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A Morte de Ivan Ilitch
A Morte de Ivan Ilitch
A Morte de Ivan Ilitch
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A Morte de Ivan Ilitch

Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

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"Muitos críticos consideram 'A morte de Ivan Ilitch' como a novela mais perfeita da literatura mundial; a agonia de um burocrata insignificante serve de pretexto ao autor para nos contar uma história que diz respeito ao destino de cada um de nós e que é impossível ler sem um fręmito de angústia e de purificaçăo"
Paulo Rónai
LanguagePortuguês
PublisherL&PM Editores
Release dateJan 1, 2007
ISBN9788525406934

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Rating: 3.9860545020408162 out of 5 stars
4/5

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  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Bought and read this book over the weekend in Montreal. I was really enchanted by the portrayal of Ivan's decline and death, being so detailed. I really empathize with his struggle to understand death as a thing that truly applies to / effects him. The descriptive quality (as noted by many other readers) of Tolstoy's prose was readily apparent, and I enjoyed it immensely. For sure, this is one that begs to be re-read. I'm especially interested in revisiting the 1st chapter, which is from the perspective of his "friends" who, greedy for his social position, callously snub his funeral and bereaved wife. Highly recommended for those interested in getting into Russian lit since it is so short and sweet.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    The subject of this short classic is the process of dying and finally, acceptance of death. It's a look into the mind of a dying man who had lived an ordinary life as a high-court judge, had a family and friends, and had not given much thought about dying some day. After being ill for a long time, he realizes that he will never get well again and uses the time to reflect and question how well he lived his life. Was it meaningful? He struggles with redemption and forgiveness as all of us would in his situation.I felt it was depressing about Ivan's agonizing end. The novel was written in 1886 and was easy to read. Leo Tolstoy put lots of meaning into a short novel and gave me plenty to think about.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This is the story of the life and - as the title indicates - the death of an ordinary man. Ivan Ilych is not a particularly likeable character, nor are his wife and children, nor the colleagues who also appear in the narrative. And yet, the story of Ivan's death is powerful and moving, simply but exquisitely told. Ivan's anger, his fear, his resentment are all unflinchingly described.

    I've spent the past few months acutely aware of mortality. A close friend died suddenly a few months ago. Two other women I know well have inoperable cancer. My mother is frail and elderly and every time I see her I know I may never see her alive again. That sense of being surrounded by death in life is something that all of us face as we age.

    Talking about dying and death is not something we do much of in our society, even though it is something which occurs every moment of every day. Reading this book, as short as it is, brings the reader face to face with that perience. No matter how ordinary a person, no matter how ordinary their life, each death is unique - an extraordinary experience for the person concerned.

    This is not easy reading, but it is something to read and remember.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    The minute we are born we are compelled to live. Ironically it is also the minute we begin the dying process. While some spend their lives obsessed with (the fear of) dying, others, like Tolstoy’s Ivan Ilyich have never given it a second thought. Death is an inconvenience that happens to others. But when Ivan falls ill at 45 and understands his time on earth is short he tries to reconcile his life’s choices and realize the absurdity and futility of it all. With his mortality looming, despondent and in agony, Ivan has an epiphany; as death finally announces itself to him, it then ceased to exist. Now that’s a simple but powerful concept worth contemplating. A masterpiece novella, this one is worth everybody’s time and consideration.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Think over whether you live the life that you want to live or simply do the "correct" things unquestionably.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Oh non-Gothic, gothic horror. Oh sweaty relief. (ew)

