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TWO MARK
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
(III YEAR/B.Tech-IT)
UNIT-I
COMPONENTS AND PRINCIPLES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Ringing tone
Busy tone
Number unobtainable tone
Routing tone
21. What are the service information are needed for rates of subscriber?
Call barring
Call priority
Call charging
Origin based routing
No dialing calls
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
UNIT-II
SPACE DIVISION AND TIME DIVISION SWITCHING
U=1-A
U= unavailability
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
iii) Time for establishing a call is less time for establishing a call is
more
iv) The network is none blocking the network is blocking
15. When a network is called as analog and digital time division switching?
When PAM samples are switched in a time division manner, the switch is called as
analog time division switching.
When PCM samples are switched in a time division manner, the switch is called as
digital time division switching.
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
18. What are the two modes of time division time switching?
Phased operation
Slotted operation
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
4. Define busy hour calling rate and day-to-busy hour traffic ratio?
Busy hour calling rate = average busy hour calls / total number of subscriber
Day-to-busy hour traffic ratio= busy hour calling rate/average calling rate
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
10. What are traffic models in loss system and delay system?
Loss system
Blocking models
Congestion models
Delay system
Queuing models
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
21. An exchange serves 2000 subscribers. If the average BHCA is 10,000 and the CCR is
60%, calculate the busy hour calling rate.
Solution:
Average busy hour calls = BHCA × CCR = 6000 calls.
Busy hour calling rate = Average busy hour calls / Total no. of
subscribers
= 3 calls
22. List out the basic performance parameters for a loss system\
a. Grade of service
b. Blocking probability
c. Delay systems.
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
43. In a telephone system, there are 20 servers and 100 subscribers. On an average, there
are 10
busy servers at any time. The probability of all the servers being busy is 0.2. calculate
the
grade of service assuming (a) Erlang traffic, and (b) Engest traffic.
Solution:
For Erlang traffic, GOS is the same as PR. Therefore, GOS =0.2.
GOS = 0.1875
The GOS is lower in the case of LCC model with finite sources.
44. A TASI system has 10 channels and 20 sources connected to it. What is the
probability of
clipping if the activity factor for each source is 0.4?
Solution:
Average number of busy servers = 0.4 * 20 = 8
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Prob (clipping) = ∑ P (t = 8)
j =10
j
9
= 1- ∑ P (t = 8)
j =0
j
82 89
= 1- e −8 (1 + 8 + + …… + )
2 9
Prob (clipping) = 0.284
45. List out the analysis assumptions in lost calls returned system
1) No new call is generated when a blocked call is being retried.
2) A number of retry attempts may be involved before a call eventually gets
serviced.
3) Retries are attempted after a random time and each retry time is statistically
independent of the others.
4) Typical waiting time before a retry is longer than the average holding time.
In the LCH model, the total time spent in the system is independent of the watng
time and
is only determined by the average service time required. Example is TASI System.
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
P1 µ1 – λ0 P0 = 0 for k = 0
dPK (t )
= Pk −1 (t )λ k −1 − λ k Pk (t ) for k ≥ 1
dt
dP0 (t )
= −λ0 P0 (t ) for k = 0
dt
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
dPK (t )
= Pk −1 (t )λ − λ Pk (t ) for k ≥ 1
dt
dP0 (t )
= −λ P0 (t ) for k = 0
dt
52. Mention some of the real life examples for Poisson Process.
a) Number of telephone calls arriving at an exchange.
b) Number of coughs generated in a medical ward by the patients.
c) Number of rainy days in a year.
d) Number of typing errors in a manuscript.
e) Number of bit errors occurring in a data communication system.
dP0 (t )
= µ1 P1 (t ) for k = 0
dt
57. Write down the necessary condition for stable operation of delay system for infinite
queue
Capacity.
λ
p1
µ
Where, λ- Mean Arrival Rate, µ- Mean Service Rate
A
Or p1
c
Where, A-Offered Traffic, c- Number of Servers
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
2. Define ISDN
An integrated services digital network in which the same digital switches and
digital paths
are used to establish different services, for examples, telephony and data.
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
9. List out the analysis assumptions in the case of network and protocol architecture.
a) The total capacities of the integrated and segregated networks are
identical.
b) Input services have identical requirements in both the cases.
c) Service rate distributions are identical.
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
17. what are the basic factors consider before selection of access interfaces in ISDN.
a) Use of much of the existing telephony networks; expensive replacement
is not to
be resorted to except for some special function or locations.
b) Use of low cost VLSI technology to add new functionalities and to
provide
Upgrade capabilities.
18. Define signalling
ISDN uses a common channel signalling scheme. The signalling is done over the
D channel which acts as the common signalling channel for the B channel and H
channels which carry the user information
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
23. What are the mandatory fields for all the messages?
1) Protocol discriminator
2) Call reference
3) Message type
24. What are the six field’s present messages formats of ISDN?
a) Routing label
b) Circuit identification code
c) Message type
d) Mandatory fixed part
e) Mandatory variable part
f) Optional part.
27. What are the methods used for the control of supplementary services?
1. Key pad control
2. Feature key management protocol
3. Functional protocol.
29. List out the some of the important new services provided by ISDN.
a) Videotext
b) Electronic mail
c) Digital facsimile
d) Telefax
e) Database access
f) Electronic fund transfer
g) Image and graphics exchange
h) Document storage and transfer
i) Document storage and transfer
j) Automatic alarm services, e.g., smoke,fire,police,and medical
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
b) Distribution services
i) Broadcast services
ii) Cyclic services
38. Write down the important requirements of BISDN.
a) Narrowband signals and broadband signals
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
UNIT-V
CELLULAR WIRELESS NETWORKS
3. Define Crosstalk?
Adjacent cells are assigned same frequencies. It can be avoided by assigning
different frequencies.
8. Define handoff?
It is the procedure for changing the assignment of the mobile unit from one BS to another
as the mobile unit moves one cell to another.
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE
COMMUNICATION SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
SCT-DEPARTMENT OF ECE