9 Chapter11a Handouts

Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing
Multirate DSP
ECEN 644: Chapter 11

I sampling rate conversion: process of converting a given
discrete-time signal at a given rate to a different rate
Dr. Deepa Kundur
Texas A&M University I multirate digital signal processing systems: systems that employ
multiple sampling rates
Spring 2010
Dr. Deepa Kundur (Texas A&M University) ECEN 644: Chapter 11 Spring 2010 1 / 41 Dr. Deepa Kundur (Texas A&M University) ECEN 644: Chapter 11 Spring 2010 2 / 41
Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.1 Introduction
Sampling vs. Sampling Rate Conversion Sampling Rate Conversion
Sampling:
I conversion from cts-time to dst-time by taking “samples” at original/bandlimited x(n)
discrete time instants interpolated signal x(t) 1 y(n)
I E.g., uniform sampling: x(n) = xa (nT ) where T is the sampling
n
period 0
Sampling rate conversion approaches:

I convert original samples to analog domain and then resample to
generate new samples I x(n): original samples at sampling rate Fx
I filter original samples with a discrete-time linear time-varying I y (n): new samples at sampling rate Fy
system to generate new samples
Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.1 Introduction Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.1 Introduction
Ideal Sampling Rate Conversion Parameter Relationships

1
I x(n): original samples at sampling rate Fx = Tx
I y (n): new samples at sampling rate Fy = T1y
SAMPLING RATE
CONVERSION
x(t) 1 x(n)
Parameter/Variable x(n) ≡ x(nTx ) y (m) ≡ y (mTy )
0
Rate
Period
Fx
Tx
Fy
Ty n
Dst-time Frequency ωx ωy
y(n) Cts-time Frequency F F
Bridging the Parameter Relationships Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion

We relate the original samples x(nTx ) to the new samples y (mTy ) by
Ty
I related to the ratio: Tx assuming we convert the signal to analog and resample. Using the
interpolation formula
Tx
Fy = · Fx ∞
Ty X
2πF y (t) = x(nTx )g (t − nTx )
ωx = 2πfx = n=−∞
Fy
2πF where
ωy = 2πfy =
Fy sin(πt/Tx )

F Tx |F | ≤ Fx < 2
Fy Tx g (t) = ←→ G (F ) =
ωx = · ωy = · ωy πt/Tx 0 otherwise
Fx Ty
Note: y (t) = x(t) if x(t) is sampled above Nyquist.
Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion
∞
X ∞
X
y (t) = x(nTx )g (t − nTx ) y (t) = x(nTx )g (t − nTx )
n=−∞ n=−∞
X∞ X∞
y (mTy ) = x(nTx ) g (mTy − nTx ) y (mTy ) = x(nTx )g (mTy − nTx )
| {z } | {z } | {z }
n=−∞ n=−∞
desired samples original samples samples of g (t)
∞
X mTy
= x(nTx )g Tx −n
n=−∞
T x
mTy
= km + ∆ m
Tx

∞

X mTy
y (mTy ) = x(nTx )g Tx −n
n=−∞
T x
∞
mTy X
= km + ∆ m = x(nTx )g (Tx (km + ∆m − n))
Tx |{z} |{z}
n=−∞
integer remainder

mTy
let k = km − n
km = ∞
X
Tx = x((km − k)Tx )g (Tx (k + ∆m ))

mTy mTy k=−∞
∆m = − ∈ [0, 1) ∞
Tx Tx X
= g ((k + ∆m )Tx )x((km − k)Tx )
k=−∞
| {z }
weighted linear combination of orig samples
∞
X ∞
y (mTy ) = g ((k + ∆m )Tx )x((km − k)Tx ) X
y (mTy ) = g ((k + ∆m )Tx )x((km − k)Tx )
k=−∞
k=−∞
X∞
I ∆m : determines the set of weights = g ((k + ∆m )Tx )x((km − k)Tx )
I km : specifies the set of input samples k=−∞
I represents a discrete-time linear time-varying system
I every output sample m requires use of a different impulse I gm (nTx ) may have to be retrieved or computed
response/ceofficient set: I in general, there are as many weights/coefficients required as
input samples × output values to compute
gm (nTx ) = g ((n + ∆m )Tx )
I in general, no simplification is possible making computation of
mTy mTy
∆m = − ∈ [0, 1) y (mTy ) from x(nTx ) impractical
Tx Tx
Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation
I significant simplification possible for TTyx = Fx