    I wish I'd been a writing sort in high school--the books I read then were arguably more interesting than the ones I read now, brief Michael Crichton preoccupation excepted.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    The story begins with three friends and colleagues of a man named Ivan Ilych learning of his death. No one seems deeply affected by this, but one of them, Peter Ivanovich, goes to the wake at Ivan's house that night out of a sense of obligation. From there Tolstoy allows us to view Ilych’s life and his subsequent death, a wasted and meaningless life. In addition we become witness to the hypocrisy and the pointlessness of the lives of those around him—except for his young butler—who has an understanding of life and death that Ilych does not. What is particular tragic about this novella is the loneliness and isolation and the feeling that the life that Ilych has lived was meaningless—worse than death. This book allows us to explore how we live our lives, what is important in that life—and what is a “good life.” 3 out of 5 stars.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Ivan Ilyich Golovin is a lawyer and is used to exercising his authority in all technical, proprietary matters of the law when hearing witnesses or defendants in court. His marriage is no longer a happy one, and he avoids familial situations whenever they interfere with his interests. One day, while remodeling his new St. Petersburg apartment before the arrival of his family, he falls from a ladder and sustains a bruise on his side from a window handle. The pain, instead of going away, steadily worsens, and Ivan Ilyich's health deteriorates. The doctors can bring no useful insight, and all around him either insist he'll soon be better or think to themselves that at least it isn't them. Ivan Ilyich, left alone in his repulsive sickness, comes to a realization of the falseness of his life and the lives of everyone he knows. He tries to come to terms with Death and to be prepared when it comes. This book (novella) (story) is not much more than a hundred pages, and is a compelling meditation on death. As we would expect from Tolstoy, however, it is also a criticism of the falseness of society at the time, who refuse to recognize death, but keep on leading their empty lives. In this way it serves as a gentle cautionary tale, provoking the reader to reflect on the state of his own life, to ask himself by what principles he lives, and would he be ready if called to meet Death himself.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    Dit verhaal biedt variaties op twee dingen: eerst, hoe Ivan vóór zijn ziekte is, namelijk statusgericht en egoïstisch, en vervolgens hoe hij tijdens zijn ziekte is, namelijk helemaal gemangeld door pijn en wanhoop. De nog gezonde Ivan wil prettig en licht leven, geen aanstoot geven en soepel meedraaien in de sociale wereld. Als zijn huwelijk slecht uitpakt, want zijn vrouw is erg jaloers, sluit hij zich voor haar af en richt zich op zijn werk. Daar geniet hij stiekem, terwijl hij zich welwillend en vriendelijk voordoet, van de macht die hij uitoefent. Echte vrienden heeft hij niet. Als hij stijgt op de sociale ladder, dan stoot hij minder hooggeplaatste kennissen af en zoekt het, ook in zijn vrije tijd, hogerop. Het is jammer dat deze fase van Ivans leven aan het slot min of meer wordt bestempeld als immoreel. Iwan zelf gaat, als hij bijna overlijdt, spijt krijgen van zijn oppervlakkige en zelfzuchtige leven. De manier waarop de onpersoonlijke verteller dit weergeeft suggereert instemming. Waarschijnlijk is deze normatieve invalshoek ook Tolstoj’s eigen visie. Maar de manier waarop hij het uitdrukt is terughoudend, zodat de niet in moraal geïnteresseerde lezer het ook zuiver beschrijvend kan opvatten. En die beschrijvingen tintelen van geloofwaardigheid en laten een prachtige mix zien van sociaal inzicht en emotionele zeggingskracht.De zieke Iwan trekt zich terug in zijn eigen ellende, hij wordt de ultieme navelstaarder. Steeds lezen we welke wending zijn grote geestelijke lijden nu weer neemt en welk aspectje dan weer de overhand krijgt. Heel mooi vond ik de interactie met Gerasim, het eenvoudige knechtje dat Ivan nog een tijdlang, als enige, weet te kalmeren. Ook mooi, hoe Ivans ellende een climax bereikt wanneer hij een enorme schreeuw uitstoot die drie dagen aanhoudt en bij iedereen door merg en been gaat. Naar het einde toe wordt het verhaal claustrofobisch, omdat het exclusief Ivans belevingswereld volgt. In die belevingswereld spelen waarnemingen en interacties nauwelijks meer een rol. Ivan vormt zich geen beeld meer van de wereld om hem heen. De jeugdherinneringen die door zijn hoofd gaan kwamen wat mij betreft niet echt tot leven. Het geheel kreeg daardoor iets reductionistisch in mijn ogen, alsof er maar een klein deel van de menselijke ervaring werd weergegeven. Daarom heeft dit verhaal me minder geraakt en geënthousiasmeerd dan de twee grote romans.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This classic novella was chosen by my university as their pick for The Big Read- a national reading event in North America sponsored by grants from the Nation Endowment for the Arts. Additionally, it was my first real essay into Russian literature. The novella begins, aptly, with the death of Ivan Ilyich, a 45 year old judge in St. Petersburg. His coworkers receive the news, and though they seem to be saddened by the event they also are very concerned over who will get promoted to where in order to fill Ivan's vacancy. One close friend of Ivan's, Peter, drags himself reluctantly to the funeral, only to be grilled by the not-so-grieving widow over Ivan's pension. He finally escapes, and wanders off to play bridge and rid his mind of the death.After briefly covering his death, the story turns to Ivan's life, which it terms as most simple...and most horrifying. We learn that Ivan skimmed through most of his life