Family: Asteraceae

Genus: Cynara
Species: scolymus
Synonyms: None
Common Names: Globe artichoke, alcachofra, alcachofera, artichaut, tyosen-azami
Part Used: Leaves, flowers

From The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs:

ARTICHOKE
HERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS
Main Actions Other Actions Standard Dosage
# reduces cholesterol
# dries secretions
Leaves
# lowers blood pressure
# supports heart
Infusion: 1-3 cups daily
# stimulates bile
# cleanses blood
Liquid Extract: 2-3 ml with
# supports liver
# increases urination
each meal
# supports gallbladder
Capsules: 2-3 g 3 times daily
# enhances digestion
Standardized Extracts:
# fights free radicals
follow label directions
# detoxifies

Alcachofra is the Brazilian name for the globe artichoke. A member of the milk t
histle family, it grows to a height of about 2 m and produces a large, violet-gr
een flower head. The flower petals and fleshy flower bottoms are eaten as a vege
table throughout the world, which has led to its commercial cultivation in many
parts of South and North America (chiefly California) as well as in Europe. The
artichoke was used as a food and medicine by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and
Romans; in Rome, the artichoke was an important menu item at feasts. It wasn't u
ntil the fifteenth century, however, that it made its appearance throughout Euro
pe.
Tribal & Herbal Medicine Uses
Artichoke has been used in traditional medicine for centuries as a specific live
r and gallbladder remedy. In Brazilian herbal medicine systems, leaf preparation
s are used for liver and gallbladder problems, diabetes, high cholesterol, hyper
tension, anemia, diarrhea (and elimination in general), fevers, ulcers, and gout
. In Europe, it is also used for liver and gallbladder disorders; in several cou
ntries, standardized herbal drugs are manufactured and sold as prescription drug
s for high cholesterol and digestive and liver disorders. Other uses around the
world include treatment for dyspepsia and chronic albuminuria. In France, a pate
nt has been filed that describes an artichoke extract for treating liver disease
, high cholesterol levels, and kidney insufficiency. In all herbal medicine syst
ems where it is employed, artichoke is used to increase bile production in the l
iver, increase the flow of bile from the gallbladder, and to increases the contr
active power of the bile duct. These bile actions are beneficial in many digesti
ve, gallbladder, and liver disorders. Artichoke is also often used to mobilize f
atty stores in the liver and detoxify it, and as a natural aid to lower choleste
rol.
Plant Chemicals
The artichoke is popular for its pleasant bitter taste, which is attributed most
ly to a plant chemical called cynarin found in the green parts of the plant. Cyn
arin is considered one of artichoke's main biologically active chemicals. It occ
urs in the highest concentration in the leaves of the plant, which is why leaf e
xtracts are most commonly employed in herbal medicine. Other documented "active"
chemicals include flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, polyphenols and caffeoylq
uinic acids.
In the 1970s, European scientists first documented cynarin's ability to lower ch
olesterol in humans. Over the years, other researchers have continued to documen
t artichoke's or cynarin's effect in this area. One of the more recent studies,
published in 2000, was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study that
used an artichoke leaf extract that was standardized to its cynarin content. Fo
r six weeks, 143 patients with high cholesterol were given the extract; at the e
nd of the test, results showed a decrease of 10%-15% in total cholesterol, low d
ensity lipoprotein (LDL), and ratio of LDL to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cho