Fy
= D
I
Note:
where D, I ∈ Z+ and GCD(D, I ) = 1
(mD)I ∈ {0, 1, 2, . . . , I − 1}
1

mTy mTy mD mD
∆m = − = − ∆m = (mD)I ∈ {0, 1/I , 2/I , . . . , (I − 1)/I }
Tx T I I I
x
1 mD 1
= mD − I = (mD) mod I
I I I I gm (nTx ) = g ((n + ∆m )Tx ) consists only of I distinct sets of
1 coefficients!
= (mD)I
I
Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation
Furthermore, for r ∈ Z:
1 1
∆m+rI =((m + rI )D)I = (mD + rlD)I
I I
1
= (mD)I = ∆m
I
∴ gm+r I (nTx ) = gm (nTx ), r ∈ Z
I gm (nTx ) = gm+rI (nTx ) represents a discrete-time periodically

time-varying system!
original/bandlimited
Decimation/Downsampling interpolated signal 1
interpolated signal 1 SAMPLING RATE n
0
CONVERSION
0
n
∞
X
y (mTy ) = g ((n + ∆m )Tx )x((km − n)Tx )
Ty n=−∞
Ty = DTx =⇒ = D, D ∈ Z+ ∞
Tx X
= g ((n + 0)Tx )x((mD − n)Tx )
mTy
km = = bmDc = mD ∵ mD ∈ Z n=−∞
Tx X∞

mTy mTy = g (nTx )x((mD − n)Tx )
∆m = − = mD − bmDc = mD − mD = 0
Tx Tx n=−∞
| {z }
dst-time convolution
interpolated signal 1
Interpolation/Upsampling
n
0 original/bandlimited
interpolated signal 1
∞
X 0
n
y (mTy ) = g (nTx )x((mD − n)Tx )
n=−∞ Ty 1
∞ Tx = ITy =⇒ = , I ∈ Z+
X sin(πn) T I
= x((mD − n)Tx ) xj k
πn mTy m
n=−∞ km = =
∞
X Tx I
= δ(n)x((mD − n)Tx ) = x(mDTx )

mTy mTy m jmk
n=−∞
∆m = − = −
Tx Tx I I
See Figure 11.1.3 of text . ∈ {0, 1/I , 2/I , . . . , (I − 1)/I }
Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.1 Introduction Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.2 Decimation by a Factor D
Interpolation/Upsampling Downsampling with Anti-Alaising Filter

∞
X Decimator
y (mTy ) = x(nTx )g (mTy − nTx ) LTI Filter Downsampler
n=−∞
∞
X Tx
= x(nTx )g (m − nTx )
n=−∞
I
∞
X sin(π mI − πn)
= x(nTx )
n=−∞
π mI − πn
∞
X sin( πI (m − nI )) I Downsampling alone may cause aliasing, therefore, it is desirable
= x(nTx ) π
(m − nI ) to introduce an anti-aliasing filter Hd (ωx )
n=−∞ | I {z }
sinc centered at n = m/I
Interpolator Decimator
See Figure 11.1.4 of text . Upsampler LTI Filter LTI Filter Downsamp
Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.2 Decimation by a Factor D Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.2 Decimation by a Factor D
Decimator
LTI Filter Downsampler
Downsampling: Frequency Domain Perspective
Goal: determine relationship between input-output spectra
Create an intermediate signal ṽ (n) at rate Fx but with the equivalent

information as y (m).