in a fairly ordinary way: grow up, go to school, have father set up a career, sow some wild oats, find a girl, marry, raise a family, get promoted, buy a house, decorate the house. It is decorating the house in fact that starts the grim chain of events. In trying to show the drapier how to hang curtains, Ivan slips off the ladder and bumps his side against a knob. Seemingly no real harm is done, just a small bruise.Yet that bruise leads him to his death. First he can't taste and enjoy food, then he can't focus on playing cards. Doctor after doctor try various treatments, but all for naught. He steadily declines, becoming more and more angry, frightened, and unreasonable. As the end draws near, he begins screaming- three days and nights he screams.Finally, he has two hours left to live. He stops screaming, stops fighting, and faces his death. it is in this moment that he finally finds peace- perhaps for the first time in his life. He thinks back and sees that his life was not all that it could or should have been, but he knows he can rectify that. Looking at those around him, he sees the pain that his illness is causing them. As he sees this, he realizes that his pain is hard to feel, that it is no longer dominating his mind and soul. He can no longer see death, and instead Ivan sees the joy and light ahead of him- and so he dies.I really enjoyed the story. Tolstoy masterfully begins by putting you in no doubt of the end so the focus is completely on the journey to death. It is undeniably depressing, but the end has a beauty and serenity to it that justifies the whole novella.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    This is my first venture into the land of Tolstoy. As with Camus, I was intimidated by the name 'Tolstoy' and, as with Camus, this should never have been so. The Death of Ivan Ilych is a rather poignant, striking novella written following a time where it is said Tolstoy went through a religious conversion. The book provokes thoughts around mortality and provides us with a harsh lesson in 'live life well'.Despite the book title, the story focusses upon the life which Ivan Ilych felt he had lived and the process of dying he goes through rather than the death itself. It is striking, emotive and, at times, frighteningly remorseful. It's that 3am in the morning kind of stuff. If you're the kind of person who lies in bed agonising over your mortality, that funny twitch in your arm, pain in your chest or asking yourself "Why is John's car far superior to mine?" "Is the cat ill running around like that or just being a cat?" then the themes running through this wonderful novella will certainly chime.Ivan Ilych is a well-respected judge who receives an unspecified diagnosis but deduces that he is terminally ill. As his condition deteriorates, we witness Ivan Ilych struggling to come to terms with his condition and the fact that he is dying. He begins to look back on his life with some sadness and regret."Lately in that loneliness in which he found himself....in these late days of horrific loneliness Ivan Ilych lived only by his memories of the past. One after another he imagined scenes from his life. He would always begin with the most recent and proceed to the earliest, to his childhood, and settle there." p.92Such memories proved painful to bear. On looking back through his life, Ivan Ilych realises that as he grew older, more removed from the innocence of childhood, as the worries of life, his career and family took hold, the more superficial and shallow his life had become."...the further back he looked, the more life there had been in him; both the more sweetness to life, and the more of life itself....There had been one point of light far back at the start of everything, and ever since everything had gotten blacker and blacker, and moved quicker and quicker." p.93Ivan Ilych starts to look on his friends, colleagues and wife with the same feelings of bitterness, regret and hate which he has for life and himself. The only moments of tenderness and understanding he finds are in Gerasim, the butler's assistant, who is able to emphasise and understand his needs as Ivan Ilych views others around him as looking inwards to their own needs."His marriage...so accidental, and such a disappointment, with his wife's bad breath, and her sensuality, and their hypocrisy. His moribound professional life, the obession with money...The further on in years the more deadening it became. In perfectly measured steps I went downhill imagining I was on my way up.... In public opinion I was on my way up, and the whole time my life was slipping away from under me....and now it's all over, and it's time to die."p.88The inevitability of death pervades the book and feeds into this readers mortality. As Ivan Ilych struggles to come to terms with his life, dying and death so the reader is also carried along and forced to ask questions of his/her own mortality and life. The fact that Ivan Ilych is terminally ill is, for want of a better word, irrelevant. Death is inevitable - we are all dying, we will all face death and this is the only thing we can be sure about in life. The important lesson we should learn is how to spend our time wisely as we move towards this inevitability.I'm so glad that this is my first experience of reading Tolstoy. It's a quick, compelling read with so much feeling and emotion packed into the 104 pages of this edition. It is without doubt a fantastic masterclass in writing where we are witness to emotions being laid bare for all to see.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Word I wasn't expecting to read in this bleak masterpiece: pasties. (Hugh Alpin translator, UK's Hesperus Press)
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This is why Tolstoy is one of the greats. Because his work reads on multiple levels, and because his characters are never caricatures just there to hold a spear or prop up some scenery.

