Main G

GOOGLE
INTRODUCTION
Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were students at
Stanford University. The company was officially launched in one of the most anticipated
September, 1998 in a friend’s garage. Initial Public Offerings (IPO) Google raised
$1.67 billion in August of 2004. Today, Google has over 12,000 employees in offices
throughout the world.
Google’s mission statement and corporate culture reflect a philosophy that you can “make
money without doing evil” and that “work should be challenging and the challenge
should be fun”. These beliefs dominate life at Google. The official mission statement of
the company is to “organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible
and useful.”
In 2006, Google was selected by MBA students as the ideal place to work. In 2007 and
2008 Fortune Magazine named Google the Number 1 employer in their annual 100 Best
Companies to Work For.
Google Company Culture
Google is a high-energy, fast paced work environment. While the dress code might be
“casual” the company attracts and retains some of the brightest minds in the technology
industry. There is a work hard, play hard atmosphere. The Google Mountain View, CA
headquarters (aka “the Googleplex”) is a campus-like environment. There are workout
facilities, a café, well stocked snack rooms, and a dorm like environment.
In the public opinion, one of the coolest programs at Google is the 20% time program. All
Engineers at Google are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects that
interest them. Not only does this keep Engineers happy and challenged, its also good
business: some estimates put half of all new product launches can be directly attributed to
projects that came from the 20% time program.
Piyush, Bharti, Kamna, Mridula, Prateek, Priyanka, Prabhjeet Kaur.

HISTORY
GOOGLE IN 1998
The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware and
was designed to be very fault-tolerant
Google began in January 1996, as a research project by Larry Page, who was soon joined
by Sergey Brin, when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in California.
They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites
would produce better ranking of results than existing techniques, which ranked results
according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page. Their search engine
was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate

the importance of a site. A small search engine called Rankdex was already
exploring a similar strategy.
Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages
must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their
thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally,
the search engine used the Stanford University website with the domain
google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on 15 September 1997, and
the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on 4 September 1998 at a friend's garage in
Menlo Park, California. The total initial investment raised for the new company
amounted to almost $1.1 million, including a $100,000 check by Andy Bechtolsheim, one
of the founders of Sun Microsystems.
Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an
"advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on the
topic while still students. However, they soon changed their minds and early on allowed
simple text ads.
In March 1999, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted
Silicon Valley technology startups. After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company
leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View, California at 1600 Amphitheatre
Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003. The company has remained at this
location ever since, and the complex has since come to be known as the Googleplex (a
play on the word googolplex). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for $319
million.
The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among a growing number of Internet
users, who liked its simple design and useful results. In 2000, Google began selling
advertisements associated with search keywords. The ads were text-based to maintain an
uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed. Keywords were sold based
on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at 5 cents per click.
This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com (later renamed
Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and rebranded as Yahoo! Search
Marketing). Goto.com was an Idealab spin off created by Bill Gross, and was the first
company to successfully provide a pay-for-placement search service. Overture Services

later sued Google over alleged infringements of Overture's pay-per-click and
bidding patents by Google's AdWords service.
The case was settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue shares of common stock to
Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license. Thus, while many of its dot-com rivals failed in
the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.
A patent describing part of the Google ranking mechanism (PageRank) was granted on 4
September 2001. The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists
Lawrence Page as the inventor.
NAME
The name "GOOGLE" originated from a misspelling of the word "googol", which refers
to 10100, the number represented by a 1 followed by one hundred zeros. Having found its
way increasingly into everyday language, the verb "google" was added to the Merriam
Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning "to
use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."
FINANCING AND INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING
The first funding for Google as a company was secured in August 1998, in the form of a
$100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, CO-FOUNDER OF SUN
MICROSYSTEMS, given to a corporation which did not yet exist.
On June 7, 1999 a round of funding of $25 million was announced, with the major
investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and
Sequoia Capital.
The Google IPO took place on 19 August 2004. 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price
of $85 per share. Of that, 14,142,135 (another mathematical reference as √2 ≈ 1.4142135)
were floated by Google, and the remaining 5,462,917 were offered by existing
stockholders. The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than

$23 billion. The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the
control of Google.
Many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of

Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google as of 9
August 2004, ten days before the IPO.
The stock performance of Google after its first IPO launch has gone well, with shares
hitting $700 for the first time on 31 October 2007,due to strong sales and earnings in the
advertising market, as well as the release of new features such as the desktop search
function and its iGoogle personalized home page.The surge in stock price is fueled
primarily by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual
funds.
The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol GOOG
and under the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GGEA.
GROWTH
While the primary business interest is in the web content arena, Google has begun
experimenting with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On 17 January
2006, Google announced the purchase of a radio advertising company "dMarc", which
provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio.This will
allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with
Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an
experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and
magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times. They have been filling
unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house
advertisements.
ACQUISITIONS
Since 2001, Google has acquired several companies, mainly focusing on small start-ups.
In 2004, Google acquired a company called Keyhole, Inc., which developed a product
called Earth Viewer, renamed in 2005 to Google Earth.

In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a
weblog statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been
temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on 6
April 2006 and outlined many of the known issues of the service.
In late 2006, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock.
Shortly after, on 31 October 2006, Google announced that it had also acquired JotSpot, a
developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites.
On 13 April 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick. Google agreed to

buy the company for $3.1 billion.
On 2 July 2007, Google purchased GrandCentral. Google agreed to buy the company for
$50 million.
On 9 July 2007, Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire
enterprise messaging security and compliance company Postini.
On August 5 2009, Google announced the purchase of video software maker On2
Technologies for $106.5 million - its first acquisition of a public company.
PARTNERSHIPS
In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies
to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with NASA Ames
Research Center to build up 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of offices and work on
research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed
computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Google also entered into a partnership
with Sun Microsystems in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies.
The company entered into a partnership with AOL of Time Warner, to enhance each
other's video search services.
The same year, the company became a major financial investor of the new .mobi top-level
domain for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies, including
Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson among others.

In September 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service for its
publishing partners which provides the ability to monetize their mobile websites through
the targeted placement of mobile text ads, and acquired the mobile social networking site,
Zingku.mobi, to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and
ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices."
In 2006, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corp. entered into a $900 million
agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site,
MySpace.
Google has developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google
with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The
satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 6 September 2008.
In 2008, Google announced that it was hosting an archive of Life magazine's

photographs, as part of a joint effort. Some of the images in the archive were never
published in the magazine. The photos are watermarked and originally had copyright
notices posted on all photos, regardless of public domain status.
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
Google appliance as shown at RSA Conference 2008
Google has created services and tools for the general public and business environment
alike, including Web applications, advertising networks and solutions for businesses.

ADVERTISING
99% of Google's revenue is derived from its advertising programs. For the 2006 Fiscal
Year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112
million in licensing and other revenues. Google is able to precisely track users' interests
across affiliated sites using DoubleClick technology and Google Analytics. Google's
advertisements carry a lower price tag when their human ad-rating team working around
the world believes the ads improve the company's user experience.Google AdWords allows
Web advertisers to display advertisements in Google's search results and the Google
Content Network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. Google
AdSense website owners can also display adverts on their own site, and earn money every
time ads are clicked.Google began in March 2009 to use behavioral targeting based on
users' interests.
Google has also been criticized by advertisers regarding its inability to combat click fraud,
when a person or automated script is used to generate a charge on an advertisement without
really having an interest in the product. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately
14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid.
In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo!, which would have
allowed Yahoo! to feature Google advertisements on their web pages. The alliance between
the two companies was never completely realized due to antitrust concerns by the U.S.
Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November, 2008.
SOFTWARE
The Google web search engine is the company's most popular service. As of August 2007,
Google is the most used search engine on the web with a 53.6% market share, ahead of
Yahoo! (19.9%) and Bing Search (12.9%).
Google indexes billions of Web pages, so that users can search for the information they
desire, through the use of keywords and operators, although at any given time it will only
return a maximum of 1,000 results for any specific search query. Google has also employed
the Web Search technology into other search services, including Image Search, Google

