusual the best of the authors’ knowledge. Nonlinearity is taken into
characteristics. The inrush current in a transformer decays, account by using the actual B-H curve of the core material.
usually, within a few cycles, but the sympathetic inrush current This paper describes a detailed modeling methodology and
persists in the network for a relatively longer duration. This analysis of the sympathetic inrush phenomenon. The study of
poses an additional threat to the reliability and security of the factors affecting the magnitude and duration of the sympathetic
power system. It may lead to a false operation of transformer inrush current are also presented.
differential relays and may prolong temporary harmonic over-
voltages. Finally, it may lead to an increase in the noise level II. S YMPATHETIC I NTERACTION B ETWEEN
of other transformers connected in the network [1]. T RANSFORMERS
The available literature includes numerous investigations on A transformer already connected to supply system can
the inrush current phenomenon in power transformers and its experience unexpected saturation during the inrush transient of
impact on the design and operation of protection schemes an incoming transformer. This saturation, which is established
[2–7]. Most of the approaches are based on the electrical by an asymmetrical voltage drop across the system resistance
equivalent circuit [5, 7–9] or magnetic equivalent circuit [10– caused by the inrush current in the incoming transformer,
13]. The sympathetic inrush current has also been analyzed in demands offset magnetizing currents of high magnitude in
a few references [14–16]. However, the models reported do the already connected transformers. As shown in Fig. 1,
not provide sufficient accuracy in the case of asymmetrical or when transformer B is switched on to the network where
transient operations involving magnetic nonlinearities. During transformers A and C are already feeding loads, the transient
inrush currents not only flow through B, but also through
Authors thankfully acknowledge the financial support given by Depart-
ment of Science and Technology, Government of India, under the project transformers A and C. This sharing of the transient inrush
SR/FTP/ET-165/2001. current is called as sympathetic inrush phenomenon.
G. B. Kumbhar is Research Scholar and S. V. Kulkarni is Associate The normal inrush current in the transformers decay, usu-
Professor in Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology-Bombay, Mumbai-400076, India (e-mails: ganeshk@ee.iitb.ac.in ally, within a few cycles, but the sympathetic inrush current
and svk@ee.iitb.ac.in). persists in the circuit for a relatively longer duration [17].
current in blue and the sympathetic inrush current in red in where Ne and ∆e are the element shape function and the
all the figures in this paper. element area respectively, and Ω indicates the domain under
consideration.
2000
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V. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
n
where the term Knl accounts for the nonlinearity of the core
A. Parallel Connected Transformers
material. The value of β determines the nature of the time-
stepping scheme [19]. Parallel configuration of two transformers is shown in
Fig. 3. The switch S is closed after one second to allow
IV. C OMPUTATIONAL M ETHODOLOGY initial circuit transient currents to reach their respective steady
A 31.5 MVA, 132/33 kV, star/delta, three-phase transformer state values. For the configuration of the parallel-connected
is analyzed to investigate the sympathetic inrush phenomenon. transformers, the influence of the factors such as system re-
The design details and name-plate data of the transformer sistance, switching-on angle, residual magnetism of incoming
under consideration are given in Table I. The 2-D axisym- transformer and load current, is investigated.
metric field-circuit coupled model is developed based on • Effect of system resistance: Inrush current in trans-
the methodology described in section III. The transformer is former T2 and sympathetic inrush current in transformer
analyzed on a per-phase basis with excitation of LV winding. T1 are shown in Fig. 4(a), Fig. 4(b) and Fig. 4(c) for
Three-phase analysis is also done subsequently to compare the system resistances of 1 Ω, 5 Ω and 20 Ω respectively.
inrush currents in all the three phases. Rsys reduces the magnitudes of the initial peaks of the
inrush current in T2 considerably. The sympathetic inrush
TABLE I
current experienced by the already energized transformer
T HREE - PHASE THREE - LIMB TRANSFORMER DATA
T1 is due to the coupling between the two transformers on
Rated LV current 318.2 A account of the asymmetrical voltage drop in the system
Rated HV current 137.78 A resistance Rsys of the transmission line feeding them.