lesterol. Scientists now report that the cholesterol-lowering effect of artichok
e can be attributed to chemicals other than just cynarin, including several newl
y discovered ones.
The liver detoxifying and protective properties of artichoke first came to the a
ttention of researchers in 1966 (in a study that supported its effect on liver r
egeneration in rats). A 1987 study that focused on the effects of rat liver cell
s subjected to harmful chemical agents found both cynarin and caffeic acids (bot
h in artichoke) to have significant protective effects.
Artichoke's main plant chemicals are caffeic acid, caffeoylquinic acids, caryoph
yllene, chlorogenic acid, cyanidol glucosides, cynaragenin, cynarapicrin, cynara
triol, cynarin, cynarolide, decanal, eugenol, ferulic acid, flavonoids, folacin,
glyceric acid, glycolic acid, heteroside-B, inulin, isoamerboin, lauric acid, l
inoleic acid, linolenic acid, luteolin glucosides, myristic acid, neochlorogenic
acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, pseudotaraxasterol, scolym
oside, silymarin, sitosterol, stearic acid, stigmasterol, and taraxasterol.
Biological Activities & Clinical Research
Investigations are still being conducted on artichoke's beneficial effects on li
ver and gallbladder functions. The most recently documented finding, in 2002, no
ted that an artichoke leaf extract reversed damage done by harmful chemicals in
rat liver cells and, in doing so, enhanced bile production.
A portion of artichoke's liver protective properties is thought to be attributed
to its documented antioxidant actions. A 2002 study focused on the antioxidant
effects of artichoke extract in cultured blood vessel cells and reported that th
e extract demonstrated "marked protective properties against oxidative stress in
duced by inflammatory mediators . . ." Artichoke's antioxidant properties were a
lso confirmed in an earlier (2000) study that focused on human white blood cells
under various induced oxidative stresses.
A 1999 clinical investigation focused on gallbladder function. It "showed the ef
ficacy and safety of artichoke extracts (Cynara scolymus L.) in the treatment of
hepatobiliary dysfunction and digestive complaints, such as sensation of fullne
ss, loss of appetite, nausea and abdominal pain." A 2000 study took this notion
a step further. It was known that artichoke extract was indicated for dyspepsia,
 a digestive disorder involving the esophagus, duodenum, and upper gastrointesti
nal tract, but there are many symptom overlaps between dyspepsia and irritable b
owel syndrome (IBS). A subgroup of patients with IBS was distilled from the dysp
epsia study group and was monitored for 6 weeks after the original study had end
ed. Of the IBS patients, 96% rated artichoke leaf extract as better than or at l
east equal to previous therapies administered for their IBS symptoms.
Current Practical Uses
The history of artichoke is a perfect example of science finally catching up to
the longstanding traditional uses of a medicinal plant. While scientists still a
rgue today over which specific chemical or group of chemicals is responsible for
each documented beneficial action, the traditional uses for high cholesterol, a
s well as for liver, gallbladder, and digestive disorders, are being validated.
While many Europeans still have to see their doctors for an artichoke extract pr
escription, concentrated natural leaf extracts and standardized extracts are wid
ely available in the United States at health food stores. With the growing Ameri
can trend to find more natural and healthy alternatives, these products will pro
bably gain in popularity as consumers learn more of the most recent research stu
dies. However, the most effective method to control cholesterol is with a sensib
le diet. Unfortunately, there are no magic bullets.

