Modulation and Demodulation Techniques in Communication Systems

Communication Systems Seminar
Glenn Research Center University of Akron
Lecture 3
Modulation and Demodulation

Techniques in Communication Systems
Dr. Oke C. Ugweje
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

The University of Akron
Akron, OH 44325-3904
Wednesday June 28, 2000

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 1
Outline of Presentation
F Modulation and Demodulation (MODEM)

F Classification of Modulation Techniques
F Baseband versus Bandpass Communications
F Why Modulate?
F Definition of Modulation
F Analog Modulation Techniques
F Digital Modulation Techniques (Sample)
F Detection Detection Techniques
F Digital MODEM Examples
mASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, OQPSK, DPSK, QAM
F Factors Affecting Choice of Modulation
F Comparisons of Digital MODEM
F References
Modulation and Demodulation (MODEM)
Digital Source Channel From other

input bits bits sources
lm q
i
Format
Source Channel
Multiplex Modulate Spread
Multiple
Access
Encoder Encoder
Tx
P$e Performance
Measure Bits or Waveforms
Symbol
Rx
Demodulate
Source Channel Multiple
Format Demultiplex & Despread
lm$ q i
Decoder Decoder
Detect
Access
Digital Source Channel

output bits bits To other Carrier & symbol
destinations synchronization

Classification of Modulation Techniques
m Modulation Techniques can be broadly classified as follows:

l Digital versus Analog Modulation
l Baseband versus Bandpass (Passband) Modulation
l Binary versus M-ary Modulation
l Memoryless Modulation versus Modulation with memory
l Linear versus Nonlinear Modulation
l Constant envelope versus Non-constant envelope Modulation
l Power efficient versus Bandwidth efficient Modulation

Baseband versus Bandpass Communications
m Baseband (Lowpass):
l A signal whose frequency content (i.e. its spectrum) is in the
vicinity of zero (i.e., f = 0 or dc) is said to be a baseband signal
w Original source signal are sometimes said to be baseband
l Baseband systems transmit baseband signals
l This is usually not an effective means of communication. Why?
m Bandpass (Passband or Narrowband):
l Bandpass signal spectrum is nonzero in some band of frequency
with BW = 2B centered about f = ±fc, where fc >> 0
X(f) X(fc)
fc is carrier frequency -B1 -f c -B2 0 B1 fc B2 f

2B 2B
m Effective transmission of signal usually requires bandpass signal

m Bandpass transmission involves some translation of the baseband

signal to some band of frequency centered around fc
m Bandpass Transmitter:
Message Modulated
Carrier RF Carrier
Signal
Frequency Power
Source Modulator
Translation Amplifier
Carrier for Local

Carrier for
Modulation Oscillator Wire
Translation
l Carrier (high frequency pure sinusoidal generated by the local

oscillator) is altered in response to a given low frequency signal
(message signal) generated by the source

Why Modulate?
m Coupling EM wave into space - antenna size α wavelength λ

λ= c
f
l For speech signal f = 3 kHz ð λ = 105m
l Antenna size without modulation ≅ λ = 105m = 60 miles
l Practically unrealizable
l Hence, efficient antenna of realistic physical size is needed for
radio communication system
m Information signal must conform to the limitation of its channel
(channel matching)
m Reduce the effect of interference, e.g. Spread Spectrum
m Place signals at desired frequency band for signal processing purposes
such as filtering, amplification, multiplexing
m Used to map digital information sequence into waveforms
Definition of Modulation
m The technique of superimposing the message signal on the carrier is

known as modulation
m That is, modulation is the process by which a property or parameter of
one signal (in this case the carrier) is varied in proportion to the
second signal (in this case the message signal)
m Modulation is performed at the transmitter, and the reverse operation
(demodulation/detection) is performed at the receiving end
m Let m(t) = message (or information) signal
c(t) = carrier signal
s(t) = modulated signal (transmitted signal)
m(t) Modulator s(t)

Modulating Modulated
c(t) Carrier

l The carrier c(t) is a pure sinusoidal signal generally given as

c( t ) = A cos( 2πf t + θ ( t ))
c c c
where Ac = Amplitude, fc= Frequency, θc(t) = Phase

l Examination of c(t) indicate that there are 3 parameters which may
be varied:
1. The amplitude Ac,
2. The frequency fc, and
3. The phase θc(t)
l These parameters can be varied in Analog or Digital form
l When varied in Digital form, it is referred to as “Shifting &
Keying”