    On one level this is the story of the life and death of a not particularly likeable functionary. On another its an indictment of a particular society in a particular time, in which isolation from and indifference to others are the price of privilege and comfort and how a man loses himself in that devil's bargain. On another its a story of how we all tend to lose sight of the important things in life in the process of living it. On another it is the story of how even a not particularly likeable functionary is still a human being, with the fears and feelings and loves and losses that we all share as part of our common humanity.

    So much going on in such a small space.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    I wish I'd gotten one of the many collections of Tolstoy's novellas rather than just The Death... I would recommend you do so yourself if you're interested in this great Russian writer.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Normally a book that looks this closely at death would, I'm afraid, terrify me. I have enough anxiety already, I don't need to think about the "dragging pain" in Ivan Ilyich's side, which -- being a doctor's daughter -- I could diagnose fairly easily as some kind of cancer, quite probably cancer of the gallbladder. That "dragging pain" is the giveaway to me, because it was in all the descriptions of the sort of pain cancer of the gallbladder causes. I know all about that because of the anxious period before I was diagnosed with gallstones. Anyway, it occurs to me that because Tolstoy never uses a specific word, never tells you specifically what is wrong with Ivan -- in fact, Ivan himself never knows -- it can be whatever you fear. For me, cancer is the obvious one.

    And okay, yes, this book did terrify me a bit, but I think in the way that it would terrify anybody. Imagining lying at the point of death and questioning if your life was of any use, if you did anything that really made you happy, if you did anything that really made you satisfied...

    This is nothing like Tolstoy's other books. There's a narrow focus on a single character, and -- in this translation at least -- the words are simple and directly to the point. Tolstoy's gift for a slightly satirical tone is in evidence. Ivan is not a particularly good man, but he's very much an everyman -- you will see yourself in Ivan, unless you really do have an ego so big you can't even be brought to imagine facing your own death.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    An excellent, soulful book in the vein of The Trial, and Crime and Punishment. Vladimir Nabokov sums my views of this Novella quite well.In his lectures on Russian Literature Russian born Novelist and critic Vladimir Nabokov argues that, for Tolstoy, a sinful life is (such as Ivan's was), moral death. Therefore death, the return of the soul to God is, for Tolstoy, moral life . To quote Nabokov: "The Tolstoyan formula is: Ivan lived a bad life and since the bad life is nothing but the death of the soul, then Ivan lived a living death; and since beyond death is God's living light, then Ivan died into a new life- Life with a capital L."(Nabokov, Vladimir Vladimirovich: Lectures On Russain Literature pg.237: Harcourt Edition)
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Very well written novella by Tolstoy. I was worried after "Anna Karenina" Tolstoy might have lost his way as he became older. However this was much more like the Tolstoy I remember from "War and Peace". A very affecting study of one man's life and death.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    The thoughts and feelings of a man towards his family and those around him as he gets progressively more ill and is then dying from a wasting disease that sounds like cancer. The opening chapters are quite light-hearted with some ruefully amusing reflections on marriage and attitudes towards ones career, but then the mood becomes much darker and he ends being cynical about his family, seeing them as wishing his death to come sooner so they can be free of the burden of caring for him. A short story but one with a lot to say about the human condition and by no means necessarily tied to its Russian background.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    This novella opens with a scene reminiscent of the one shown to Scrooge by the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come: Ivan Ilyich has died, and his friends, colleagues, and relations gather for the funeral, but also to advance their own interests. Who will be promoted into his old position? Can his wife wrangle a better pension out of the government? And the weekly card game will go on as scheduled, won’t it? The reader then gets a survey of Ivan’s life, from school days, to married life, through career advancements, and through the illness that eventually leads to his death. There’s a lot of focus on the big questions: why death, and why pain? Did Ivan lead the life he was meant to lead? What if he got it all wrong?One gets the sense that Tolstoy was working through his thoughts on these matters. It would be silly to say that I “enjoyed” this book, but I appreciated it (though, when it comes to the Russians, I’ll take Dostoyevsky over Tolstoy any day). It’s a big subject for such a small volume; I’m glad I finally read it, though I probably won’t read it again.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    The book is nothing more about than the life and death of an ordinary everyday man but Tolstoy was able to write this almost like a poem, beautifully and emotionally.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Wonderful from the start, where a colleague goes to the main character's funeral out of a sense of duty and the small inner dialogues and inner calculations that go on about Iván Ilyich's death, back through the (rather vapid) life of Ivan.Wonderful writing.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Nice. Very nice short story. A lot of self-reflection, which is right up my street, as it were.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    Disclaimer: This book should not be read the day you find out that your grandfather has passed and you were sent home from work because you were sobbing too hard to be intelligible.