ARTICHOKE PLANT SUMMARY

Main Actions (in order):
liver and gallbladder bile stimulant, hepatoprotective (liver protector), antihe
patotoxic (liver detoxifier), hypocholesterolemic (lowers cholesterol)
Main Uses:
1. for gallstones and as a liver and gallbladder bile stimulant
2. for high cholesterol
3. for digestive disorders
4. for irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, and other bowel problems
5. to support liver function
Properties/Actions Documented by Research:
antihepatotoxic (clears toxins in liver), antioxidant, liver and gallbladder bil
e stimulator, hepatoprotective (liver protector), hepatotonic (tones, balances,
strengthens the liver), hypocholesterolemic (lowers cholesterol)
Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:
astringent, blood cleanser, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart)
, detoxifier, digestive stimulant, diuretic, hypotensive (lowers blood pressure)
, stimulant, tonic (tones, balances, strengthens)
Cautions: none

Traditional Preparation: Traditionally, 1 to 3 cups of a standard leaf infusion

are taken daily after meals; 3-4 ml of a concentrated 4:1 liquid extract, or 3-5
g daily of dried herb in capsules, or tablets can be substituted, if desired. W
ith standardized extract products, follow the instructions on the product label.
Contraindications: None reported for internal use. Dermatitis following contact
with the fresh plant and leaves has been reported.
Artichoke has been documented in traditional uses to be hypoglycemic; however, n
o clinical studies have been published to confirm this action. Diabetics and peo
ple with hypoglycemia should use this plant product with caution and monitor the
ir blood sugar levels closely in anticipation of these possible effects.
Drug Interactions: Artichoke extracts have been documented to lower blood choles
terol in human and animal studies and, as such, may potentiate the effects of ch
olesterol-lowering and statin drugs.

WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES

Brazil for acne, anemia, arthritis, arteriosclerosis, asthma, bile insufficienc
y, blood cleansing, bronchitis, diabetes, diarrhea, dyspepsia, digestive disorde
rs, dandruff, fever, flatulence, gallbladder disorders, gallstones, gout, heart
function, hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, high cholesterol, hypertension, hyperglycemia
, inflammation, kidney insufficiency, liver disorders, nephritis, obesity, prost
atitis, rheumatism, seborriasis, ulcers, urethritis, urinary disorders, and as a
n astringent and vasoconstrictor
Dominican
Republic for bile insufficiency, digestive problems, gallbladder disorder
s
Europe for bile insufficiency, cancer, detoxification, dyspepsia, gallbladder d
isorders, high cholesterol, hyperglycemia, jaundice, liver disorders, nausea
Haiti for edema, hypertension, kidney disorders, liver problems, urinary insuf
ficiency
Mexico for cystitis, gallstones, hypertension, liver disorders
Elsewhere for diabetes, edema, rheumatism, urinary insufficiency

The above text has been printed from The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs b
y Leslie Taylor, copyrighted © 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this document
may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mech
anical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retr
ieval system, including websites, without written permission.

The statements contained herein have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug
Administration. The information contained in this plant database file is intend
ed for education, entertainment and information purposes only. This information
is not intended to be used to diagnose, prescribe or replace proper medical care
. The plant described herein is not intended to treat, cure, diagnose, mitigate
or prevent any disease. Please refer to our Conditions of Use for using this pla
nt database file and web site.