v (n) n = 0, ±D, ±2D, . . .
ṽ (n) =
0 otherwise
∞
X ∞
v (n) = h(k)x(n − k) = v (n) · p(n) where p(n) =
X
δ(n − kD)
k=−∞
k=−∞
∞
Interpolator X Decimator Note: y (m) = v (mD) · 1 = v (mD) · p(mD) = ṽ (mD)
Upsamplery (m) = v (mD) = h(k)x(mD − k)
LTI Filter LTI Filter Downsampler
k=−∞ y (m) ←→ ṽ (n) (equiv info)
| {z }
linear time-varying system
See Figure 11.2.2 of text .
Aside: Impulse Train p(n) Downsampling: Frequency Domain Perspective

∞
X ∞
X
∞
X Y (z) = y (m)z −m = ṽ (mD)z −m
p(n) = δ(n − lD) (periodic with period D) m=−∞ m=−∞
l=−∞
= · · · + ṽ (−D)z + ṽ (0)z + ṽ (D)z −1 + · · ·
1 0
D−1 ∞
1 X
ck = p(n)e j2πkn/D 0
X
D = ṽ (m0 )z −m /D since ṽ (m) = 0 for m 6∈ {0, ±D, ±2D, . . .}
n=0 m0 =−∞
D−1 ∞
X X ∞ ∞ D−1
= δ(n − lD) e j2πkn/D
X X 1 X j2πkm/D −m0 /D
= v (m)p(m)z −m/D = v (m) e z
n=0 l=−∞ D
| {z } m0 =−∞ m=−∞ k=0
zero for l 6= 0 D−1 ∞
1 X X
D−1 = v (m)(e −j2πk/D z 1/D )−m
1 X
j2πkn/D 1 D
= δ(n)e = k=0 m=−∞
D n=0
D | {z }
≡V (e −j2πk/D z 1/D )=Hd (e −j2πk/D z 1/D )X (e −j2πk/D )
D−1 D−1
X 1 X j2πkm/D D−1
p(n) = ck e j2πkm/D = e 1 X
D = Hd (e −j2πk/D z 1/D )X (e −j2πk/D z 1/D )
k=0 k=0 D
k=0
Decimator Let z = e jωy :

LTI Filter Downsampler D−1
1 X
Y (z) = Hd (e −j2πk/D z 1/D )X (e −j2πk/D z 1/D )
D
k=0
D−1
1 X
Y (e jωy ) = Hd (e −j2πk/D e jωy 1/D )X (e −j2πk/D e jωy 1/D )
D
k=0
D−1
1 X
= Hd (e j(ωy −2πk)/D )X (e j(ωy −2πk)/D )
D
k=0
In the preceding analysis, we employed:
D−1
Z 1 X ωy − 2πk ωy − 2πk
v (n) ←→ V (z) Y (ωy ) = Hd X
D D D
Z k=0
hd (n) ←→ Hd (z)
Decimator
Interpolator
x(n) ←→
Z
X (z) Decimator LTI Filter Downsampler
Upsampler LTI Filter X∞ LTI Filter Downsampler
V (z) = v (m)z −m
m=−∞
V (z) = Hd (z) · X (z)
Upsampler LTI Filter LTI Filter Downsample
D−1
1 X ωy − 2πk ωy − 2πk Therefore, for −π ≤ ωy ≤ π,
Y (ωy ) = Hd X
D D D
k=0 D−1
1 X ωy − 2πk ωy − 2πk
For −π ≤ ωy ≤ π, Y (ωy ) = Hd X
D D D
ωy −2πk k=0
− Dπ ≤ D ≤ Dπ for k = 0 ω ω 1 D−1
− 3π
ωy −2πk
≤ − Dπ 1 y y
X ωy − 2πk ωy − 2πk
D ≤ D for k = 1 = Hd X + Hd X
.. .. D | {zD } D D D D
k=1 |
. . =1
{z }
π ωy −2πk 3π =0
−2π + D ≤ D ≤ −2π + D for k = D − 1
1 ωy
Y (ωy ) = D
X D
Ty
Note: ωy = Tx ωx = Dωx .
Note: For −π ≤ ωy ≤ π, − Dπ ≤ ωx ≤ π
of X (ωx ) is stretched into −π ≤ ωy ≤ π for Y (ωy ).
D