News, the price comparison site Google Product Search, the interactive
Usenet archive Google Groups, Google Maps, and more.
In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which allowed users to both upload
videos, and search and watch videos from the larger Internet.In 2009 uploads to Google
video were discontinued.
Google has also developed several desktop applications, including Google Desktop,
Picasa, SketchUp and Google Earth, an interactive mapping program powered by
satellite and aerial imagery that covers the vast majority of the planet. Many major cities
have such detailed images that one can zoom in close enough to see vehicles and
pedestrians clearly. Consequently, there have been some concerns about national security
implications; contention is that the software can be used to pinpoint with near-precision
accuracy the physical location of critical infrastructure, commercial and residential
buildings, bases, government agencies, and so on. However, the satellite images are not
necessarily frequently updated, and all of them are available at no charge through other
products and even government sources; the software simply makes accessing the
information easier. A number of Indian state governments have raised concerns about the
security risks posed by geographic details provided by Google Earth's satellite imaging.
Google has promoted their products in various ways. In London, Google Space was set-up
in Heathrow Airport, showcasing several products, including Gmail, Google Earth and
Picasa. Also, a similar page was launched for American college students, under the name
College Life, Powered by Google.
In 2007, some reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile
phone, possibly a competitor to Apple's iPhone. The project, called Android, turned out
not to be a phone, but an operating system. It provides a standard development kit that will
allow any "Android" phone to run software developed for the Android SDK, no matter the
phone manufacturer. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the first phone running the
Android platform, the G1.
Google Translate aka Google Language Tools is a server-side machine translation

service, which can translate 35 different languages to each other, forming 595 language
pairs. Browser extension tools (such as Firefox extensions) allow for easy access to

Google Translate from the browser. The software uses corpus linguistics
techniques from translated documents, (such as United Nations documents, which are
professionally translated) to extract translations accurate up to 88 percent. A "suggest a
better translation" feature appears with the original language text in a pop-up text field,
allowing users to indicate where the current translation is incorrect or else inferior to
another translation.s
On 1 September 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of Google

Chrome, an open-source web browser, which was released on 2 September 2008.
On 7 July 2009, Google announced the project to develop Google Chrome OS, an open-
source Linux-based operating system in a "window of opportunity".
GMAIL
Gmail is a free webmail, POP3 and IMAP service provided by Google. In the United
Kingdom and Germany, it is officially called Google Mail.
Gmail was launched as an invitation-only beta release on April 1, 2004 and it became
available to the general public on February 7, 2007. As of July 2009 it has 146 million
users monthly. The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009, along with the
rest of the Google Apps suite.
With an initial storage capacity offer of 1 GB per user, Gmail significantly increased the
webmail standard for free storage from the 2 to 4MB its competitors offered at that time.
The service currently offers over 7350 MB of free storage with additional storage ranging
from 10 GB to 400 GB available for $20 to $500 (US) per year.
In February 2006, Google released Gmail Chat, using the same tools used in Google Talk.
Gmail has a search-oriented interface and a "conversation view" similar to an Internet

forum. Software developers know Gmail for its pioneering use of the Ajax programming
technique.
Gmail runs on Google Servlet Engine and Google GFE/1.3 which run on Linux.
ENTERPRISE PRODUCTS

Google entered the enterprise market in February 2002 with the launch of its
Google Search Appliance, targeted toward providing search technology to larger
organizations.Providing search for a smaller document repository, Google launched the
Mini in 2005.
Late in 2006, Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition, providing customers
with an advertising-free window into Google.com's index. In 2008, Google re-branded its
next version of Custom Search Business Edition as Google Site Search.
In 2007, Google launched Google Apps Premier Edition, a version of Google Apps
targeted primarily at the business user. It includes such extras as more disk space for e-
mail, API access, and premium support, for a price of $50 per user per year. A large
implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at Lakehead University in Thunder
Bay, Ontario, Canada.
Also in 2007, Google acquired Postini and continued to sell the acquired technology as
Google Security Services.
PLATFORM
Google runs its services on several server farms, each comprising thousands of low-cost
commodity computers running stripped-down versions of Linux. While the company
divulges no details of its hardware, a 2006 estimate cites 450,000 servers, "racked up in
clusters at data centers around the world." The company has about 24 server farms around
the world of various configurations. The farm in The Dalles, Oregon is powered by
hydroelectricity at about 50 megawatts.
CORPORATE AFFAIRS AND CULTURE

LEFT TO RIGHT- Eric E. Schmidt, Sergey Brin and Larry Page
Google is known for its informal corporate culture, of which its playful variations on its
own corporate logo are an indicator. In 2007 and 2008, Fortune Magazine placed Google at
the top of its list of the hundred best places to work. Google's corporate philosophy
embodies such casual principles as "you can make money without doing evil," "you can be
serious without a suit," and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun."
Google has been criticized for having salaries below industry standards. For example, some
system administrators earn no more than $35,000 per year – considered to be quite low for
the Bay Area job market. However, Google's stock performance following its IPO has
enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated by participation in the
corporation's remarkable equity growth.
After the company's IPO in August 2004, it was reported that founders Sergey Brin and
Larry Page, and CEO Eric Schmidt, requested that their base salary be cut to $1.
Subsequent offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down,
primarily because, "their primary compensation continues to come from returns on their
ownership stakes in Google. As significant stockholders, their personal wealth is tied
directly to sustained stock price appreciation and performance, which provides direct
alignment with stockholder interests." Prior to 2004, Schmidt was making $250,000 per
year, and Page and Brin each earned a salary of $150,000.
They have all declined recent offers of bonuses and increases in compensation by Google's
board of directors. In a 2007 report of the United States' richest people, Forbes reported
that Sergey Brin and Larry Page were tied for #5 with a net worth of $18.5 billion each.
In 2007 and through early 2008, Google has seen the departure of several top executives.
Gideon Yu, former chief financial officer of YouTube, a Google unit, joined Facebook
along with Benjamin Ling, a high-ranking engineer, who left in October 2007. In March
2008, two senior Google leaders announced their desire to pursue other opportunities.
Sheryl Sandburg, ex-VP of global online sales and operations began her position as COO

of Facebook while Ash ElDifrawi, former head of brand advertising, left to
become CMO of Netshops Inc.
Google's persistent cookie and other information collection practices have led to concerns
over user privacy. As of 11 December 2007, Google, like the Microsoft search engine,
stores "personal information for 18 months" and by comparison, AOL (Time Warner)
"retain[s] search requests for 13 months", and Yahoo! 90 days.
U.S. District Court Judge Louis Stanton, on July 1, 2008 ordered Google to give YouTube
user data / log to Viacom to support its case in a billion-dollar copyright lawsuit against
Google. Google and Viacom, however, on July 14, 2008, agreed in compromise to protect
YouTube users' personal data in the $1 billion copyright lawsuit. Google agreed it will
make user information and Internet protocol addresses from its YouTube subsidiary
anonymous before handing over the data to Viacom. The privacy deal also applied to other
litigants including the FA Premier League, the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organisation and
the Scottish Premier League. The deal however did not extend the anonymity to employees,
since Viacom would prove that Google staff are aware of uploading of illegal material to
the site. The parties therefore will further meet on the matter lest the data be made available
to the court.
GOOGLEPLEX
THE GOOGLEPLEX

Google's headquarters in Mountain View, California, is referred to as "the
Googleplex" in a play of words; a googolplex being 1010100, or a one followed by a googol
of zeros, and the HQ being a complex of buildings (cf. multiplex, cineplex, etc). The lobby
is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries
on the wall. The hallways are full of exercise
balls and bicycles. Each employee has access to the
corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities
are scattered throughout the campus and include a
workout room with weights and rowing machines,
locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room,
assorted video games, foosball, a baby grand piano, a pool table, and ping pong. In addition
to the rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks.
SIGN AT THE GOOGLEPLEX
In 2006, Google moved into 311,000 square feet (28,900 m2) of office space in New York
City, at 111 Eighth Ave. in Manhattan. The office was specially designed and built for
Google and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental in
securing large partnerships, most recently deals with MySpace and AOL. In 2003, they

added an engineering staff in New York City, which has been responsible for
more than 100 engineering projects, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and
others. It is estimated that the building costs Google $10 million per year to rent and is
similar in design and functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including foosball,
air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video game area. In November 2006, Google
opened offices on Carnegie Mellon's campus in Pittsburgh. By late 2006, Google also
established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Google is taking steps to ensure that their operations are environmentally sound. In October
2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to
1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy
needs.The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate
campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world.Google has faced
accusations in Harper's Magazine of being extremely excessive with their energy usage,
and were accused of employing their "Don't be evil" motto as well as their very public
energy saving campaigns as means of trying to cover up or make up for the massive
amounts of energy their servers actually require.
In 2009 Google announced it was deploying herds of goats to keep grassland around the
Googleplex short, helping to prevent the threat from seasonal bush fires while also
reducing the carbon footprint of mowing the extensive grounds.
INNOVATION TIME OFF
As a motivation technique (usually called Innovation Time Off), all Google engineers are
encouraged to spend 20% of their work time (one day per week) on projects that interest
them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense
originated from these independent endeavors. In a talk at Stanford University, Marissa
Mayer, Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, stated that her
analysis showed that 50% of the new product launches originated from the 20% time.
EASTER EGGS AND APRIL FOOL'S DAY JOKES
Google has a tradition of creating April Fool's Day jokes—such as Google MentalPlex,
which allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web. In 2002, they claimed