Referenced Quotes on Artichoke

1. "Alcachofra is Brazilian artichoke. It effectively flushes uric acid from
the system and is used as a diuretic. It increases gall bladder secretions and
is used as an auxiliary remedy for digestive disorders. Liver disorders, especia
lly those associated with alcoholism and malaria benefit from Alcachofra. It is
thought to have a cleansing and healing effect on both the liver and gall bladde
r. Alcachofra's high content of iron nourishes the blood. It has also been found
to decrease cholesterol and blood pressure. Caution: Avoid if breast-feeding. A
lcachofra may decrease milk production."
2. "Artichoke leaf has a reputation as a choleretic (stimulates bile), diure
tic and general stimulant. It helps to neutralize excessive acid in the body. It
 has been used for jaundice and dropsy."
3. "ACTIONS: Aids elimination of uric acid, Fortifies liver and gallbladder,
Nourishes blood. TRADITIONAL USE: Alcachofra (Brazilian Artichoke) has a cleans
ing and healing effect on the liver and gallbladder. Also know to neutralize aci
dity in the system. High in nutrients known to have diuretic effects. Flushes ur
ic acid from the system. Augments the secretion of bile. Used as an auxiliary in
the treatment of liver and digestive disorders. Nourishes the blood and relieve
s arterial pressure. Helpful in treating rheumatoid arthritis. MERIDIAN INDICATI
ONS: Clears liver congestion, Nourishes liver blood, Increases Kidney Yang EAV P
OINTS: Liver, Gallbladder, Spleen."
14. "Artichoke extract and/or cynarin, the main active consituent, has chola
gogue [increases bile production by the liver]/ choleretic [increases flow of bi
le from the gallbladder] / choliokinetic action [ increases the contractive powe
r of the bile duct].
Research has shown that caffeic acid, a component of cynarin, is almost as e
ffective as pure cynarin, suggesting that caffeic acid is the substance responsi
ble for the choleretic action.
Artichoke has been shown to increase the production and volume of bile flow
by as much as four times normal in a 12-hour period.
Artichoke protects liver from poisonous effects of toxins in a manner simila
r to silymarin from milk thistle. It is able to prevent liver damage from the sa
me wide range of poisons as milk thistle. Artichoke extract is also able to stim
ulate the regeneration of liver cells in much the same manner as does silymayin.
The usefulness of artichoke for preventing blood and liver cholesterol elevatio
n in the presence of toxins such as alcohol is also of note. Application in toda
y's world would also include the prevention of liver damage due to air-, water-
and food-borne toxins. A French patent describes an artichoke extract for treati
ng liver disease, high cholesterol levels and kidney insufficiency. Cynarin, and
not pure caffeic acid, appears to be the component most responsible for this ac
tion.
Artichoke has lipid-producing and anticholesterolemic action. Artichoke redu
ces blood fats. It reduces cholesterol and cholinesterase levels. In simplest te
rms, the net effect of artichoke extract appears to be the result of both an act
ivation of and an interference with cholesterol metabolism. That is, it mobilize
s fat stores from the liver and other tissues such as white adipose tissue, and
these fats pour into the blood from which they are subsequently excreted from th
e body. Cynarin decreases the rate of cholesterol synthesis in the liver, enchan
ces biliary excretion of cholesterol, and increases conversion towards the bile
acids. Not only cholesterol but other blood fats such as triglycerides can be re
duced through the use of artichoke."
15. "Scientific evidence supports the use of artichoke as a liver remedy. Cy
narin is the active ingredient contained in the plant, and its highest concentra
tion is in the leaves. According to reports, cynara (artichoke leaves) extract h
as demonstrated significant liver regenerating and protecting effects."

Third-Party Published Research on Artichoke

All available third-party research on artichoke can be found at PubMed. A partia
l listing of the published research on artichoke is shown below:

Anti-cholesterol Actions:
Bundy, R. et al. "Artichoke leaf extract (Cynara scolymus) reduces plasma choles
terol in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults: a randomized, double bli
nd placebo controlled trial." Phytomedicine. 2008; 15(9): 668-75.
Lupattelli, G., et al. Artichoke juice improves endothelial function in hyperlipe
mia. Life Sci. 2004 Dec; 76(7):775-82.
Thompson Coon, J. S., et al. Herbs for serum cholesterol reduction: a systematic
view. J. Fam. Pract. 2003; 52(6): 468-78.
Shimoda, H., et al. Anti-hyperlipidemic sesquiterpenes and new sesquiterpene glyc
osides from the leaves of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.): structure requirement
and mode of action. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2003; 13(2): 223 28.
Gebhardt, R. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells by artichoke e
xtracts is reinforced by glucosidase pretreatment. Phytother. Res. 2002; 16(4): 3
68 72.
Wegener, T. The status of herbal antilipemic agents. Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 2002;
152(15-16): 412-7.
Englisch, W., et al. Efficacy of artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipo
proteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 40(3): 260 65.
Gebhardt, R. Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolym
us L.) and of their metabolites. Med. Sci. Monit. 2001 May; 7 Suppl 1:316-20.
Gebhardt, R. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepat
ocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1998;
286(3): 1122 28.
Brown, J. E., et al. Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low density lipopro
tein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radic. Res. 1990; 29(3): 247 55.
Wojcicki, J., et al. Cynarin and hyperlipidemia Wiad. Lek. 1977 Oct; 30(19): 1539-
41
Pristautz, H., et al. Cynarin in the modern management of hyperlipemia. Wien. Med.
Wochenschr. 1975; 125(49): 705 9.
Montini, M., et al. Controlled application of cynarin in the treatment of hyperli
pemic syndrome. Observations in 60 cases. Arzneimittelforschung 1975; 25(8): 1311 1
4.
Bobnis, W., et al. Case of primary hyperlipemia treated with cynarin. Wiad. Lek. 1
973; 26(13): 1267 70.
Grogan, J. L., et al. Potential hypocholesterolemic agents: dicinnamoyl esters as
analogs of cynarin. J. Pharm. Sci. 1972; 61(5): 802 3.
Digestive Actions:
Verspohl, E., et al. "Effect of two artichoke extracts (36_U and 36_EB) on rat i
leum (with respect to bowel syndrome) and the peristaltic threshold." Phytomedic
ine. 2008 Apr 16.
Emendorfer, F., et al. Antispasmodic activity of fractions and cynaropicrin from
Cynara scolymus on guinea-pig ileum. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005; 28(5): 902-4.
Emendorfer, F., et al. Evaluation of the relaxant action of some Brazilian medici
nal plants in isolated guinea-pig ileum and rat duodenum. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2
005 Mar; 8(1): 63-8.
Wittemer, S. M., et al. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of caffeoylquinic a
cids and flavonoids after oral administration of Artichoke leaf extracts in huma
ns. Phytomedicine. 2005; 12(1-2): 28-38.
Bundy, R., et al. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel synd
rome and improves quality of life in otherwise healthy volunteers suffering from
concomitant dyspepsia: a subset analysis. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 2004 Aug;
10(4): 667-9.
Holtmann, G., et al. Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patie
nts with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind, mult
icentre trial. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2003 Dec; 18(11-12): 1099-105.
Walker, A. F., et al. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel
syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study. Phytother. Res. 2001; 15(1): 58-
61.
Wegener, T., et al. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of articho
ke (Cynara scolymus L.) Wien. Med. Wochenschr. 1999; 149(8-10): 241-7.
Actions on Gallstones & the Gallbladder:
Glasl, S., et al. "Choleretic effects of the Mongolian medicinal plant Saussurea
amara in the isolated perfused rat liver." Planta Med. 2006 Dec 19;
Benedek, B., et al. "Choleretic effects of yarrow (Achillea millefolium S.L.) in
the isolated perfused rat liver." Phytomedicine. 2006 Nov; 13(9-10): 702-6.
Hiner, A. N., et al. Kinetic study of the effects of calcium ions on cationic ar
tichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) peroxidase: calcium binding, steady-state kinetics
and reactions with hydrogen peroxide. Biochimie. 2004; 86(9-10): 667-76.
Saenz Rodriguez, T., et al. Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of lipids
and bile acids induced by an artichoke leaf extract in rats. Phytomedicine. 2002
Dec; 9(8): 687-93.
Gebhardt, R. Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolym
us L.) and of their metabolites. Med. Sci. Monit. 2001; (7) Suppl. 1: 316 20.
Liver Protective Actions:
Huber, R., et al. "Artichoke leave extract for chronic hepatitis C - a pilot stu
