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Pneumonia is a severe infection of the lungs in which pus and fluids fill
the alveoli causing inflammation of the lungs and prevent the flow of air into
the lungs. Due to this, the body does not get sufficient oxygen and the cells are
unable to function normally.
In our local area, particular in Tagum City, base on the statistical data
on 2001-2009 survey of our city health officials, among the ten (10) leading
causes of morbidity in all ages, pneumonia is the fourth one, but for infants,
pneumonia is second cause of morbidity next to septicemia. For the ten causes
of mortality in all ages.
Pneumonia and other acute respiratory infection are the 2nd leading
causes of death next to CVA. Among the infant mortality rate is only minimal.
There are many reasons why people got affected with pneumonia.
* Improper hygiene
* poor diet-wrong choices of food
* Exposure to chemical irritants
* uncontrolled vices
* pets at home
* lack of information
* lack of government interventions
* economic status of the country
(ase on the City Health Office record:
Morbidity (all ages) pneumonia and other
Acute Respiratory Infections.
ARI Pneumonia
2007 ² 233 - 773
2008 ² 4,471 - 479
2009 ² 27 - 143
2007 ² 0
2008 ² 355
2009 ² 50
2007 ²
2008 ² 4 cases only was recorded
2009 ² 4 cases only was recorded
]ays people can get pneumonia include:
* (acteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or mouth may spread to
your lungs.
* You may breathe in (inhale) contaminated food, liquids, vomit or secretions
by infected person.
* You may breathe some of the germs from the air directly to your lungs.
Germs are likely to occur when our immune system is weak, a germ is
two strong, if our body fails to filter germs out of the air we breathe.
Our mouth and airway are exposed to germs as we inhale air our
immune system, the shape of our nose and throat, our ability to cough and the
fine hair-like structures called cilia, help stop the germs from reaching our
lungs. These acts our natural body protective mechanisms. Example when we
cough. This is the way our body keeps germs from reaching the lungs. Some
people fails to cough because of some reasons. This will cause germs to remain
in the airway rather than being coughed out.
]hen germs do reach your lungs, your immune system will go into
action. It will send many cells to attack the invaders. These will cause the
alveoli to become read.
conditions that increase your chances of getting
pneumonia) include:
ë? Cerebral palsy
ë? Chronic lung disease (COPD, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis)
ë? Cigarette smoking
ë? Difficulty swallowing (due to stroke, dementia, Parkinson·s disease, or
other neurological conditions)
ë? Immune system problem (see also: Pneumonia in
immunocompromised host)
ë? Impaired consciousness (loss of brain function due to dementia,
stroke, or other neurologic conditions)
ë? üiving in a nursing facility
ë? Other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, liver cirrhosis, or
diabetes mellitus
ë? Recent surgery or trauma
ë? Recent viral respiratory infection (common cold, laryngitis, influenza)
Ë
Ë
If you have pneumonia, you may be working hard to breathe, or breathing fast.
Crackles are heard when listening to your chest with a stethoscope. Other
abnormal breathing sounds may also be heard through the stethoscope or via
percussion (tapping on your chest wall).
The health care provider will likely order a chest x-ray if pneumonia is
suspected.
ë? Arterial blood gases to see if enough oxygen is getting into your blood
from the lungs
ë? C(C to check white blood cell count.
ë? CT scan of the chest
ë? Gram·s stain and culture of your sputum to look for the organism
causing your symptoms
ë? Pleural fluid culture if there is fluid in the space surrounding the
lungs
Your doctor must first decide whether you need to be in the hospital. If you are
treated in the hospital, you will receive fluids and antibiotics in your veins,
oxygen therapy, and possibly breathing treatments. It is very important that
your antibiotics are started very soon after your are admitted.
However, many people can be treated at home. If bacteria are causing the
pneumonia, the doctor will try to cure the infection with antibiotics. It may be
hard for your health care provider to know whether you have a viral or
bacterial pneumonia, so you may receive antibiotics.
Patients with mild pneumonia who are otherwise health are sometimes treated
with oral macrolide antibiotics (Azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin).
Patients with other serious illnesses, such as heart disease, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, of emphysema, kidney disease, or diabetes are often given
one of the following:
ë? Fluoruquinolone (levofloxacin, [üevaquin], gemfloxacin [Factive, or
moxifloxacin [Avelox]
ë? High-dose amoxicillin or amoxicilline-clavulanate, plus a macrolide
antibiotic (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin)
ë? Cephalosporin antiobiotics (for example, cefuroxime or cefpodoxime)
plus a macrolide (azithromyci, clarithromyci, or erythromycin)
!
"
Infants with pneumonia may not have a cough. Call your doctor if your infant
makes grunting noises or the area below the rib cage is retracting while
breathing.
]ash your hands frequently, especially after blowing your nose, going to the
bathroom, diapering, and before eating or preparing foods.
Don·t smoke. Tobacco damages your lung·s ability to ward off infection.
Vaccines may help prevent pneumonia in children, the elderly, and people with
diabetes, asthma, emphysema, HIV, cancer, or other chronic conditions:
If you have cancer of HIV, talk to your doctor about additional ways to prevent
pneumonia and other infections.
"
(acterial
Viral
Fungal
Aspiration
Chemical Irritants
CAPIüüARY PERMEA(IüITY
o? Fluid in ISC
o? Consolidation
o? Hypoxemia
HYPOVENTIüATION
o? Chest expansion
o? Respiratory Acidosis
PROTECTIVE MECHANISM
o? ](C
o? RR
o? Fever
Nursing Interventions
o? Rest
o? Fluids