    Even if you've already finished half of it and there's not much left.

    Even if the first chapter, with work acquaintance friends discussing the death, then one showing up to the house to pay his respects, only to feel disaffected and take off for a card game, is actually pretty darkly funny.

    Even if what you've read since then has been a pretty matter-of-fact discussion of Ivan's career and life so far, and hasn't really been sad at all.

    Because when the turn comes, with the mysterious illness and the search for a diagnosis and the slow decline at home and the alienation from all those who are well and do not understand, who want to go on with their concerns of life and the living...

    Well, it's best to put the book down and come back to it in a few days. Go cuddle with the kids on the couch.

    Called a masterpiece on death and dying.

    I concur.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    I read this for my World Lit II class. Actually, I read it twice. I read two different translations, because I wasn't satisfied with the one that was in my text book. I found another, and I liked it a lot better. Translation does make a difference.Poor Ivan Ilyich. I wasn't too crazy about this, but I understand its importance in literature. So many writers that came later have been influenced by this little novel! It's amazing how Tolstoy was able to capture all these emotions of human suffering and dying. I gave it three stars because it wasn't really all that life-changing or inspirational to me personally, but I'm glad to have read it. Twice, even!
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Powerful, powerful book about the range of emotions the main character goes through as he learns that his time on earth is dwindling quickly.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    A Russian judge finds the meaning of life through death and struggles with the reality of his own mortality. I was quite taken aback by the relevance of this work even today. I found myself on numerous occasions pondering whether I have lived my own life the right way and what I can do to live better in the future.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    It is the epitome of a true classic. It is timeless. It is as immediately relevant now as it was when it was published 130 years ago.
    Here is the unexamined Life, with its strivings, hypocrisies, bargains, illusions upon illusions, and its screens stopping thoughts of Death.
    Then Life is introduced to Death. The screens are relentlessly stripped away, revealing…nothing? “There is no explanation! Agony, death… .What for?”
    This is why I read.
  • Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
    4/5
    “Ivan Ilych's life had been most simple and most ordinary and therefore most terrible.” The book opens at the end of the story when a group of judges are informed that Ivan Ilyich has died. These men rather than mourn his passing instead begin to think of the promotions and transfers that the death will mean. That evening, one of the number travels to Ivan's house to attend his funeral. But whilst there becomes bothered by an expression of disapproval and warning on Ivan's face. The story then shifts more than thirty years into the past and picks up with a description of Ivan's life. As a teenager he attends a Law School where he takes on the habits and mannerisms of his contemporaries who are generally of those with high social standing. Ivan becomes a magistrate and marries Praskovya. Everything seems to be going smoothly until Praskovya becomes pregnant. Suddenly Praskovya's behaviour changes and they begin to argue a lot but rather than face it Ivan buries himself in his work and distances himself from his family. Time passes and Ivan moves up in the ranks and is eventually awarded a higher paying position in St Petersburg where he moves his family to. Whilst decorating the home he bangs his side against the window frame. The injury does not seem serious, but sometime late Ivan begins to experience some discomfort in his left side and an unusual taste in his mouth. The discomfort gradually increases and Ivan decides to see several doctors . However, the doctors all disagree on the nature of the illness and Ivan's physical condition degenerates rapidly. One night while lying alone in the dark, he is visited by his first thoughts of mortality, and they terrify him. He realizes that his illness is not a question of health or disease, but of life or death. Ivan knows that he is dying, but he is unable to grasp the full implications of his mortality. As his health fails Ivan starts examine his life and begins to question whether or nor it was a good one. This only a short novella and in many respects quite black in its outlook but is a very harsh look at how people choose to live their lives and whether or not our ambitions and ideals were real or merely artificial. Whether our official and personal lives can and should truly be kept separate.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    I liked the concept, but quickly grew bored.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Absolute Masterpiece