that pigeons were the secret behind their growing search engine. In 2004, they
featured Google Lunar (which claimed to feature jobs on the moon), and in 2005, a
fictitious brain-boosting drink, termed Google Gulp was announced.In 2006, they came up
with Google Romance, a hypothetical online dating service.In 2007, Google announced
two joke products. The first was a free wireless Internet service called TiSP (Toilet Internet
Service Provider) in which one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic
cable down their toilet and waiting only an hour for a "Plumbing Hardware Dispatcher
(PHD)" to connect it to the Internet. Additionally, Google's Gmail page displayed an
announcement for Gmail Paper, which allows users of their free email service to have
email messages printed and shipped to a snail mail address.
Google's services contain a number of Easter eggs; for instance, the Language Tools page
offers the search interface in the Swedish Chef's "Bork bork bork," Pig Latin, "Hacker"
(actually leetspeak), Elmer Fudd, and Klingon.[130] In addition, the search engine calculator
provides the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from
Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. As Google’s search box can be
used as a unit converter (as well as a calculator), some non-standard units are built in, such
as the Smoot. A newly discovered easter egg is the spell-checker's result for the properly
spelled word "recursion". The spell-checker built into Google search returns "Did you
mean: recursion?" in a recursive link back to the same page. Google also routinely modifies
its logo in accordance with various holidays or special events throughout the year, such as
Christmas, Mother's Day, or the birthdays of various notable individuals. Other logo
switches are based on search terms. For instance, if the term "ASCII art" is searched, an
ASCII art version of the Google logo will appear next to the search box.
IPO AND CULTURE
Many people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to changes in the
company's culture, because of shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions and
short-term advances, or because a large number of the company's employees would
suddenly become millionaires on paper. In a report given to potential investors, co-
founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page promised that the IPO would not change the
company's culture. Later Mr. Page said, "We think a lot about how to maintain our culture
and the fun elements. We spent a lot of time getting our offices right. We think it's

important to have a high density of people. People are packed together
everywhere. We all share offices. We like this set of buildings because it's more like a
densely packed university campus than a typical suburban office park."
However, many analysts who are finding that as Google grows, the company is becoming
more "corporate". In 2005, articles in The New York Times and other sources began
suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy. In an effort to
maintain the company's unique culture, Google has designated a Chief Culture Officer in
2006, who also serves as the Director of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief
Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the
core values that the company was founded on in the beginning—a flat organization with a
collaborative environment.
Google has faced allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.
PHILANTHROPY
In 2004, Google formed a not for-profit philanthropic wing, Google.org, with a start-up
fund of $1 billion. The express mission of the organization is to create awareness about
climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects is to
develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can attain 100 mpg. The founder is Dr
Larry Brilliant and the current director is Megan Smith.
In 2008 Google announced its "project 10^100" which accepted ideas for how to help the
community and then will allow Google users to vote on their favorites.
NETWORK NEUTRALITY
Google is a noted supporter of network neutrality. According to Google's Guide to Net

Neutrality:
"Network neutrality is the principle that Internet users should be in control of what content
they view and what applications they use on the Internet. The Internet has operated
according to this neutrality principle since its earliest days... Fundamentally, net neutrality

is about equal access to the Internet. In our view, the broadband carriers should
not be permitted to use their market power to discriminate against competing applications
or content. Just as telephone companies are not permitted to tell consumers who they can
call or what they can say, broadband carriers should not be allowed to use their market
power to control activity online."
On February 7, 2006, Vinton Cerf, a co-inventor of the Internet Protocol (IP), and current
Vice President and "Chief Internet Evangelist" at Google, in testimony before Congress,
said, "allowing broadband carriers to control what people see and do online would
fundamentally undermine the principles that have made the Internet such a success."
GOOGLE COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS
Most workers at Google have base salaries that are on the lower end of normal for the
markets they operate in. The base salaries are supplemented by stock options, challenging
work and extensive benefits. In addition to the normal health and welfare benefits that most
larger companies offer, Google provides its employees with the following cutting-edge
benefits:
• Health care for you and your family, plus on-site physician and dental care at our
headquarters in Mountain View, California and our engineering center in Seattle,
Washington
• Vacation days and holidays, and flexible work hours
• Maternity and parental leave, plus new moms and dads are able to expense up to
$500 for take-out meals during the first four weeks that they are home with their new baby
• Adoption assistance
• Google Child Care Center, just five minutes from Google headquarters in
Mountain View
• Back-up child care helps California parents when their regularly scheduled child
care falls through
• Free shuttle service to several San Francisco, East Bay, and South Bay locations
• Fuel Efficiency Vehicle Incentive Program
• Employee discounts
• Onsite dry cleaning, plus a coin-free laundry room in the Mountain View office

PROGRESS OF GOOGLE
Progress of GOOGLE since its birth that is from 1995 has added in its value a lot of things
with the contribution of so many personalities. Without the initiation of LARY PAGE and
SERGY BRIN the idea of GOOGLE would not have been a success.
1995-1997
1995
• LARRY PAGE and SERGEY BRIN meet at STANFORD. (Larry, 22, a U

Michigan grad, is considering the school; Sergey, 21, is assigned to show him around.)
According to some accounts, they disagree about most everything during this first meeting.
1996
• Larry and Sergey, now Stanford computer science graduation students, begin
collaborating on a search engine called BackRub.
• BackRub operates on Stanford servers for more than a year -- eventually taking
up too much bandwidth to suit the university.
1997
• Larry and Sergey decide that the BackRub search engine needs a new name.
After some brainstorming, they go with Google -- a play on the word "googol," a
mathematical term for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros.
The use of the term reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of
information on the web.
1998
August

• Sun Co-founder ANDY BECHTOLSHEIM writes a cheaque for
$100,000 to an entity that doesn't exist yet: a company called Google Inc.
September
• Google sets up workspace in Susan Wojcicki's garage at 232 Santa Margarita,

Menlo Park.
• Google files for incorporation in California on September 4. Shortly thereafter,
Larry and Sergey open a bank account in the newly-established company's name and
deposit Andy Bechtolsheim's cheaque.
• Larry and Sergey hire Craig Silverstein as their first employee; he's a fellow
computer science graduation student at Stanford.
December
• "PC Magazine" reports that Google "has an uncanny knack for returning
extremely relevant results" and recognizes us as the search engine of choice in the Top
100 Web Sites for 1998.
1999
February
• We outgrow our garage office and move to new digs at 165 University Avenue
in Palo Alto with just 8 employees.
April
• YOSHKA, our first "company" DOG, comes to work with our Senior Vice
President of Operations, Urs Hoelzle.
May
• Omid Kordestani joins to run sales -- the first non-engineering to be hired.

June
• Our first press release announces a $25 million round from Sequoia Capital and
Kleiner Perkins; John Doerr and Michael Moritz join the board. The release quotes
Moritz describing "Googlers" as "people who use Google."
August
• They moved to their first Mountain View location: 2400 E. Bayshore.

Mountain View is a few miles south of Stanford University, and north of the older
towns of Silicon Valley: Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, San Jose.
November
• Charlie Ayers joins as Google's first chef. He wins the job in a cook-off judged
by the company's 40 employees. Previous claim to fame: catering for the Grateful Dead.
2000
April
• On April Fool's Day, they announce the MentalPlex: Google's ability to read the
mind as it visualizes the search results as we want. Thus began the annual foray in the
Silicon Valley tradition of April 1 hoaxes.
May
• The first 10 language versions of Google.com are released: French, German,

Italian, Swedish, Finnish, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Norwegian and Danish.
• They won their first Webby Awards: Technical Achievement (voted by
judges) and Peoples' Voice (voted by users).
June
• They forge a partnership with Yahoo! to become their default search provider.