Analog Modulation Techniques
m Using the message signal m(t) to vary Ac, fc, θc(t) leads to 3 basic
types of analog modulation schemes respectively known as
1. Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude
m(t) s(t)
2. Frequency Modulation and Modulator
3. Phase Modulation
c(t)
m These types of modulation are carrier/continuous wave modulation

m In this case, the Intermediate Frequency (IF) or the Radio
Frequency (RF) is modulated
m Frequency & Phase Modulation are also known as Angle Modulation
m Amplitude Modulation (AM) is used whenever a shift in the
frequency components of a given signal is desired
l E.g., transmitting voice signal (3 kHz) via EM wave requires that
3 kHz be raised several orders of magnitude before transmission
M(f)
M( 0)
f
− fm 0 fm
Ac aAc Sam ( f ) Ac
2 2
M( f + fc ) 2 M( f − fc)
USB LSB LSB USB
f
− fc − fm − fc − fc + fm fc − fm fc fc + fm
m There are 4 kinds of Amplitude Modulation techniques, namely:

1) Conventional Amplitude Modulation
ð Carrier + Upper Sideband + Lower Sideband
2) Double Sideband (DSB) Suppressed Carrier (SC) AM
ð Upper Sideband + Lower Sideband
3) Single Sideband (SSB) AM
ð Only one Sideband (Upper Sideband or Lower Sideband)
4) Vestigial Sideband (VSB) AM
ð Upper Sideband + portions of the Lower Sideband
Digital Modulation Techniques (Sample)
F The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an information-

bearing discrete-time symbol into a continuous-time waveform
F Basic Techniques (Binary, M = 2):
mCommon binary modulation schemes include
lAmplitude Shift Keying (BASK)
lFrequency Shift Keying (BFSK)
lPhase Shift Keying (BPSK)
lDifferential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK)
F For M > 2, many variations of the above techniques exist usually
classified as M-ary modulation
mM-ary modulation schemes include
lPhase Shift Keying (MPSK)
w Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
w
Offset QPSK (Staggered QPSK) (OQPSK/SQPSK)
w π/4 Differential QPSK (no carrier) (π/4 DQPSK)
w π/4 Differential QPSK (with carrier) (π/4 QPSK)
w Differential MPSK (no carrier recovery) (DMPSK)
lContinuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK)
lSinusoidal Frequency Shift Keying (SFSK)
lMinimum Shift Keying (MSK)
w Differential MSK (DMSK)
w Gaussian MSK (GMSK)
lAmplitude Phase Keying (MAPK)
lQuadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM)
w Superposed QAM
lQuadrature Partial Response Signaling (QPRS)
Digital Detection Techniques
MODEM
(Phase info (No Phase info

COHERENT NONCOHERENT
required) required)
BINARY M-ary HYBRID BINARY M-ary HYBRID
ASK ASK APK(QAM) ASK ASK

(OOK) (OOK)
FSK FSK
FSK FSK
(MSK) PSK DPSK
(QPSK, DPSK
PSK OQPSK) CPM
CPM

Digital MODEM Examples
F Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

mModulation Process:
w Amplitude of the carrier is switched between two (or more)
levels according to the digital data
Product modulator or
ON-OFF switch
m(t) x s(t )
0 T 3T
A cos(ω ot )
Baseband Data OOK Modulator Modulated bandpass Signal

mDetectors for ASK:
mPower Spectral Density: impulse
l Bandwidth
B = 2 Rb = 2
Tb
w Null-to-null bandwidth
2 fc + 2 Rb
Tb fc + Rb
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
m Modulation Process:
l In FSK, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is switched
between 2 or more levels according to the baseband digital data
m Waveform:
f1 f2
so (t) = Ac cos(ω 1t + θ 1 ) s1(t) = Ac cos(ω 2 t + θ 2 )
m Discontinuous Phase FSK:

1 0 1 1 0 1
θ1 ≠ θ 2 Phase Discontinuities

m Continuous Phase FSK:

1 0 1 1 0 1
θ 0 = θ1
No Phase Discontinuities
Envelop
Detection
m Demodulation of FSK:
Coherent Noncoherent
m PSD of CPFSK:
Sunde's FSK

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
m Modulation Process:
l In PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is switched between 2 or
more values in response to the baseband digital data
m Waveform:
m PSK Generation:

m Receiver (Demodulator) for PSK:
?There is no non-coherent detection equivalent for PSK. Why?
m Power Spectral Density of PSK:

l Similar to that of ASK

Quadrature PSK
01 s 00
1 E s0
s2 s3
11 10

m In QPSK, the bit transition in I- & Q-channels occur simultaneously
Simultaneous
transition of Q
and I channels