    Beyond my ability to use superlatives how incredible this short book is on delving into the relative importance of life, marriage, family, career, and death.

Book preview

A Morte de Ivan Ilitch - Leon Tolstói

1

No prédio do Tribunal, durante um intervalo do julgamento do caso Melvinsky, os membros da Corte e o promotor reuniram-se no gabinete de Ivan Yegorovich Shebek e a conversa recaiu sobre o famoso caso Krasovsky. Fiodr Vassilyevich insistia em que o caso não estava sob sua jurisdição, Ivan Yegorovich argumentava o contrário, enquanto Piotr Ivanovich, como não estava na discussão desde o início, não tomava o partido de ninguém, mas passava os olhos pelo Gazette, que tinham acabado de entregar.

– Senhores – exclamou. – Morreu Ivan Ilitch.

– Não é possível!

– Está aqui. Pode ler – disse Piotr Ivanovich, passando o jornal que ainda cheirava a tinta a Fiodr Vassilyevich.

Cercadas por uma borda preta, liam-se as seguintes palavras:

É com profundo pesar que Praskovya Fiodorovna participa a amigos e parentes a passagem de seu estimado esposo, Ivan Ilitch Golovin, membro da Corte Suprema, que deixou esta vida no dia 04 de fevereiro do ano da graça de 1882. O enterro acontecerá na sexta-feira, à uma hora da tarde.

Ivan Ilitch havia sido colega deles e era muito querido por todos. Sabia-se que sofrera em cima de uma cama, meses a fio, com uma doença diagnosticada como incurável. Seu posto ficara em aberto, mas corria que, no caso de sua morte, provavelmente Alexeyev seria nomeado seu sucessor e Vinnikov ou Shtabel ocupariam o lugar de Alexeyev. De modo que, ao ouvirem a notícia da morte de Ivan Ilitch, a primeira coisa que lhes passou pela cabeça foi o possível efeito na rodada de transferências e promoções para eles ou seus companheiros.

Tenho certeza de que agora eu pego o lugar de Shtabel, ou de Vinniko!, pensou Fiodr Vassilyevich. Já me prometeram há horas e essa promoção significa um salário de oitocentos rublos por ano, mais ajuda de custo.

Vou tentar conseguir a transferência de Kalugo para o meu cunhado!, pensou Piotr Ivanovich. Minha mulher vai adorar e não vai poder dizer que eu nunca faço nada pelos parentes dela!

– Bem que eu achei, o tempo todo, que ele não ia mais sair daquela cama – disse Piotr, em voz alta. – Que coisa triste.

– O que era mesmo que ele tinha?

– Os médicos não conseguiram chegar a uma conclusão, ou pelo menos não à mesma conclusão. A última vez em que o vi me pareceu que estava melhorando.

– E eu que nunca mais apareci, desde as férias. Pensei em ir várias vezes.

– Ele tinha bens?

– Acho que sua esposa tem alguma coisa. Mas não muita.

– Bem, acho que devemos ir até lá vê-la. Eles moram um bocado longe!

– Você quer dizer um bocado longe de você. Qualquer lugar é longe da sua casa!