dy." Phytomedicine. 2009 Sep; 16(9): 801-4.
Tkachenko, E., et al."Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome: e
quality of pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches." Eksp. Klin. Gast
roenterol. 2008; (2): 92-6.
Mehmetçik, G., et al. "Effect of pretreatment with artichoke extract on carbon tet
rachloride-induced liver injury and oxidative stress." Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 200
8 Sep; 60(6): 475-80.
Miccadei, S.,et al., "Antioxidative and apoptotic properties of polyphenolic ext
racts from edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on cultured rat hepatoc
ytes and on human hepatoma cells." Nutr. Cancer. 2008; 60(2): 276-83.
Speroni, E., et al. Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparations on liver c
omplaints. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jun; 86(2-3): 203-11.
Betancor-Fernandez, A., et al. Screening pharmaceutical preparations containing e
xtracts of turmeric rhizome, artichoke leaf, devil's claw root and garlic or sal
mon oil for antioxidant capacity. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2003; 55(7): 981-6.
Gebhardt, R. Prevention of taurolithate-induced hepatic bile canalicular distorti
ons by HPLC-characterized extracts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) leaves. Planta
Med. 2002; 68(9): 776 79.
Aktay, G., et al. Hepatoprotective effects of Turkish folk remedies on experiment
al liver injury. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov; 73(1-2): 121-9.
Adzet, T., et al. Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara
scolymus against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J. Nat. Prod. 1987;
50(4): 612 17.
Maros, T., et al. Effects of Cynara scolymus extracts on the regeneration of rat
liver. 1. Arzneimittelforschung 1966; 16(2): 127 29.
Antioxidant & Cellular Protective Actions:
Küçükgergin, C., et al. "Effect of Artichoke Leaf Extract on Hepatic and Cardiac Oxida
tive Stress in Rats Fed on High Cholesterol Diet." Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2009 A
ug 4.
Juzyszyn, Z., The effect of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extract on ROS genera
tion in HUVEC cells. Phytother. Res. 2008; 22(9): 1159-61.
Skarpanska-Stejnborn, A., et al. "The influence of supplementation with artichok
e (Cynara scolymus L.) extract on selected redox parameters in rowers." Int. J.
Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2008 Jun; 18(3): 313-27.
Juzyszyn, Z., et al. "Effect of artichoke extract (Cynara scolymus L.) on palmit
ic-1-14C acid oxidation in rats." Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008; 52(5): 589-94.
Li, H., et al. Flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) up-regulate endothe
lial-type nitric-oxide synthase gene expression in human endothelial cells. J. Ph
armacol. Exp. Ther. 2004 Sep; 310(3): 926-32.
Stoev, S. D., et al. Experimental mycotoxicosis in chickens induced by ochratoxin
A and penicillic acid and intervention with natural plant extracts. Vet. Res. Co
mmun. 2004 Nov; 28(8): 727-46.
Jimenez-Escrig, A., et al. In vitro antioxidant activities of edible artichoke (C
ynara scolymus L.) and effect on biomarkers of antioxidants in rats. J. Agric. Fo
od Chem. 2003 Aug; 51(18): 5540-5.
Wang, M., et al. Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynar
a scolymus L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003 Jan; 51(3): 601-8.
Llorach, R., et al. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts as a potential sour
ce of health-promoting antioxidant phenolics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002 Jun; 50(1
2): 3458-64.
Cervellati, R., et al. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some natural polyphe
nolic compounds using the Briggs-Rauscher reaction method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2
002 Dec; 50(26): 7504-9.
Zapolska-Downar, D., et al. Protective properties of artichoke (Cynara scolymus)
against oxidative stress induced in cultured endothelial cells and monocytes. Lif
e Sci. 2002; 71(24): 2897.
Perez-Garcia, F., et al. Activity of artichoke leaf extract on reactive oxygen in
human leukocytes. Free Rad. Res. 2000; 33(5): 661 65.
Gebhardt, R., et al. Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts from lea
ves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against hydroperoxide-induced oxidativ
e stress in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997; 144(2): 279 8
6.
Antimicrobial Actions:
Yang, B., et al. "Metabolic profile of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in rats, an in
vivo and in vitro study." Drug Metab. Dispos. 2005; 33(7): 930-6.
Zhu, X. F., et al. Antifungal activity of Cynara scolymus L. extracts. Fitoterapia
. 2005 ; 76(1): 108-11.
Zhu, X., et al. Phenolic compounds from the leaf extract of artichoke (Cynara sco
lymus L.) and their antimicrobial activities. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004 Dec; 52(2
4): 7272-8.

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