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Fairplay in football

Alongside the laws of the game, FIFA advocates a Fair Play programme. Based around a number
of rules, typically involving abstract ideas, they are intended to inform footballers and spectators
on proper behaviour on and off the field:

• Play fair on the field.

• Play to win but accept defeat properly.
• Observe the Laws of the Game.
• Respect everyone involved in the game.
• Promote football’s interests.
• Honour those who defend football’s reputation.
• Reject any corruption, drugs, racism, violence and other harmful vices.
• Help others to do exactly the same.
• Denounce any who discredits the integrity of football.
• Use football to make a better world.

Basics of football

At its core, football is a game with two teams of eleven players, played over the course of 90
minutes. This period is split into two 45-minute halves. The objective of the game is to score
more ‘goals’ than the opposition. The term ‘goal’ refers to two areas either side of the pitch, each
one defended by one of the teams. A ‘goal’ is scored by depositing the ball into the opponent’s
area.

The Laws of the Game

Field of play

Football can be played on a natural or artificial (e.g. Astroturf) surface. However, the shape of
the field must be rectangular, with the dimensions of 90-120 metres long by 45-90 metres wide.
Notably, the guidelines for international matches are stricter (100-110 metres x 64-75 metres).

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 • Goal Area: Starts 5.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 5.5 metres out, with the two
lines joining vertically
• Penalty Area: Starts 16.5 metres from each goalpost and extends 16.5 metres out, with
the two lines joining vertically.
• Flagpost: Placed at each corner, with a quarter-circle on the field (1 metre in radius).
• Goals: 7.32 metre area between the posts, and 2.44 metres high. The posts cannot exceed
5 inches in width.

The ball

Naturally spherical, with a circumference of 27-28 inches.

Number of players

One of the eleven is classified as the goalkeeper and permitted to handle the ball in his team’s
penalty area. The eleven players are supplemented by the option to bring on a maximum of three
substitutes from a pre-decided list of three to seven players (the number of substitutes permitted
is slightly higher for international friendly matches).

In order to bring on a substitute, the referee must first be informed and then there has to be a
break in the play (for example, a free-kick or a throw-in). The substitute then comes on as a
replacement for one of the 11 current players.

Equipment

Basic equipment is the team jersey, shorts, shinguards with socks and studded boots or trainers
depending on the surface. The goalkeeper is also permitted gloves and a different coloured jersey
for identification purposes.

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Referee

The referee adjudicates the match in collaboration with two linesmen (properly referred to as
‘referee’s assistants’) and a fourth official, situated on the touchline, if necessary. The referee’s
tasks include acting as a timekeeper (although with advice on the amount of ‘injury time’ to be
added on to the 45 minutes each half to compensate for injuries and other stoppages), awarding
free kicks and penalties and generally dealing with anything requiring a ruling. Can also choose
to allow play to proceed in case of a foul, providing there is an ‘advantage’ to be gained by the
team against which the foul has been committed.

Assistant referees

Follow play from their respective touch lines and help to decide on throw-ins, corner kicks and
goalkicks along with offside decisions (although naturally the referee has the final say). Can also
draw the referee’s attention and advise on or alert him/her to any on-field activity, which can
influence all manner of decisions. To signify their decision or grab the referee’s attention, they
wave a brightly coloured small flag, which they keep at all times.

Duration of the match

The match officially lasts 90 minutes, split into two 45-minute halves with a half-time interval of
no longer than 15 minutes.

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In the knock-out stages of competitions, extra-time is used if there is no winner after 90 minutes.
This extra period is 30 minutes, split into two 15 minute halves. If extra-time does not find a
winner, then a penalty shoot-out takes place, where five players from each team are selected and
alternate shots on goal from the penalty spot against the opposition goalkeeper. In that instance,
the team with the most successful penalties is declared the winner. If they are still tied then they
will move on to sudden-death penalties, where each team will take one penalty until one of the
two sides has scored move than the other after the side amount of spot kicks.

Start and restart of play

A coin toss takes place just before the game starts, the winner of which will get the choice of
choosing which end to attack or whether to kick-off. Should they choose to kick-off then the
other captain will be allowed elect which end to attack in the first half. Should the winner decide
to choose which end to attack then the loser can choose whether to kick-off in the first or second
half.

The kick-off is also used after a goal has been scored, the task befalling the team who has
conceded, and for both halves of extra-time.

At the kick-off, players from each side must all be in their half of the field. The actual kick-off
takes place on the centre spot in the centre circle. The player who kicks off cannot touch it again
until another player has made contact.