Offset QPSK
m In OQPSK, I-channel (or Q-channel) bit stream is offset by one bit

period w.r.t. the Q-channel (or I-channel) prior to multiplication by
the carrier
Notice that the Q and I channels are
not aligned and only one phase
transition can occur once every Ts =
Tb sec with a max at ±90o
I-channel: even bits

Phase Diagrams
Q-channel: odd bits
Differential PSK (DPSK)
m DPSK is regarded as the noncoherent version of binary PSK

ak dk
dk =
RSd
k −1, ak = 0 ak dk −1 dk
Td
k −1, ak = 1 0 0 1
dk−1 0 1 0
Delay
Ts 1 0 0
1 1 1
M_ary Case

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
m Most commonly used combination of amplitude and phase signaling

is the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
m MQAM Modulator:
m M-ary QAM Demodulation:

m QAM Constellation:
Q Q Q
I I I
Type I Type II Type III
16 QAM (8, 8) 16 QAM (4, 12) 16 QAM (4, 8, 4)

Factors Affecting Choice of Modulation
m Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

m Probability of error or Bit Error Rate (BER)
m Power Efficiency, η p
l Power efficiency is a measure of how much received power is
needed to achieve a specified BER (inversely proportional to BER
l As BER increases, η p decreases since transmitted power is
“wasted” on more bad data
m Bandwidth Efficiency (or Spectral Efficiency), ηB
l Defined as the ratio of the bit rate to the channel bandwidth
w If R is data rate and B is the RF signal bandwidth, then
R 1
ηB = = log2 M bps / Hz
B BT
w The capacity of a digital system is directly related to η B
w The max possible bandwidth efficiency is

ηB =
C FH
= log 1+
S IK
bps / Hz
max
B 2 N
?Note: Binary systems are more Power Efficient, but less Spectral
Efficient than M-ary systems
m Performance in multipath environment

l Envelope fluctuations and channel non-linearity
m Implementation cost and complexity
? No modulation scheme possesses all the above characteristics; hence,

trade-off are made when selecting modulation/demodulation schemes

m For example, in wireless communications, it is important to select

MODEM based on the following requirements
l High Spectral Efficiency w These factors are affected
l High Power Efficiency by baseband pulse shape
l High Fading Immunity and phase transition
characteristics of the signal
F Practical Modulation Schemes
m FM ⇒ AMPS
m MSK ⇒ CT2
m GMSK ⇒ GSM, DCS 1800, CT3, DECT
m QPSK ⇒ NADC (CDMA) - base transmitter
m OQPSK ⇒ NADC (CDMA) - mobile transmitter
m 4-DQPSK ⇒ NADC (TDMA), PDC (Japan), PHP (Japan)
m MPSK ⇒ (some wireless LANs)
Comparisons of Digital MODEM
m For practical application, the choice of digital MODEM depends on:

l bandwidth efficiency
l power efficiency
l error performance
l Complexity of implementation, and Cost
m Probability of symbol error or Probability of bit error is related to:
l Power efficiency
l Bandwidth efficiency (spectral efficiency)
m Usually transmitted power and complexity increases with increase in
bandwidth efficiency
m The linear or nonlinear nature of the channel also affect the choice
of digital MODEM
m Lastly, but not the least, government regulations also affect the choice
of digital MODEM
Error Performance Comparison
Modulation Type PM (coherent) Pb (coherent) Pb (noncoherent)
m Baseband Systems
l Unipolar e j Q
Eb
N0
Qe j 2Eb
l Polar N0
Qe j Eb
l Bipolar 3
2 N0
Qe j
m Bandpass Systems
l BASK (OOK) Qe
Es
N0j
Eb
N0
1 exp
2 e j
− 8AN
2
o
Qe j Qe j
Es Eb
expe− j
Eb
l BFSK No N0 1
2 2 No
Qe j Qe j
2 Es 2 Eb
Requires coherent detection
l BPSK No N0
2 Qe j Qe j
2 Es 2 Eb
l QPSK N0 N0 Requires coherent detection
≈ 2Qe sin j Qe j Eb
l OQPSK 2Es π N0
N0 M Not used in practice
F I LM F I OP
l DPSK
Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000
2Q H
2 Eb
KN H
N0 1−Q
2 Eb
N0
Modulation and Demodulation
KQ 1 exp
2 e j Eb
− No
Page 32
m Error Performance of BPSK/QPSK:
Bit Error Rate

Symbol Error Rate
F
P = QG
2 Eb IJ F A2Tb I
b
H No
≈ 2Q
K GH 2 No JK
Pe = 2Q
FG IJ
2 Eb FG E IJ
= 1 erfc b
H No K 2 H NK o

m Error Performance of BPSK/QPSK/DPSK/DQPSK/MQAM:
Symbol Error Rate
Bit/Symbol Error Rate