Number LV turns 433 Hence, the higher the Rsys , the higher is the sympathetic
Number HV turns 1000 inrush [17] as evident from the figure. However, the
Percentage impedance 14.33 magnitude of Rsys has very little effect on the duration of
Core steel type M3H the sympathetic inrush current in T1 . From Fig. 4, it can
be observed that the magnitude of the current at around
Fig. 3 shows the circuit connection diagram used in the 1.8 s is almost same for all values of Rsys .
simulation. It consists of two field domains corresponding
Current in Amperes
described in section III). The advantage with using the FEM 2000
Rsys = 5 Ohm
based model is that the actual geometry and material properties 1000
2000
coupled field-circuit model considers the dynamics of the cir- Rsys = 20 Ohm
cuit and field parts accurately. In this work, 2-D axisymmetric 1000
expensive.
Fig. 4. Effect of system resistance (R ys ) on sympathetic inrush current
R sys phenomenon.
FEM domains
S
R1 R2 • Effect of switching-on angle: Fig. 5 shows the effect of
switching-on angle on the magnitude of the sympathetic
inrush current. Similar to the single transformer case,
rp rp
1 2 the magnitude of the sympathetic inrush current reduces
with an increase in the switching-on angle up to 90◦ ,
V
and then increases in the negative direction up to 180◦ .
The magnitudes of the inrush currents are minimum when
T1 T2
the switching-on angle is 90◦ (because the inductive
reactance of the transformer is much larger than the
resistance). Figs. 5(a), 5(b) and 5(c) show the sympathetic
Fig. 3. Electrical circuit connection for sympathetic inrush current analysis. inrush current patterns for switching angles of 36◦ , 90◦
and 180◦ respectively.
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Current in Amperes
2000
1000 Switching−on angle = 36 degree transformer produces small effect on the magnitude and
0
duration of the sympathetic inrush current.
−1000
2000
Current in Amperes
−2000 Load = Full load
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
(a) 1000
Current in Amperes
2000
Switching−on angle = 90 degree 0
1000
0 −1000
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
−1000 (a)
2000
Current in Amperes
−2000 Load = Half load
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
(b) 1000
Current in Amperes
2000
Switching−on angle = 180 degree 0
1000
0 −1000
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
−1000 (b)
2000
Current in Amperes
−2000 Load = No load
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
(c) 1000
Time in seconds
0
Current in Amperes
transformer plays a key role in the sympathetic inrush 2000
Power factor = Unity
phenomenon. Fig. 6 shows the inrush current in T2 and 1000
sympathetic inrush current in T1 at different residual 0
magnetization conditions. It can be seen that the mag- −1000
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
nitudes of these currents largely depend on the polarity (a)
Current in Amperes
3000
Current in Amperes
Time in seconds
2000 Residual flux density = 0.8 pu
1000
Fig. 8. Effect of load power factor on sympathetic inrush phenomena.
0
−1000
−2000
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
(b) B. Series Connected Transformers
3000
Current in Amperes
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R sys
FEM domains for the configuration of parallel and series connected trans-
R1 R2 S formers. Two 31.5 MVA, three-phase, 132/33 kV, transformers
are modeled using FEM. The FEM field equations of the
transformers are then solved simultaneously with the circuit
rp rp
1 2 equations of the power system network. The analysis is first
V
done on a per-phase basis. Subsequently, three-phase simula-
tion results are also reported.
It is observed that the sympathetic inrush current persists
T1 T2 in the network for a much longer duration than the inrush
current for the singly connected transformer. The parameters
affecting the magnitude and duration of the current, such as
Fig. 9. Series connected transformers.
series resistance, switching-on angle, residual flux density and
800 load conditions are discussed in detail. It is observed that
Inrush current in transformer T2 even though an increase in the system resistance increases
Current in Amperes
600
the magnitude of the sympathetic inrush current appreciably,
400
there is little effect on its duration. The change in switching-
200
on angle, and the magnitude and direction of the residual flux
0
density can cause significant variations in the phenomenon
−200
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
of sympathetic inrush currents. Moreover, the magnitude and
(a)
power factor of the load currents have only a very small effect
2000 on the magnitude as well as duration of the sympathetic inrush
1500 Sympathetic Inrush current in transformer T1 currents.
Current in Amperes
1000
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1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
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