• They announced the first billion-URL index and therefore Google
becomes the world's largest search engine.
September
• They started offering search in Chinese, Japanese and Korean, bringing our
total number of supported languages to 15.
October
• Google Ad Words launches with 350 customers. The self-service ad program

promises online activation with a credit card, keyword targeting and performance
feedback.
December
• Google Toolbar was released. It's a browser plug-in that makes it possible to
search without visiting the Google homepage.
2001
January
• They announced the hire of Silicon Valley veteran Wayne Rosing as their first
VP of engineering operations.
February
• The first public acquisition: Deja.com's Usenet Discussion Service, an archive of

500 million Usenet discussions dating back to 1995. They added search and browse
features and launched it as Google Groups.
March

• ERIC SCHMIDT was named Chairman of the Board of Directors.
• Google.com was available in 26 languages.
April
• Swedish Chef became a language preference.
July
• Image Search launched, offering access to 250 million images.
August
• First international office, in Tokyo was opened.

• ERIC SCHMIDT became CEO. LARRY and SERGEY were named
Presidents of Products and Technology, respectively.
October
• A new partnership with UNIVERSO ONLINE (UOL) made GOOGLE the

major search service for millions of Latin Americans.
December
• Keeping track: Their index size grew upto 3 billion web documents.
2002
February
• Klingon became one of 72 language interfaces.

• The first Google hardware was released: it's a yellow box called the Google
Search Appliance that businesses can plug into their computer network to enable search
capabilities for their own documents.
• We release a major overhaul for AdWords, including new cost-per-click
pricing.

April
• For April Fool's Day, they announced that pigeons power their search results.
• A set of APIs were released, enabling developers to query more than 2 billion
web documents and program in their favorite environment, including Java, Perl and
Visual Studio.
May
• A major partnership with AOL to offer Google search and sponsored links to 34
million customers using CompuServe, Netscape and AOL.com. was announced.
• We release Google Labs, a place to try out beta technologies fresh from our
R&D team.
September
• Google News launches with 4000 news sources.
October
• First Australian office in Sydney was opened.
December
• Users could now search for stuff to buy with Froogle (later called Google Product
Search).
2003
January
• American Dialect Society members vote "google" the "most useful" Word of
the Year for 2002.
February
• Pyra Labs were acquired as the creators of Blogger.

March
• They announced a new content-targeted advertising service, enabling

publishers large and small to access Google's vast network of advertisers. (Weeks
later, on April 23, they acquired Applied Semantics, whose technology bolsters the service
named AdSense.)
April
• They launched Google Grants, their in-kind advertising program for nonprofit
organizations to run in-kind ad campaigns for their cause.
October
• Registration opens for programmers to compete for cash prizes and recognition at
our first-ever CODE JAM. Coders can work in Java, C++, C# or VB.NET.
December
• They launched Google Print (which later becomes Google Book Search),
indexing small excerpts from books to appear in search results.
2004
January
• Orkut launched a way for them to tap into the sphere of social networking.
February

• Larry Page is inducted into the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF
ENGINEERING.
• Our search index hits a new milestone: 6 billion items, including 4.28 billion
web pages and 880 million images.
March
• They moved to their new "Googleplex" at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in

Mountain View, giving 800+ employees a campus environment.
• They formalized their enterprise unit with the hire of DAVE GIROUARD as
GENERAL MANAGER; reporters begin reporting in April about our vision for the
enterprise search business.
• They introduced Google Local, offering relevant neighborhood business
listings, maps, and directions. (Later, Local combined with Google Maps.)
April
• For April Fool's Day they announced plans to open the Googlunaplex, a new
research facility on the Moon.
May
• They announced the first winners of the Google Anita Borg Scholarship,
awarded to outstanding women studying computer science. Today these scholarships are
open to students in the U.S., Canada, Australia and Europe.
August
• Our Initial Public Offering of 19,605,052 shares of Class A common stock

takes place on Wall Street on August 18. Opening price: $85 per share.
September

• There are more than 100 Google domains (Norway and Kenya are
#102 and #103). The list has since grown to more than 150.
October
• They formally opened their office in DUBLIN, IRELAND, with 150

multilingual Googlers, a visit from Sergey and Larry, and recognition from the Deputy
Prime Minister of Ireland, Mary Harney.
• Google SMS (short message service) was launched; people could send their text
search queries to GOOGL or 466453 on their mobile device.
• Larry and Sergey are named Fellows by the Marconi Society, which recognizes
"lasting scientific contributions to human progress in the field of communications
science and the Internet."
• We spotlight our new engineering offices in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India with
a visit from Sergey and Larry.
• Google Desktop Search is introduced: you can now search for files and
documents stored on your hard drive using Google technology.
• We launch the beta version of Google Scholar, a free service for searching
scholarly literature such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and
technical reports.
• We acquire Keyhole, a digital mapping company whose technology will later
become Google Earth.
November
• Index of web pages reached 8 billion.
December
• They opened their Tokyo R&D (research & development) center to attract the
best and brightest among Japanese and other Asian engineers.
• The Google Print Program (since renamed Google Book Search) expands through
digital scanning partnerships with the libraries of Harvard, Stanford, University of
Michigan, and Oxford plus the New York Public Library.

2005
February
• We hit a milestone in Image Search: 1.1 billion images indexed.

• Google Maps goes live.
March
• We launch code.google.com, a new place for developer-oriented resources,

including all of our APIs.
• Some 14,000 programmers from six countries compete for cash prizes and
recognition at our first coding competition in India, with top scores going to Ardian
Kristanto Poernomo of Singapore.
• We acquire Urchin, a web analytics company whose technology is used to create
Google Analytics.
April
• Our first Google Maps release in Europe is for the U.K.

• For April Fool's, we announce a magical beverage that makes its imbibers more
intelligent, and therefore better capable of properly using search results.
• Google Maps now features satellite views and directions.
• Google Local goes mobile, and includes SMS driving directions.
• My Search History launches in Labs, allowing you to view all the web pages
you've visited and Google searches you've made over time.
• We release Site Targeting, an Ad Words feature giving advertisers the ability to
better target their ads to specific content sites.
May
• We release Blogger Mobile, enabling bloggers to use their mobile phones to post
and send photos to their blogs.
• Google Scholar adds support for institutional access: searchers can now locate
journal articles within their own libraries.

• Personalized Homepage (now iGoogle) is designed for people to
customize their own Google homepage with content modules they choose.
June
• We hold our first Summer of Code, a 3-month $2 million program that aims to
help computer science students contribute to open source software development.
• Google Mobile Web Search is released, specially formulated for viewing search
results on mobile phones.
• We unveil Google Earth: a satellite imagery-based mapping service combining
3D buildings and terrain with mapping capabilities and Google search.
• We release Personalized Search in Labs: over time, your (opt-in) search history
will closely reflect your interests.
• API for Maps released; developers can embed Google Maps on many kinds of
mapping services and sites.
August
• Google scores well in the U.S. government's 2005 machine translation evaluation.
(We've done so in subsequent years as well.)
• We launch Google Talk, a downloadable Windows application that enables you to
talk or IM with friends quickly and easily, as well as talk using a computer microphone and
speaker (no phone required) for free.
September
• Overlays in Google Earth illuminate the devastation wrought by Hurricane

Katrina around New Orleans and the Gulf Coast. Some rescue teams use these tools to
locate stranded victims.
• DARPA veteran Vint Cerf joins Google to carry on his quest for a global open
Internet.
• Dr. Kai-Fu Lee begins work at our new Research and Development Center in
China.
• Google Blog Search goes live; it's the way to find current and relevant blog
postings on particular topics throughout the enormous blogosphere.

October
• Feed aficionados rejoice as Google Reader, a feed reader, is introduced at the

Web 2.0 conference in San Francisco.
• Googlers volunteer to produce the first Mountain View book event with Malcolm
Gladwell, author of "Blink" and "The Tipping Point." Since then, the Authors@Google
program has hosted more than 480 authors in 12 offices across the U.S., Europe and India.
November
• We release Google Analytics, formerly known as Urchin, for measuring the

impact of websites and marketing campaigns.
• We announce the opening of our first offices in São Paulo and Mexico City.
December
• Google Transit launches in Labs. People in the Portland, Oregon metro area can
now plan their trips on public transportation at one site.
• Gmail for mobile launches in the United States.
2006
January
• Our first Code Jam in China concludes in Beijing. The winner, graduate student
Chuan Xu, is one of more than 13,000 registrants.
• We announce the acquisition of dMarc, a digital radio advertising company.
• Google.cn, a local domain version of Google, goes live in China.
• We introduce Picasa in 25 more languages, including Polish, Thai and
Vietnamese.
February
• We release Chat in Gmail, using the instant messaging tools from Google Talk.
• Eric Schmidt is inducted into the National Academy of Engineering.

