Question A: Interpret the given core lab reports.

Answer:

01): The probable fluid which may be produced through out the given interval column 8

The core analysis reports, having their column 8 filled with the prospective production fluids, are attached
herewith.

02): Net feet of oil and gas zone present.

 For sample core analysis report 01.

o Net feet of oil zone = 16feet
o Net feet of gas zone = 21feet
 For sample core analysis report 02.
o Net feet of oil zone = 13 feet
o Net feet of gas (condensate) zone = 11 feet
 For sample core analysis report 03.
o Net feet of oil zone = 33 feet
o Net feet of gas zone = 00 feet
 For sample core analysis report 04.
o Net feet of oil zone = 22 feet
o Net feet of gas zone = 08 feet

03): Location of GOC and WOC.

 For sample core analysis report 01.

o WOC = 4849 feet
o GOC = 4830 feet
 For sample core analysis report 02.
o WOC = 6457 feet
o GOC = 6443 feet
 For sample core analysis report 03.
o WOC = 4690 feet
o Since the gas zone is not present therefore GOC in not possible.
 For sample core analysis report 04.
o WOC = 5561 feet
o GOC = 5531 feet

04): Average “ф” and “k” for the zones of gas and oil.

 For sample core analysis report 01.

o Average porosity for oil zone= 17.25 %
o Average permeability for oil zone= 489.94mD
o Average porosity for gas zone = 18.086%
 o Average permeability for gas zone = 203.295mD
 For sample core analysis report 02.
o Average porosity for oil zone= 34.76 %
o Average permeability for oil zone= 6176.36mD
o Average porosity for gas zone = 32.308%
o Average permeability for gas zone = 1845.5mD
 For sample core analysis report 03.
o Average porosity for oil zone= 28.36 %
o Average permeability for oil zone= 959.68mD
o Gas zone is absent
 For sample core analysis report 04.
o Average porosity for oil zone= 32.99%
o Average permeability for oil zone= 1376.818mD
o Average porosity for gas zone = 28.51%
o Average permeability for gas zone = 331mD

05): Probable zone of perforation.

 For sample core analysis report 01.

Probable zone of perforation= 4840-4843 ft

 For sample core analysis report 02.

Probable zone of perforation= 6448-6450 ft

 For sample core analysis report 03.

Probable zone of perforation= 4671-4676 ft

 For sample core analysis report 04.

Probable zone of perforation= 5537-5546 ft

06): Residual oil saturation and water saturation.

 For sample core analysis report 01.

Residual oil saturation and water saturation= 4830-4846 ft.

 For sample core analysis report 02.

Residual oil saturation and water saturation= 6443-6457 ft.

 For sample core analysis report 03.

Residual oil saturation and water saturation= 4656-4690 ft

 For sample core analysis report 04.

Residual oil saturation and water saturation= 5532-5557 ft

Question B: Mention the applications of core analysis data for the following areas,

1. Exploration
2. Well completion
3. Field development
4. Well and reservoir evaluation

Answer: Following are the applications of the core analysis in the given areas,

1. Exploration:
o Exploration of structures and determination of their physical characteristics.
o Estimate of production possibilities for wildcats, extension wells and edge wells.
2. Well completion:
o Selection of intervals for testing.
o Interpretation of tests during drilling-comparison of results-explanation of test anomalies
etc.
o Determination of the best combinations for order of completions when there are several
horizons.
o Selection of intervals and choice of depths if plugs, packers, cement plugs etc are
installed to keep out water and gas influxes.
o Selection of intervals for perforations / acidizing.
o Estimation of completion efficiency.
o Selection of intervals for recompletion.
3. Field development:
o Determination of optimal spacing.
o Determination of the location of the new wells.
o Definition of field boundaries.
o Estimate of production for determination of field equipment.
o Definition of contact zones for the various fluids.
o Structural and Stratigraphic correlations.
o Sampling and bases of interpretation for other well logging.
o Selection of intervals for optimum completion.
4. Well and reservoir evaluation:
o Determination of net pay zone.
o Estimate of initial productivity.
o Estimate of water production rates and injection pressures .
o Estimate of decompression zones invaded by water or gas and simultaneous production
of various zones.
o Estimate of probable recovery.
o Estimate of oil and gas reserves in place.
o Estimates of equitable shares in unitization operations.
 o Reservoir engineering, and programming for maintaining pressure or secondary recovery.
o Forecasts for optimum well completion and maximum future recovery.