– Ouviram essa? Ele não me perdoa por viver do outro lado do rio! – disse Piotr Ivanovich, sorrindo, para Shebek. E voltaram para o Tribunal comentando animadamente sobre as distâncias de um e de outro lado da cidade.

Além das elucubrações sobre possíveis transferências e mudanças no departamento, resultantes da morte de Ivan Ilitch, a simples idéia da morte de um companheiro tão próximo fazia surgir naqueles que ouviram a notícia aquele tipo de sentimento de alívio ao pensar que foi ele quem morreu e não eu.

Agora era ele quem tinha de morrer. Comigo vai ser diferente – eu estou vivo, pensava cada um deles, enquanto as pessoas mais próximas, os assim chamados amigos, lembravam que agora teriam de cumprir todos aqueles cansativos rituais que exigiam as normas de bom comportamento, assistindo ao funeral e fazendo uma visita de condolências para a viúva.

Fiodr Vassilyevich e Piotr Ivanovich tinham sido seus amigos mais próximos. Piotr Ivanovich fora seu colega na Escola de Direito e lhe devia obrigações.

Em casa, depois de contar para a esposa sobre a morte de Ivan Ilitch, e sua esperança de que talvez conseguisse a transferência de seu cunhado, Piotr Ivanovich abriu mão de sua sesta habitual, vestiu o casaco e saiu.

Do lado de fora da casa de Ivan Ilitch havia uma carruagem e dois trenós de aluguel. Encostado na parede do hall, ao lado do porta-chapéus, via-se a tampa de um caixão coberta por um manto em cujas franjas haviam acabado de borrifar um pó dourado. Havia duas mulheres de preto recolhendo os casacos, e uma delas, a irmã de Ivan Ilitch, Piotr Ivanovich já conhecia, mas a outra era-lhe totalmente estranha.

Seu colega Schwartz já estava descendo, mas ao ver Piotr Ivanovich parou no topo da escada e deu uma piscada, como quem diz: Veja só que confusão foi arrumar nosso amigo Ivan Ilitch – tão diferente de nós!.

O rosto de Schwartz, com aquelas costeletas, sua figura esguia naquele casaco, tinham como sempre, um ar elegante e solene que contrastava com sua natureza jovial, mas que nessa situação parecia a Piotr Ivanovich adquirir um tempero todo especial.

Piotr Ivanovich deixou que as duas mulheres passassem e as seguiu. Schwartz não fez menção de descer e Piotr Ivanovich sabia por quê: certamente queria combinar o local do whist[1] naquela noite. As mulheres subiram para falar com a viúva, enquanto Schwartz, com os lábios cerrados, mas um olhar malicioso, indicava a Piotr Ivanovich o quarto à direita onde estava o corpo. Piotr Ivanovich entrou, em dúvida, como as pessoas sempre se sentem nessas ocasiões, quanto à melhor atitude a tomar ali dentro. A única coisa que lhe ocorria era que fazer o sinal-da-cruz nunca vinha mal nessas horas. Mas como não tinha certeza se era necessário curvar-se ou não, optou por um meio-termo: ao entrar no quarto, começou o sinal-da-cruz e fez um movimento que lembrava vagamente uma inclinação; ao mesmo tempo, tanto quanto o permitiram os movimentos de mão e de cabeça, deu uma checada no ambiente em volta. Dois rapazes, um deles estudante, que deviam ser sobrinhos, vinham saindo do quarto fazendo o sinal-da-cruz e ele aproveitou e fez o mesmo. Uma senhora de idade estava parada, enquanto uma outra com as sobrancelhas arqueadas cochichava-lhe alguma coisa. Um membro da igreja lia em voz alta, com sinceridade e determinação e uma expressão que não admitia discordâncias. Gerassim, o criado, caminhando com seu passo suave em frente a Piotr Ivanovich, espalhava alguma coisa pelo chão. Ao ver isso, Piotr Ivanovich sentiu imediatamente um cheiro de corpo em decomposição. Na sua última visita a Ivan Ilitch, Piotr Ivanovich vira Gerassim no quarto, fazendo as vezes de enfermeiro, e percebia-se que Ivan Ilitch gostava muito dele.

Piotr Ivanovich continuou

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