• Dr. Larry Brilliant becomes the executive director of Google.org, our
philanthropic arm.
• Google News for mobile launches.
March
• We announce the acquisition of Writely, a web-based word processing application

that subsequently becomes the basis for Google Docs.
• A team working from Mountain View, Bangalore and New York collaborates to
create Google Finance, our approach to an improved search experience for financial
information.
April
• For April Fool's we unveil a new product, Google Romance: "Dating is a search
problem."
• We launch Google Calendar, complete with sharing and group features.
• We release Maps for France, Germany, Italy and Spain.
May
• We release Google Trends, a way to visualize the popularity of searches over

time.
June
• We announce Picasa Web Albums, allowing your to upload and share your photos
online.
• The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) adds "Google" as a verb.
• We announce Google Checkout, a fast and easy way to pay for online purchases.
• Gmail, Google News and iGoogle become available on mobile phones in eight
more languages besides English: French, Italian, German, Spanish, Dutch, Russian,
Chinese and Turkish.
• Gmail launches in Arabic and Hebrew, bringing the number of interfaces up to
40.

July
• At Google Code Jam Europe, nearly 10,000 programmers from 31 countries

compete at Google Dublin for the top prizes; Tomasz Czajka from Poland wins the final
round.
August
• We launch free citywide WiFi in Mountain View.

• More than 100 libraries on 10 campuses of the University of California join the
Google Books Library Project.
• Star Trek's 40th Anniversary Convention in Las Vegas features a Google booth
showcasing tools appropriate for intergalactic use.
• Apps for Your Domain, a suite of applications designed for organizations of all
sizes, and including including Gmail and Calendar, is released.
• Google Book Search begins offering free PDF downloads of books in the public
domain.
September
• We add an archive search to Google News, with more than 200 years of historical
articles.
• Featured Content for Google Earth includes overlays from the UN Environmental
Program, Discovery Networks, the Jane Goodall Institute, and the National Park Service.
• The University Complutense of Madrid becomes the first Spanish-language
library to join the Google Books Library Project.
October
• Together with LitCam and UNESCO's Institute for Lifelong Learning, we launch
the Literacy Project, offering resources for teachers, literacy groups and anyone interested
in reading promotion.
• We announce our acquisition of YouTube.
• We release web-based applications Docs & Spreadsheets: Word processor Docs is
a reworking of Writely (acquired in March).

• Google Custom Search Engine launches, giving bloggers and website
owners the ability to create a search engine tailored to their own interests.
• We acquire JotSpot, a collaborative wiki platform, which later becomes Google
Sites.
November
• The first nationwide Doodle 4 Google contest in the U.K. takes place with the
theme My Britain. More than 15,000 kids in Britain enter, and 13-year old Katherine
Chisnall is chosen to have her doodle displayed on www.google.co.uk. There have been
Doodle 4 Google contests in several other years and countries since.
December
• We release Patent Search in the U.S., indexing more than 7 million patents dating
back to 1790.

2007
January
• We announce a partnership with China Mobile, the world's largest mobile telecom
carrier, to provide mobile and Internet search services in China.
February
• We release Google Maps in Australia, complete with local business results and
mobile capability.
• Google Docs & Spreadsheets is available in eleven more languages: French,
Italian, German, Spanish, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Korean, Turkish,
Polish, Dutch, Portuguese (Brazil) and Russian.
• For Valentine's Day, we open up Gmail to everyone. (Previously, it was available
by invitation only).
• Google Apps Premier Edition launches, bringing cloud computing to businesses.
• The Candidates@Google series kicks off with Senator Hillary Clinton, the first of
several 2008 Presidential candidates, including Senator Barack Obama and Senator John
McCain, to visit the Googleplex.
• We introduce traffic information to Google Maps for more than 30 cities around
the US.
March
• Our first Latin American software coding contest ends with Fábio Dias Moreira of
Brazil taking the grand prize. He scored more points than 5,000 other programmers from
all over the continent.
• We sign partnerships to give free access to Google Apps for Education to 70,000
university students in Kenya and Rwanda.
April

• This April Fool's Day is extra busy: not only do we introduce the Gmail
Paper Archive and TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider) -- we lose (and find) a real snake
in our New York office!
• We add eight more languages to Blogger, bringing the total to 19.
May
• In partnership with the Growing Connection, we plant a vegetable garden in the

middle of the Googleplex, the output of which is incorporated into our café offerings.
• We move into permanent space in Ann Arbor, Michigan and Governor Jennifer
Granholm helps us celebrate. The office is an AdWords support site.
• At our Searchology event, we announce new strides taken towards universal
search. Now video, news, books, image and local results are all integrated together in one
search result.
• Google Hot Trends launches, listing the current 100 most active queries, showing
what people are searching for at the moment.
• Street View debuts in Google Maps in five U.S. cities: New York, San Francisco,
Las Vegas, Miami, and Denver.
• On Developer Day, we announce Google Gears (now known just as Gears), an
open source technology for creating offline web applications.
June
• Google Maps gets prime placement on the original Apple iPhone.

• YouTube becomes available in nine more domains: Brazil, France, Italy, Japan,
the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Ireland and the U.K.
• We announce a partnership with Salesforce.com, combining that company's on-
demand CRM applications with AdWords.
• We unveil several "green" initiatives: RechargeIT, aimed at accelerating the
adoption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, the completion of our installation of solar
panels at the Googleplex, in Mountain View, and our intention to be completely carbon-
neutral by the end of 2007. We also announce the Climate Savers Computing Initiative, in
collaboration with Intel, Dell, and more than 30 other companies.
• Google Earth Outreach is introduced, designed to help nonprofit organizations use
Google Earth to advocate their causes.

July
• We announce the acquisition of Postini.

• The first CNN/YouTube debate takes place between the eight U.S. Democratic
Presidential candidates. (The Republicans get their turn in November 2007.)
• Google Finance becomes available for non-U.S. markets for the first time, in
Canada.
• Google Apps is now available in 28 languages.
August
• We ask your for you interpretation of how Gmail travels around the world, and
receive more than 1,100 video responses from more than 65 different countries.
• To infinity and beyond! Sky launches inside Google Earth, including layers for
constellation information and virtual tours of galaxies.
September
• AdSense for Mobile is introduced, giving sites optimized for mobile browsers the
ability to host the same ads as standard websites.
• Together with the X PRIZE Foundation we announce the Google Lunar X PRIZE,
a robotic race to the Moon for a $30 million prize purse.
• We add presently, a new application for making slide presentations, to Google
Docs.
• Google Reader becomes available in French, Italian, German, Spanish, Dutch,
English (U.K.), Chinese (Traditional and Simplified), Japanese and Korean.
October
• We partner with IBM on a supercomputing initiative so that students can learn to

work at Internet scale on computing challenges.
November
• We announce OpenSocial, a set of common APIs for developers to build

applications for social networks.

• Android, the first open platform for mobile devices, and a collaboration
with other companies in the Open Handset Alliance, is announced. Soon after, we
introduce the $10 million Android Developer Challenge.
• Google.org announces RE<C, an initiative designed to create electricity from
renewable sources that are cheaper than coal. The initial focus is on support for solar
thermal power and wind power technologies.
December
• The Queen of England launches The Royal Channel on YouTube. She is the first
monarch to establish a video presence this way.
2008
January
• Google.org announces five key initiatives: in addition to the previously-

announced RE<C and RechargeIT, there is a new dedication to solutions that can predict
and prevent crises worldwide, improve public services, and fuel the growth of small
enterprises.
• We bid in the 700 MHz spectrum auction to ensure that a more open wireless
world becomes available to consumers.
February
• For people searching in Hebrew, Arabic, or other right-to-left languages, we

introduce a feature aimed at making searches easier by detecting the direction of a query.
• Google Sites, a revamp of the acquisition JotSpot, debuts. Sites enables you to
create collaborative websites with embedded videos, documents, and calendars.
March
• We finally complete the acquisition deal for DoubleClick.