P ( M ) ≅ 2QFH IK
2E s π
sin
E No M
m Other Performance Comparison

Modulation Required Min Channel B for Max ηB Required Pb = 10-6
Scheme Eb/No ISI free signaling (bits/s/Hz) CNR
BPSK 10.6 dB Rb 1 10.6 dB

QPSK 10.6 dB 0.5Rb 2 13.6 dB
8-PSK 14.0 dB 0.33Rb 3 18.8 dB
16-PSK 18.3 dB 0.33Rb 4 24.3 dB
Pb = 10-5
Modulation Eb/No Bandwidth Efficiency, ηB Immunity to Implementation

Scheme (dB) Nonlinearity Complexity
Nyquist Null-to-Null
BPSK 9.6 dB 1.0 0.5 D (worst) a (simple)
QPSK 9.6 dB 2.0 1.0 C a
OQPSK 9.6 dB 2.0 1.0 B c
MSK 9.6 dB N/A 2/3 A (best) d (complex)
m Complexity BPSK
QAM, QPSK
OQPSK
MSK
CPFSK - optimal detection
QPR
M-ary PSK
APK
Low Complexity High
DQPSK
DPSK
CPFSK -discriminator detection
FSK - noncoherent detection
OOK - envelope detection
Ref: IEEE Communications Magazine “1988?”

References
1. O. C. Ugweje, Class Handouts on Communications and Signal Processing, Digital

Communications, Wireless Communications, University of Akron, Akron Ohio
http://www.ecgf.uakron.edu/ugweje/web/home.html
2. B. Sklar, Digital Communications – Fundamentals and Application, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988.
3. A. Bateman, Digital Communications – Design for the Real World, Addison-
Wesley, 1988
4. J. G. Proakis, Digital Communications, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
5. J. G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Communication Systems Engineering, Prentice-
Hall, 1994
6. A. Ambardar, Analog and Digital Signal Processing, PWS Publishing Company,
MA, 1995
7. K. Feher, “Digital Communications: Satellite/Earth Station Engineering,”
Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1983

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Communication Systems Seminar

Glenn Research Center University of Akron

Modulation and Demodulation

Dr. Oke C. Ugweje

Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Wednesday June 28, 2000

F Modulation and Demodulation (MODEM)

Digital Source Channel From other

Digital Source Channel

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 3

m Modulation Techniques can be broadly classified as follows:

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 4

fc is carrier frequency -B1 -f c -B2 0 B1 fc B2 f

m Effective transmission of signal usually requires bandpass signal

m Bandpass transmission involves some translation of the baseband

Carrier for Local

l Carrier (high frequency pure sinusoidal generated by the local

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 6

m Coupling EM wave into space - antenna size α wavelength λ

m The technique of superimposing the message signal on the carrier is

m(t) Modulator s(t)

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 8

l The carrier c(t) is a pure sinusoidal signal generally given as

where Ac = Amplitude, fc= Frequency, θc(t) = Phase

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 9

m These types of modulation are carrier/continuous wave modulation

USB LSB LSB USB

m There are 4 kinds of Amplitude Modulation techniques, namely:

F The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an information-

(Phase info (No Phase info

BINARY M-ary HYBRID BINARY M-ary HYBRID

ASK ASK APK(QAM) ASK ASK

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 14

F Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

Baseband Data OOK Modulator Modulated bandpass Signal

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 15

mDetectors for ASK:

mPower Spectral Density: impulse

so (t) = Ac cos(ω 1t + θ 1 ) s1(t) = Ac cos(ω 2 t + θ 2 )

m Discontinuous Phase FSK:

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 17

m Continuous Phase FSK:

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 19

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 20

m Receiver (Demodulator) for PSK:

?There is no non-coherent detection equivalent for PSK. Why?

m Power Spectral Density of PSK:

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 21

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 22

m In QPSK, the bit transition in I- & Q-channels occur simultaneously

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 23

m In OQPSK, I-channel (or Q-channel) bit stream is offset by one bit

I-channel: even bits

m DPSK is regarded as the noncoherent version of binary PSK

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 25

m Most commonly used combination of amplitude and phase signaling

m M-ary QAM Demodulation:

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 26

Type I Type II Type III

16 QAM (8, 8) 16 QAM (4, 12) 16 QAM (4, 8, 4)

Communication Systems Seminar, Summer 2000 Modulation and Demodulation Page 27

m Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)