Introduction To Artificial Intelligence Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Objectives Sections
• Discuss what is meant by Artificial Intelligence (AI) • What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• What is an Intelligent Artifact ?
• How do we test for Intelligence ? • Intelligence and Understanding
Aim of this lecture • Intelligent Artifacts
• Allow the students to answer general AI questions
• Allow the students to further investigate machine intelligence • Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Introduce the terms to be used through the rest of the course
• Conclusions
Question 1 Question 2
Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ? What is Artificial Intelligence ?
(survey) (ideas)
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Artificial Intelligence (AI):
Director: Steven Spielberg

is the study of how to make computers do
things which, at the moment, people do
better
Elaine Rich, 1991
1
What is Artificial Intelligence ?

‘I think that...’
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
‘You know about....’
is a branch of computer science and ‘She is intelligent...’
engineering that deals with intelligent
behavior, learning, and adaptation in
machines.
Wikipedia
‘The machine thinks that...’

‘The computer knows about....’
‘It is intelligent...’
2
Think about Question 1
Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?
(survey)
Sections
Maybe we are asking the wrong question
• What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence and Understanding
• Intelligent Artifacts
• Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Conclusions
3
Question 3 What is Intelligence ?
What is Intelligence ?
Intelligence :
(ideas) The faculty of understanding.
Question 4 What is Understanding ?
What is Understanding ?
Understanding :
(ideas) To comprehend something, or to recognise
its significance.
What is Understanding ? Human Knowledge
• There is a lot of it.

Understanding :
• It is hard to characterise accurately.
Usually Requires Knowledge • It is constantly changing.
• It differs from data by being organised.
4
Knowledge AI Techniques
Implicit - Explicit Top Down - Expert Systems
Induced - Deduced Bottom Up - Neural Networks
Sections
N’Kisi • What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligent Artifacts
• Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
• Conclusions
Wolfgang von Kempelen
18th Century
Chess Automaton
5
No computer can play even an

amateur-level game of chess.
Hubert Dreyfus, 1960’s
Why use AI to play games?
We commonly think a Games are an intelligent activities.

good chess player is
They provide a structured task in which
highly intelligent. it is very easy to measure success or failure.
Surely we cannot deny
that such machines are They do not require large amounts of knowledge.
intelligent. They were thought to be solvable by straightforward
search from the starting state to a winning position.
Combinatorial Explosion ?
6
Question 5
Is a chess machine
intelligent ?
(survey)
Question 6
Is a thermostat
intelligent ?
(ideas)
Dr. Sbaitso
Soundblaster
7
Sections
• Intelligent Artefacts
COG • Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
MIT’s AI Lab • Conclusions
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Turing Test
Turing Test Alan Turing (1912-1954)
A human is connected to a person and

a machine via a terminal of some kind
and cannot see either the person or
machine. The interrogator's task is to
find out which of the two candidates is
the machine, and which is human only
by asking them questions.
If the human cannot make a decision
within a certain time, the machine is
considered intelligent.
Turing Test Turing Test
Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?” Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”
Answer : ???? Answer : 7.6803153
8
Turing Test
Homepage
http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html
Alice My Little Tony
http://www.alicebot.org/ http://www.mylittletony.com/
Chinese Room
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
JOHN
SEARLE
Intentionality
Knowing
what you are
talking about
9
Daniel Dennett and his Zombie’s Sections

These thought-experiments arise from a situation lifted directly out of the
toolbox most philosophers of mind, today, carry with them on the job • Intelligence and Understanding
Your brain starts to
deteriorate and the doctors • Intelligent Artefacts
replace it, piecemeal, with
silicon chip workalikes, until • Tests, Experiments and Conundrums
there is only silicon inside
your refurbished cranium. • Conclusions

Computers can’t be intelligent - Computers can’t be intelligent -
argument 1 argument 1
To many people, AI is highly provocative, because To many people, AI is highly provocative, because
they associate with intelligence other properties they associate with intelligence other properties
which human intelligence bestows, which human intelligence bestows, such as:
- Sentience - experiencing feelings.
- Self-awareness - being conscious of one’s own
existence.
- Intentionality - having the intention of ‘doing’
something, to achieve some goal which in some
way matters to the doer.

Computers can’t be intelligent - Computers can’t be intelligent -
argument 2 argument 2
One hundred years ago, anyone would have agreed One hundred years ago, anyone would have agreed
that to play chess (or even calculate square roots) that to play chess (or even calculate square roots)
clearly required intelligence. Even today, if a clearly required intelligence. Even today, if a
chimpanzee were to play even poor chess, that would chimpanzee were to play even poor chess, that would
be heralded as proof of his intelligence. So why the be heralded as proof of his intelligence. So why the
difference? difference?
The answer is that there are non-intelligent ways of
achieving intelligent tasks.
10
If computers can’t be intelligent - what If computers can’t be intelligent - what

then IS Artificial Intelligence? then IS Artificial Intelligence?
The moving goal-posts argument gives what for us is the

best definition of AI in the general perception:
Artificial Intelligence is that which a computer

can’t do!
Machine Intelligence - what computers CAN Machine Intelligence - what computers CAN
do do
Most AI developers have a pragmatic approach

to Machine Intelligence:
Machine Intelligence is where a computer is
used to accomplish a task which, were it to be
done by a human, would require intelligence.
Question 7 (1 again)
These problems won’t be solved
soon, so don’t expect someone to tell Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?
you with certainty, whether a
computer will be sentient.
Perhaps it is a meaningless question,
(survey)
and we’ve been deluded by
misleading verbiage into taking it
seriously. Perhaps it will be solved
soon, perhaps it will never be solved.
11

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