• Together with Yahoo and MySpace, we announce the OpenSocial
Foundation, an independent non-profit group designed to provide transparency and
operational guidelines around the open software tools for social computing.
April
• We feature 16 April Fool's jokes from our offices around the world, including the
new airline announced with Sir Richard Branson (Virgle), AdSense for Conversations, a
Manpower Search (China), and the Google Wake-Up Kit. Bonus foolishness: all viewers
linking to YouTube-featured videos are "Rickrolled."
• A new version of Google Earth launches, incorporating Street View and 12 more
languages. At the same time, KML 2.2, which began as the Google Earth file format, is
accepted as an official Open Geospacial Consortium standard.
• Google Website Optimizer comes out of beta, expanding from an AdWords-only
product. It's a free website-testing tool with which site owners can continually test different
combinations of their website content (such as images and text), to see which ones yield the
most sales, sign-ups, leads or other goals.
• We launch Google Finance China allowing Chinese investors to get stock and
mutual fund data as a result of this collaboration between our New York and Shanghai
teams.
• We introduce a collection of 70+ new themes ("skins") for iGoogle, contributed
by such artists and designers as Dale Chihuly, Oscar de la Renta, Kwon Ki-Soo and
Philippe Starck.
May
• Following both the Sichuan earthquake in China and Cyclone Nargis in

Myanmar (Burma), Google Earth adds new satellite information for the region(s) to help
recovery efforts.
• Reflecting our commitment to searchers worldwide, Google search now supports
Unicode 5.1.
• At a developer event, we preview Google Friend Connect, a set of functions and
applications enabling website owners to easily make their sites social by adding
registration, invitations, members gallery, message posting, and reviews, plus applications
built by the OpenSocial developer community.

• With IPv4 addresses (the numbers that computers use to connect to the
Internet) running low, Google search becomes available over IPv6, a new IP address space
large enough to assign almost three billion networks to every person on the planet. Vint
Cerf is a key proponent of broad and immediate adoption of IPv6.
• Google Translate adds 10 more languages (Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish,
Finnish, Hindi, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian and Swedish), bringing the total to 23.
• We release Google Health to the public, allowing people to safely and securely
collect, store, and manage their medical records and health information online.
• We introduce a series of blog posts detailing the many aspects of good search
results on the Official Google Blog.
• California 6th grader Grace Moon wins the U.S. 2008 Doodle 4 Google
competition for her doodle "Up In The Clouds."
June
• Real-time stock quotes go live on Google Finance for the first time.
• With the launch of Google Site Search, site owners can enable Google-powered
searches on their own websites.
• We launch Gmail Labs, a set of experimental Gmail features, including saved
searches and different kinds of stars, which let you customize your Gmail experience.
• A new version of Maps for Mobile debuts, putting Google Transit directions on
phones in more than 50 cities worldwide.
• For the first time, Google engineers create the problems for contestants to solve at
the 7th Annual Code Jam competition.
July
• We provide Street View for the entire 2008 Tour de France route -- the first
launch of Street View imagery in Europe.
• Our first downloadable iPhone app, featuring My Location and word suggestions
for quicker mobile searching, debuts with the launch of the Apple 3G iPhone.
• We work with the band Radiohead to make a music video of their song "House of
Cards," using only data, and not cameras.

• Our indexing system for processing links indicates that we now count 1
trillion unique URLs (and the number of individual web pages out there is growing by
several billion pages per day).
August
• Street View is available in several cities in Japan and Australia - the first time it's
appeared outside of North America or Europe.
• Google Suggest feature arrives on Google.com, helping formulate queries, reduce
spelling errors, and reduce keystrokes.
• Just in time for the U.S. political conventions, we launch a site dedicated to the
2008 U.S. elections, with news, video and photos as well as tools for teachers and
campaigners.
September
• Word gets out about Chrome a bit ahead of schedule when the comic book that
introduces our new open source browser is released earlier than planned on September 1.
The browser officially becomes available for worldwide download a day later.
• We get involved with the U.S. political process at the presidential nominating
conventions for the Democratic and Republican parties.
• We release an upgrade for Picasa, including new editing tools, a movie maker,
and easier syncing with the web. At the same time, Picasa Web Albums is updated with a
new feature allowing you to "name tag" people in photos.
• Google News Archive helps to make more old newspapers accessible and
searchable online by partnering with newspaper publishers to digitize millions of pages of
news archives.
• T-Mobile announces the G1, the first phone built on the Android operating
system. At the same time, we release a new Android Software Developer Kit, and the Open
Handset Alliance announces its intention to open source the entire Android platform by the
end of 2008. The G1 becomes available for purchase in October.
• We launch Transit for the New York metro region, making public transit
information easily available for users of the largest transportation agency in the U.S.

• Thanks to all of you, Google celebrates 10 fast-paced years.
October
• We release the first draft of Clean Energy 2030, a proposal to wean the U.S. off of
coal and oil for electricity use and to reduce oil use by cars 40 percent by 2030. The plan
could generate billions in savings as well as millions of "green jobs."
• We introduce Google Earth for the iPhone and iPod touch, complete with photos,
geo-located Wikipedia articles, and the ability to tilt your phone to view 3D terrain.
• Googlers in Mountain View build a zip line to travel across the small Permanente
Creek separating a few of our bulidings.
November
• In a vote by 5-0, the FCC formally agrees to open up "white spaces," or unused
television spectrum, for wireless broadband service. We see this decision as a clear victory
for Internet users and anyone who wants good wireless communications.
• After we discover a correlation between certain search queries and CDC data on
flu symptoms, we release Google Flu Trends, an indicator of flu activity around the U.S. as
much as two weeks earlier than traditional flu surveillance systems.
• We announce the availability of the LIFE photo archive in Google Image Search.
Only a fraction of the approximately 10 million photos have ever been seen before.
• SearchWiki launches, a way for you to customize your own search experience by
re-ranking, deleting, adding, and commenting on search results. Comments can also be read
by other users.
December
• They invited musicians around the globe for audition to participate in the
YouTube Symphony Orchestra, the world's first collaborative online orchestra.
• Google Friend Connect is available to any webmaster looking to easily integrate
social features into their site.

• Street View coverage more than doubles in the United States, including
several states never before seen on Street View (Maine, West Virginia, North Dakota,
and South Dakota).
• We partner with publishers to digitize millions of magazine articles and make
them readily available on Google Book Search.
2009
January
• We kick off January with the launch of Picasa for Mac at Macworld.
• The Vatican launches a YouTube Channel, providing updates from the Pope and
Catholic Church.
• Together with the New America Foundation's Open Technology Institute, the
PlanetLab Consortium, and academic researchers, we announce Measurement Lab (M-
Lab), an open platform that provides tools to test broadband connections.
February
• The latest version of Google Earth makes a splash with Ocean, a new feature that
provides a 3D look at the ocean floor and information about one of the world's greatest
natural resources.
• We introduce Google Latitude, a Google Maps for mobile feature and an iGoogle
gadget that lets you share your location with friends and see the approximate location of
people who have decided to share their location with you.
• After adding Turkish, Thai, Hungarian, Estonian, Albanian, Maltese, and
Galician, Google Translate is capable of automatic translation between 41 languages,
covering 98% of the languages read by Internet users.
• Our first message on Twitter gets back to binary: I'm 01100110 01100101
01100101 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01101100 01110101
01100011 01101011 01111001 00001010. (Hint: it's a button on our homepage.)
March

• We launch a beta test of interest-based advertising on partner sites and
on YouTube. This kind of tailored advertising lets us show ads more closely related to what
people are searching for, and it gives advertisers an efficient way to reach those who are
most interested in their products or services.
• We release Google Voice to existing Grand Central users. The new application
improves the way you use your phone, with features like voicemail transcription and
archive and search of all of your SMS text messages.
• We celebrate our San Francisco office's Gold rating from the U.S. Green Building
Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Green Building Rating
System. We see it as a sign that we're on track with our approach to building
environmentally friendly offices.
• The White House holds an online town hall to answer citizens' questions
submitted on Google Moderator.
• We launch new iGoogle backdrops inspired by video games, including classics
like "Mario," "Zelda," and "Donkey Kong."
• We announce Google Ventures: a venture capital fund aimed at using our
resources to support innovation and encourage promising new technology companies.
• Using our transliteration technology, we build and release a feature in Gmail that
makes it easy to type messages in Indian languages like Hindi or Malayalam.
• Google Suggest goes local with keyword suggestions for 51 languages in 155
domains.
April
• Our April Fool's Day prank this year is CADIE, our "Cognitive Autoheuristic
Distributed-Intelligence Entity" who spends the day taking over various Google products
before self-destructing.
• We announce an update to search which enables people to get localized results
even if they don't include a location in their search query.
• For India's 15th general election, we launch the Google India Elections Centre,
where people can check to see if they're registered to vote, find their polling place, as well
as read news and other information.