Question C: Discuss following special rock properties.

Answer:

1) Thermal: Heat flow (or flux), q, in the Earth's crust or in rock as a building material, is the product of
the temperature gradient (change in temperature per unit distance) and the material's thermal conductivity
(k, the heat flow across a surface per unit area per unit time when a temperature difference exists in unit
length perpendicular to the surface). Thus, 

dT
q¿
dz × K

Temperature measurements are used to detect changes in thermal conductivity of the rocks along the
borehole or to detect water flow through cracks or fractures

2) Acoustic: Acoustic property: acoustic property of rock is found out by employing acoustic logging
tools. The tool generates ultrasonic signals which pass through the mud to the adjacent formations, are
refracted parallel to the borehole, and finally arrive at the receivers. A rather complicated electrical circuit
interprets the travel time into a plot of velocity vs. depth. Different rock types exhibit different sound
velocities.

The acoustic properties of rocks determine their elastic properties such as (speed of propagation and the
index of refraction, reflection coefficient, and coefficient of absorption of elastic waves). These properties
are used for the;

a. Determination of compressional and shear wave velocities used in surface seismic data.

b. The determination of porosity in porous rocks from the compressional wave velocity

c. The measurement of permeability in porous rocks

d. Logs of compressional and shear wave velocity can be useful in hole-to-hole lithological
correlation

For shaly sandstone formations, velocity of the ultrasonic signals passing through them was found to be
directly proportional to porosity and clay content. Other parameters such as the other mineral
components, cementation, compaction, pore geometry, grain size and clay types show much less
influences on velocities. The water saturation effect on V, of poorly consolidated sandstones with high
clay content is much small or even eliminated. This is because the water saturation effect on elasticity of
rocks is not only correlated to porosity but also clay content and consolidation.

Pertaining to the effects of saturated rocks on velocity of sound waves, it has been commonly observed
that sound travels more slowly in both oils and gas than in water. This information could be attributed to
the achievement of the quantitative evaluation of fluid content. However, presently, the quantitative use
of the information about the acoustic property of rock is restricted to porosity estimation only.

3) Mechanical: Mechanics refer to the response of the material to applied loads mechanical properties
of rocks deal with the elasticity of rocks, rock strength, Rock mass Properties etc. These properties are
usually rally very important in hydraulic fracturing in the rocks, and mainly calculated through various
logs. The following table shows the mechanical characteristics of some sedimentary rocks;

4) Electrical: The ability of a rock to conduct electric current, generated by different electric
logging tools into the rock formation, depends upon following factors,

o Difference in cementation.
 o Geometric arrangement.
o Pore system.
o Tortuosity.
o Grain size.

With but a very few and exceedingly minor exceptions, dry sedimentary rocks are non-conductive, which
is to say that their resistivity is extremely high. Shales are often considered as conductors; however, their
low resistivities are often due to high interstitial water content rather then to any conduction by dry clay
minerals. Oil and gas are also insulators and will not conduct an electric current. The conductance of
subsurface sedimentary rock strata is normally due to contained interstitial fluid content, the only
exceptions to this rule are a few sands which contain appreciable quantities of glauconite and pyrite, both
of which are conductors. It would then appear logical that for a particular porous medium:

1. The greater the water content the lower will be the formation resistivity.

2. A rock which contains oil and/or gas saturation will have a higher resistivity then the same rock,
completely saturated with formation water.

The above mention points form the principle basis for electric log interpretation and completely valid
except in case of fresh water formation, since the resistivity of water depend on its salinity and
temperature.

THE END