Scoring

A team can only score if the whole ball crosses the goal line between the goalposts. The winner
is the team who scores more goals, except in a competition where the ‘away goals’ rule applies.
The ‘away goals’ rule means that, if a team scores a goal away from their home stadium, the goal
counts extra (therefore, a 1-1 scoreline would mean the away team wins).

Offside

The perennial problem for newcomers to football is understanding the offside rule. This is made
somewhat harder by the fact there are two elements to offsides in football; being in an offside
position, and committing an offside offence.

To be in an offside position is to be closer to the opponent’s goal than the last opposition outfield
player (therefore excluding the goalkeeper) and the ball. However, to commit an offside offence
is to have the ball played forward towards you while in that position. As such, you can be in an
offside position and not commit an offside offence.

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The rule is further complicated by the fact the referee or his assistant must adjudge you to be
‘active’ in the play before giving an offside decision against you. This can be obvious, for
example if you touch the ball in an offside position, but it can be extremely nebulous. The
official rule states ‘active’ as meaning “interfering with play… or an opponent… or gaining an
advantage by being in that position”. However, as you will find as you watch more and more
games, what one referee or linesman considers to be active can be very different to another
individual’s interpretation, and the offside rule is generally a major debating point.

There are other factors to consider which can exempt you from the offside rule. You cannot be
offside in your own-half of the pitch, for example, and you cannot be penalised for being in an
offside position when a goal kick, throw-in, indirect free kick or corner kick is taken.

Fouls and misconduct

A foul can take place anywhere on the pitch, and a free kick is awarded where that foul takes
place (excepting fouls in the penalty area, which result in a penalty kick). The referee can choose
simply to award the foul, speak to the player about his conduct or take matters further.

Punishment for offences

If the single infraction is deemed serious enough or the culprit persistently offends during a
match, the referee can choose to take extra action against a particular individual:

• Yellow Card - A ‘caution’ given to a player. If two of these cards are shown to the same
player, it means a…

• Red Card - Showing a red card to a player means he/she is expelled from the match. A
straight red card (no previous ‘caution’) can be shown for extreme offences such as
serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting, deliberate hand-ball to prevent a goal, a
professional foul (denying a goalscoring opportunity) and insulting language and/or
gestures.

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Free kicks

Whenever a free kick is taken, the opposition must be at least 10 yards away from the ball until it
is delivered. If this rule is not adhered to, the kick is retaken. There are two types of free kick
awarded, depending on the nature of the offence:

• Direct free kick - Allows the team to take a direct shot at the opponent’s goal. Awarded
as a result of fouls with evidence intent to harm or reckless/excessive force (e.g. a sliding
tackle which takes the player first, shirt-pulling and a deliberate hand-ball).

• Indirect free kick - A direct strike on goal is not permitted, meaning any shot must come
from the second player to touch the ball after the kick is taken. If a direct strike is
successfully made on goal, a goal kick to the opposition is given. An indirect free kick is
awarded for any foul which is dangerous or impedes an opponent.

An indirect free kick can be awarded in the case of a passback offence, a fairly uncommon foul
in the game. This is given if one team’s player passes the ball to the keeper, who immediately
picks it up rather than taking a touch with his feet. The free kick is subsequently taken wherever
the goalkeeper picked the ball up.

Penalty kick

A penalty kick is awarded for offences taking place in the penalty and goal area. A nominated
member of the team awarded the penalty is allowed a strike at goal from the penalty spot (see the
image in the ‘field of play’ section), with only the goalkeeper to beat. The goalkeeper must
remain on his line until the ball has been kicked, and all other players must be outside the area
behind the penalty spot. After he has taken the kick, he cannot strike the ball again without
another player touching the ball.

Throw-in

A throw-in is awarded when the whole ball crosses the touch line (conceded by the team who
last touched the ball). It is delivered off the field of play with both hands and from behind and
over the deliverer’s head. Otherwise it is deemed to be a ‘foul throw’ and a throw-in is given to
the opposition. It cannot go direct to the goalkeeper’s hands (if on the same team) and you
cannot score directly from a throw-in.

Goal kick

Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line if it last touched an opposition player. The ball
is kicked from anywhere in the goal area outfield, but must cross the penalty area line.

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Corner kick

Awarded once the whole ball crosses the goal line of the opposition, after last touching one of
their players. Taken from the corner of whichever side the ball exited the field, in the prescribed
quarter-circle space. Opponents must be 10 yards from the corner arc and the kicker cannot touch
the ball a second time without contact from someone else beforehand (or the opponent receives
an indirect free kick).

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