• Over 90 musicians from around the world — including a Spanish
guitarist, a Dutch harpist and a Lithuanian birbyne player — perform in the first-ever
YouTube Symphony Orchestra at Carnegie Hall.
• We rebuild and redesign Google Labs as well as release two new Labs: Similar
Image search and Google News Timeline. Later in the month, we introduce Toolbar Labs.
• We begin to show Google profile results at the bottom of U.S. search pages when
people search for names, giving people more control over what others find about them
when they search on Google.
• We release 11 short films about Google Chrome made by Christoph Niemann,
Motion Theory, Steve Mottershead, Go Robot, Open, Default Office, Hunter Gatherer,
Lifelong Friendship Society, SuperFad, Jeff&Paul, and Pantograph.
May
• To clear brush and reduce fire hazard in the fields near our Mountain View
headquarters, we rent some goats from a local company. They help us trim the grass the
low-carbon way!
• At our second Searchology event, we introduce a few new search features,
including the Search Options panel and rich snippets in search results.
• We launch Sky Map for Android, which uses your Android phone to help you
identify stars, constellations and planets.
• Christin Engelberth, a sixth grader at Bernard Harris Middle School in San
Antonio, Texas, wins the second U.S. Doodle 4 Google competition with her doodle "A
new beginning."
• At our second annual Google I/O developer conference in San Francisco, we
preview Google Wave, a new communication and collaboration tool.
June
• We add a new dashboard to the Local Business Center which gives business
owners information, such as what people searched for to see their listing or how many
times their listing appeared in search results, about how customers find their businesses in
Google Maps.

• We introduce two new ways to customize your iGoogle page: the
iGoogle Showcase, which lets you see your favorite celebrities' homepages look like and
add gadgets and more from those pages to your own, and nature themes.
• Google Squared, a new experiment in Labs intended for certain kinds of complex
search queries, collects facts from the web and presents them in an organized collection,
similar to a spreadsheet.
• The Google Translator Toolkit is a new set of editing tools that helps people
translate and publish work in other languages faster and at a higher quality. Our automatic
translation system also learns from any corrections.
• We announce All for Good. It's a single search interface for volunteer activities
across many major volunteering sites and organizations that are developed using App
Engine and Google Base. Many Googlers contributed to the open source project in their
20% time.
• We release a beta version of AdSense for Mobile Applications, which allows
developers to earn revenue by displaying text and image ads in iPhone and Android
applications.
• Google SMS is a suite of mobile applications that allows people in Africa to
access information — like health and agriculture tips, news, and local weather — using
SMS on their mobile phones, and includes a marketplace application for finding buyers and
sellers of goods.
July
• Both the enterprise and consumer versions of Gmail, Google Calendar, Google
Docs and Google Talk are now out of beta.
• We announce that we're developing the Google Chrome OS, an open source,
lightweight operating system initially targeted at netbooks.
• We launch Moon in Google Earth on the 40th anniversary of the moon landing.
The tool features lunar imagery, information about the Apollo landing sites, panoramic
images shot by the Apollo astronauts and narrated tours.
• The new comics themes for iGoogle range from classic strips like Peanuts to
heroes like Batman to alternative comics from all over the world.
• We add a search options panel to Google Images, making it easier to find the
types of images you need.

And on and on
What's next from Google? It's hard to say. We don't talk much about what lies ahead,
because we believe one of our chief competitive advantages is surprise. You can always
take a peek at some of the ideas our engineers are currently kicking around by visiting them
at Google Labs. Have fun, but be sure to wear your safety goggles.
FRIDAY, APRIL 21, 2006
GOOGLE.COM 1997-2009
From 1997 till today Google is among one of those companies who has progress
immensely.The graph of its progress has an uoward miment and is still rising
continuoously due to the new and innovative ides been adopted by the team of google to
maintain its popularity and worth.In these 12 years of life of google it has introduced many
features in its being according to the requirement of the customers. Here
are the last 12 years of Google.com, compiled via Archive.org’s Wayback Machine:

In 1997 to early 1998, Google was still available at google.stanford.edu. The Beta sign
wasn’t yet live.
In 1998, Google was almost cluttered. Back then there was still some emphasis on
“Stanford Search,” showing the roots of where Google comes from. Also, right on the
front-page you could subscribe to the Google Friends newsletter. And of course, Google –
with the not so pretty logo co-founder Sergey made in GIMP – was still in Beta...

In 1999, you can see Google realizes its search engine can stand on its own, and focuses on
something the competitors at that time were slowly losing: total focus on search, with a
completely uncluttered homepage. Google.com would never again have as little links as in
1999. The logo at that time is still a bit ugly... and Google still feels the need to explain
what it does (“search the web using Google”).
In 2000, after having survived the Y2K bug (and about to be surviving the dotcom crash),
Google localizes with a language box, and also offers jobs and an About page highlighted
with blue
bullets. In
2000,
Google – out
of Beta now

– was proud to be named “Best Search Engine” by Yahoo Internet Life. Google is
also pushing its WAP services on the front-page. On a side-note, I can see “SM” instead of
“TM” next to the logo... Disclaimer: I don’t know if this Archive.org depiction of
Google.com, with the non-centered logo, is completely accurate.
In 2001,
some
days
after the
9/11
attacks
on the
World
Trade
Center,
Google
offers condolences to the attack victims. Along with the Madrid bombings years later, this
would be about the only time Google shows news and support links on the front-page.
Also that year, Google pushes further services – Google’s now mostly discontinued Google
Web Directory (which was based on the DMOZ.org Open Directory), and Google Groups
(an archive acquired from Deja News). Above the search box, Google now shows you how
many pages they search through (another feature that didn’t survive). Now if I had to put a
date on it, I’d say 2001 was the year when truly every internet surfer (and their mom)
would start to get to know about Google, but of course its growth was steady ever since it
began. Disclaimer: I photoshopped this image because the logo wasn’t showing on
Archive.org – I used the previous year’s logo.

In 2002,
Google
changes
its mind
about
where to
put
additional links (which grow in number), and introduces blue tabs on top of the search box.
The index size is now advertised in the footer position, and the three links to the right side
of the search box are what we’re having today (advances search, preferences and language
tools). Also in 2002, one of the first (the first?) weblog on Google started, and it soon
became highly popular.
On this
screen
from
2004,
Google
celebrates Valentine’s Day. Not much else is new on the homepage, but the index size
increased a whalopping 1 billion pages (not a huge increase by today’s standards perhaps,
but those were different times only three years ago).

In 2004
(here
showing
with an
Olympics logo), Google got rid of its tabs on top of the search box, making the page
simpler again, while taking their company public. They now had a list of links (Web,
Images, Groups, News, Froogle – no more Directory), as well as a “more” link to get to
Google’s list of services. This approach scales a little better, but still only the most popular
Google services (by the traffic they get, from what we know) will ever make it on the select
few homepage links.
In 2005,
Google’s
index
size
almost
doubled
from last
year.
Google

introduces Google Local to the front-page and gets rid of its “Business Solutions”
link at the bottom.
In 2006
(the year
Google somewhat lost their innocence due to search censorship cooperation with the
Chinese government), chances are high you’re logged into one of the many Google
services with your Google Account. That means you’ll also be seeing the somewhat
awkwardly positioned personalized links pane in the top right. Other than that, the
“Business Solutions” link returned, and there’s no more index size indicator in Google’s
footer. Still, search for two wildcard characters and you might see something in the range
of 25 billion indexed pages... we’ve come along way.

In 2007, a decade after its inception, the Google homepage undergoes a dramatical change
(at least in relation to the minimalism of its layout): the navigation moves from above the
search box to the top-left of the page, a move mirrored on other Google pages – like
Google Image Search, or Google News search. The context navigation links now adjust to
where you are, meaning they’re context-sensitive but also inconsistent (a potential issue
from the point of view of usability).
Now, Google’s motto is to have a “universal search,” integrating its different sub-search
types (images, blogs, etc.) into a single experience. When you search for elvis presley, for
instance, the search types web, music, video and images will be suggested, but when you
search for iraq, the suggestions will be to further research in news, blogs, video, maps and
images.
In 2009, the

Google search box and buttons got bigger, and there’s more spacing in-between the
buttons. Auto-completion of search queries has already been running for quite some time.
The search settings link is now found on top, not at the side of the search box. The privacy
link is at the bottom.