ωy − 2πk 1 for k = 0 See Figure 11.2.3 of text .
Hd =
D 0 for k = 1, 2, . . . , D − 1
Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.3 Interpolation by a Factor I Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.3 Interpolation by a Factor I
Goal: determine relationship between input-output spectra

Interpolation by a Factor I
Consider an intermediate signal v (n) at rate Fy but with the equivalent
information as x(m).
Interpolator
Upsampler LTI Filter

x(m/I ) m = 0, ±I , ±2I , . . .
v (m) =
0 otherwise
X∞
V (z) = v (m)z −m = · · · + v (−I )z I + v (0)z 0 + v (I )z −I + · · ·
m=−∞
∞ ∞
X
−mI
X −m
= x(m)z = x(m)(z I ) = X (z I )
m=−∞ m=−∞
jωy jωy I
V (e ) = X (e ) =⇒ V (ωy ) = X (ωy I )
I Interpolation only increases the visible resolution of the signal. Interpolator
Upsampler LTI Filter
I No information gain is achieved. At best Hu (ωy ) maintains the
same information in y (n) as exists in x(n).
LTI Filter LTI Filter Downsampler
Interpolator
Upsampler LTI Filter LTI Filter LTI Filter Downsample
V (ωy ) = X (ωy I )
See Figure 11.3.1 of text .

0 ≤ |ωy | ≤ π/I
I
Hu (ωy ) =
0
otherwise

IX (ωy I ) 0 ≤ |ωy | ≤ π/I
Y (ωy ) = Hu (ωy )V (ωy ) =
0 otherwise
∞
X
y (m) = hu (m − k)v (k)
I X (ωy I ) 0 ≤ |ωy | ≤ π/I k=−∞
Y (ωy ) =
0 otherwise

m = 0, ±I , ±2I , . . .
x(m/I )
∵ v (m) = ⇒ v (k) = 0 for (k)I 6= 0
Interpolator
0
otherwise Decimator
Note: ωy =
Ty
= ωx
. X∞ LTI Filter ∞
X LTI Filter Downsamp
Tx I
∴ y (m) = hu (m − kI ) v (kI ) = hu (m − kI )x(k)
| {z }
k=−∞ k=−∞
−π ≤ ωx ≤ π is compressed into −π/I ≤ ωy ≤ π/I =x(k) | {z }
linear time-varying system

Return Return
Return
Return
Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing 11.3 Interpolation by a Factor I
Return
Dr. Deepa Kundur (Texas A&M University) ECEN 644: Chapter 11 Spring 2010 41 / 41

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Chapter 11: Multirate Digital Signal Processing

ECEN 644: Chapter 11

Sampling vs. Sampling Rate Conversion Sampling Rate Conversion

Sampling rate conversion approaches:

Ideal Sampling Rate Conversion Parameter Relationships

Parameter/Variable x(n) ≡ x(nTx ) y (m) ≡ y (mTy )

Bridging the Parameter Relationships Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion

Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion

Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion

Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion Implementation of Sampling Rate Conversion

Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation

I significant simplification possible for TTyx = Fx

Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation Linear Periodically Time-Varying Implementation

I gm (nTx ) = gm+rI (nTx ) represents a discrete-time periodically

Interpolation/Upsampling Downsampling with Anti-Alaising Filter

Create an intermediate signal ṽ (n) at rate Fx but with the equivalent

Aside: Impulse Train p(n) Downsampling: Frequency Domain Perspective

Decimator Let z = e jωy :

Goal: determine relationship between input-output spectra

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