The google books were been published to help people to know more about the
google and to have knowledge about all the concepts regarding GOOGLE.

Google Inc.: SWOT analysis
Introduction:
Google was started as a research project by two Stanford PhD students named
Sergey Brin and Larry page. They registered the domain name google.com in the year
1997 and in September 1998, it became a privately owned incorporate Google Inc. With its
extensive research on search algorithms and use of state of the art technology, Google
successfully established its brand name in internet search engines market. By the year
2004, Google came up covering over 75% of US web search market. Though Google is a
dominating player in internet searching market, it has to compete with its rivals in this field
where there is no long time entry barrier. Google can expand / change its business model
to survive in this best search engine race.
SWOT ANALYSIS:
STRENGTHS:
• Google – Already number one search engine has established a brand name, in which its
users trust. It’s dependable, reliable and fast.
• Google needs very little end user marketing as the name itself is getting word by mouth
publicity.
• Google has a simple interface and it gives comprehensive results without confusing its
users.

• Google has low operation cost as it uses low cost UNIX web servers for indexing
millions of web pages across internet.
• Google has hired PhDs who are continuously working hard in order to enhance search
algorithms and make searching faster, efficient and relevant.
• By 2003, Google has already powered over 75% of the 300 million searches conducted
daily in the U.S. and 300 million plus outside the U.S.
• Google provides an interface to 88 languages to make it comfortable to search for its

users in different countries.
• Google uses state of the art search technology to index pages regularly in order to give
most updated results to its users.
• Google also weights the votes and ranks web pages with its PageRank technology to give
its user access to most important pages first.
• Google is not biased towards advertisers. It clearly separates relevant advertisements and
actual results by giving “Sponsored Links” tag to sponsored results when user searches to
get information with some keyword. Moreover, it also ranks sponsored links to keep most
relevant sponsored links on the top.
• Google offers localized search called “search by location” where users can get results
showing vendors, products and services nearby their areas.
• Google also has a range of innovative additional services like Images, Groups,

Directory, and News. Google didn’t complicate its website by making itself a
portal; rather it kept tabs for these services on its homepage so users can easily navigate
and that also keeps the website as simple as it was earlier.
• Google has also come up with solutions for wireless handheld devices, personalized
toolbars, catalogues which are added essence strengths.
• Google quickly routes the user to the webpage and doesn’t linger for ad revenue.
WEAKNESSES:
• Many spammers manipulate Google’s ranking technology by creating dummy sites with
thousands of links to pages that they wanted Google to rank highly.
• Google’s link based ranking did not employ actual traffic analysis.
• Google’s Cost Per Click advertising charging and ranking policy is confusing and makes
it difficult for marketers to predict where their ads would be positioned and how much they
would cost.
• Google’s contextual advertising was perceived by marketers to be less effective in

generating sales because visitors to web pages showing editorial content were less likely
than searchers to be ready to buy.
• Contextual search algorithms are not 100% perfect and many a times make mistakes.

• Google’s localized search algorithms too sometimes result in errors due to automated
indexing.
• Google’s business model is complex, depending upon both google.com and mass market
portals for its revenue.
• Although Google is a dominating player among search engine websites, only 50% to 65%
of web search queries are answered accurately by it.
• Google doesn’t have “sticky” like Yahoo! And MSN have which can attract users.
• Google doesn’t have highly personalized search by which it could charge users with
switching cost if they decide to leave Google’s services.
OPPORTUNITIES:
• Google can increase switching cost by tracking users’ search histories with their
permission and could remind users through emails for the relevant search updates as per
their personal interest.
• Google can become a mass-market portal like Yahoo and MSN and can increase
switching cost for its users.
• Google can add “sticky” like chat rooms and email systems to attract users and survive
in tough competition.

• Google can enhance personalized and localized searching and can also add localized paid
listings of advertisers.
• Google can start new services like multimedia, product search, private database, and print
media.
• Google can also merge with an established mass-market portal to lock in large number of
users and advertisers.
• Google can start giving full fledged services on hand held mobile devices to capture
market beyond conventional internet.
THREATS:
• Google partially depends upon some portals like AOL. Getting those contracts
terminated, Google would lose considerable share of its revenue.
• There is no long time entry barrier in this business. Many competitors can emerge in
coming years with same services, better interface and names and can catch up Google’s
market.
• Google’s confusing Cost Per Click ranking and charging policy could disappoint its
advertisers and company would start loosing many of them.
• Competition and rivalry:

Portals like yahoo provide more services and solutions with conventional search than
Google do. Google would start loosing its users due to added attractions in such portals.
MSN is coming up with its new operating system called “Longhorn” which would be
having “implicit query” feature. Longhorn search will be able to search the web, blogs,
news sources, hard drive files, email plus attachments all from a keyword search without a
browser. Users will be able to search directly from already established Microsoft programs
like MS word. This would handcuff users and ultimately it would harm Google’s market.
Overture has been Google’s old competitor. Though Google has acquitted more advertisers
than Overture, Google’s share of market revenue lags behind overture by 20% and there is
always competition for getting collaborated with well known mass-market portals like
AOL, Yahoo and MSN.
• Google’s scale might also become a liability in order to cop up with new and enhanced
search techniques if company’s ability to modify its algorithms and database architecture
was constrained by its server infrastructure and the size of its index.
• If Google comes up becoming portal, it may lose its simplicity and comprehensiveness
because of which it is favorite among its users.
• Google can get trapped in issues regarding privacy if it decides to go for highly
personalized search for which it has to capture user’s personal information.
• If Google decides to merge with some already established mass-market portal, it will start
loosing its well earned brand name.
Recommendations:

• Google’s core competence is its strong search technology which gives accurate
results to its users and that also at the right place without misleading them. Google should
concentrate on making its search engine much more accurate, relevant and dependable
which is most important thing as far as the user’s objective is concerned. Getting more
users would also help the company in getting more advertisers and ultimately earning
revenue.
• Google should start giving services like print, multimedia, travel, mail, Instant
Messaging etc. to compete with one stop portals like Yahoo and MSN, but without
changing its simplicity and comprehensiveness. Google can navigate users by putting
simple links on its homepage and at the same time it would be able to sustain its traditional
looks.
• Google has already started contextual and localized search solutions. It should improve
the quality and relevance of results of these services as well as should start gathering
revenues from advertisers who are covering certain areas and willing to pay only for the
results which are accessed by the users of the area in which they are providing services or
products.
• Google should also put in efforts to improve its search algorithms and stop spammers
from spoofing and getting their pages ranked high.
• Google should also start providing personalized search solutions by storing users’
information with their permission and making web search comfortable for them when they
come back. This would help the company in generating long term relationship with the
customers.
• Google should regularly take feedback from its advertisers and should make changes in
its charging and ranking policies if it is appropriate for both the parties as well as in favor
of search engine users.

• Google can also generate revenue by indexing database of large organization and
providing them private search solutions.
CONCLUSION:
It is not recommended for Google to merge with mass-market portal. Though that would
help Google in securing users and advertisers but it would also harm Google’s independent
growth. Google has cutting edge technology and excellent minds behind it and it should use
that in providing users with 100% relevant search results. Though rival portals are coming
up with strategies to handcuff users but finally users would choose the one who gives most
accurate search results. As far as profit is concerned, locking in maximum market from
quality services would automatically help Google in attracting more number of advertisers
to make revenue from.
Thus, Google should keep updating its technology and services with the same simplicity
and comprehensiveness as it has been providing since its establishment.

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GOOGLE

Google Company Culture

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Google Translate aka Google Language Tools is a server-side machine translation

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On 1 September 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of Google

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SIGN AT THE GOOGLEPLEX

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INNOVATION TIME OFF

EASTER EGGS AND APRIL FOOL'S DAY JOKES

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IPO AND CULTURE

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GOOGLE COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS

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• LARRY PAGE and SERGEY BRIN meet at STANFORD. (Larry, 22, a U

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• Google sets up workspace in Susan Wojcicki's garage at 232 Santa Margarita,

• Omid Kordestani joins to run sales -- the first non-engineering to be hired.

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• They moved to their first Mountain View location: 2400 E. Bayshore.

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• Google Ad Words launches with 350 customers. The self-service ad program

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• Swedish Chef became a language preference.

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• First international office, in Tokyo was opened.

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• Klingon became one of 72 language interfaces.

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• Google News launches with 4000 news sources.

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• They moved to their new "Googleplex" at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in

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