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Description
L3out L4in
KTuned
This device can be used to define coupling between inductors (transformers) or between
transmission lines. This device also refers to a nonlinear magnetic core (CORE) model to
include magnetic hysteresis effects in the behavior of a single inductor (winding), or in
multiple coupled windings.
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Analog Devices K
Inductor Coupling
Arguments and Options
K<name> L<inductor name>
Couples two or more inductors.
The current through L2 is in the opposite direction as the current through L1. The polarity
is determined by the order of the nodes in the L devices and not by the order of inductors
in the K statement.
<coupling value>
This is the coefficient of mutual coupling, which must be between zero and 1.
where
Li,Lj = a coupled-pair of inductors
Mij = the mutual inductance between Li and Lj
For transformers of normal geometry, use 1.0 as the value. Values less than 1.0 occur in
air core transformers when the coils do not completely overlap.
<model name>
If <model name> is present, four things change:
• The mutual coupling inductor becomes a nonlinear, magnetic core device. The
magnetic core’s B-H characteristics are analyzed using the Jiles-Atherton model (see
Inductor coupling: Jiles-Atherton model).
• The inductors become windings, so the number specifying inductance now specifies the
number of turns.
• The list of coupled inductors could be just one inductor.
• A model statement is required to specify the model parameters.
[size value]
Has a default value of 1.0 and scales the magnetic cross-section. It is intended to represent
the number of lamination layers, so only one model statement is needed for each
lamination type. For example:
L1 5 9 20 ; inductor having 20 turns
K1 L1 1 K528T500_3C8; Ferroxcube toroid core
L2 3 8 15 ; primary winding having
; 15 turns
L3 4 6 45 ; secondary winding having
; 45 turns
K2 L2 L3 1 K528T500_3C8; another core (not the same as K1)
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Analog Devices K
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Analog Devices K
The simulator uses the Jiles-Atherton model (see Inductor coupling: Jiles-Atherton model)
to analyze the B-H curve of the magnetic core and calculate values for inductance and flux
for each of the windings.
The state of the nonlinear core can be viewed in Probe by specifying B(Kxxx) for the
magnetization or H(Kxxx) for the magnetizing influence. These values are not available for
.PRINT (Print) or .PLOT (Plot) output.
Schematics Symbols
See your PSpice user’s guide for information about using nonlinear magnetic cores with
transformers.
Model
Symbol Name Attribute Attribute Description
Type
XFRM_LINEAR transformer L1_VALUE winding inductances in Henries
L2_VALUE
COUPLING coefficient of mutual coupling
(must lie between 0 and 1)
K_LINEAR transformer Ln inductor reference designator
XFRM_NONLINEAR transformer L1_TURNS number of turns on each winding
L2_TURNS
COUPLING coefficient of mutual coupling
(must lie between 0 and 1)
MODEL nonlinear CORE model name
Breakout Parts
For non-stock passive and semiconductor devices, Schematics provides a set of breakout parts
designed for customizing model parameters for simulation. These are useful for setting up
Monte Carlo and worst-case analyses with device and/or lot tolerances specified for
individual model parameters. Another approach is to use the model editor to derive an
instance model and customize this. For example, you could add device and/or lot tolerances
to model parameters.
Basic breakout part names consist of the intrinsic PSpice A/D device letter plus the suffix
BREAK. By default, the model name is the same as the part name and references the
appropriate device model with all parameters set at their default. For instance, the DBREAK
part references the DBREAK model which is derived from the intrinsic PSpice A/D D model
(.MODEL DBREAK D)
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Analog Devices K
(CORE) models, if desired. By default, KBREAK references the KBREAK model contained
in breakout.lib; this model, in turn, uses the default CORE model parameters.
Symbol
Part Type Symbol Library Attribute Description
Name
inductor coupling KBREAK breakout.slb COUPLING coupling factor
Li inductor reference
designator
For nonlinear coupling L1 must have a value; the rest may be left blank. The
model must reference a CORE model such as those contained in magnetic.lib or other
user-defined models. VALUE is set to the number of windings.
For linear coupling L1 and at least one other Li must have values; the rest may be
left blank. The model reference must be blank. VALUE must be in Henries.
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Analog Devices K
where
Man= the anhysteric magnetization
MS = the saturation magnetization
H = the magnetizing influence (after GAP correction)
A = a thermal energy parameter
For a given magnetizing influence (H), the anhysteric magnetization is the global flux level
the material would attain if the domain walls could move freely. The walls, however, are
stopped or pinned on dislocations in the material. The wall remains pinned until enough
magnetic potential is available to break free, and travel to the next pinning site. The theory
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Analog Devices K
supposes a mean energy required, per volume, to move domain walls. This is analogous to
mechanical drag. A simplified equation of this is
change-in-magnetization = potential/drag
where n·I is the sum of the amp-turns of the windings on the core. Also, the magnetization in
the air-gap is negligible, so that Bgap = Hgap and Bgap = Bcore. These combine in the
previous equation to yield:
Hcore·Lcore + Bcore·Lgap = n·I
This is a difficult equation to solve, especially for the Jiles-Atherton model, which is a state
equation model rather than an explicit function (which one would expect, because the B-H
curve depends on the history of the material). However, there is a graphical technique that
solves for Bcore and Hcore, given n·I, which is to:
1 Take the non-gapped B-H curve.
2 Extend a line from the current value of n·I having a slope of -Lcore/Lgap (this would
be vertical if Lgap = 0).
3 Find the intersection of the line using the B-H curve.
The intersection is the value for Bcore and Hcore for the n·I of the gapped core. The n·I
value is the apparent or external value of Hcore, but the real value of Hcore is less. The result
is a smaller value for Bcore and for the sheared-over B-H curves of a gapped core. The
simulator implements the numerical equivalent of this graphical technique.
The resulting B-H values are recorded in the Probe data file as Bcore and Happarent.
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Analog Devices K
For more information on the Jiles-Atherton model, see Reference [1] of References.
These parameters can be thought of as the off-diagonal terms of a capacitive coupling matrix,
[C], and an inductive coupling matrix, [L], respectively. [C] and [L] are both symmetric
matrices, and for two coupled lines, the following relationships hold:
C 11 C 12 L 11 L 12
C = L =
C 21 C 22 L 21 L 22
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Analog Devices K
Example
The following circuit fragment shows an example using two coupled lines:
T1 1 0 2 0 R=.31 L=.38u G=6.3u C=70p LEN=1
T2 3 0 4 0 R=.29 L=.33u G=6.0u C=65p LEN=1
K12 T1 T2 Lm=.04u Cm=6p
Lossy lines
For the lossy line case, the matrix product to be decoupled is actually:
[R+sL][G+sC]
where:
s = the Laplace variable
R = the resistance per unit length matrix
G = the conductance per unit length matrix.
The modes obtained from [L][C] represent a high frequency asymptote for this system.
Simulation results should be good approximations for low-loss lines. However, as shown in
reference [2], the approximation becomes exact for homogeneous, equally-spaced lossy lines,
provided that coupling beyond immediately adjacent lines is negligible (i.e., the coupling
matrices are tridiagonal and Toeplitz).
Coupled ideal lines can be modeled by setting R and G to zero. The Z0/TD parameter
set is not supported for coupled lines.
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Analog Devices K
References
For a further description of the Jiles-Atherton model, refer to:
[1] D.C. Jiles, and D.L. Atherton, “Theory of ferromagnetic hysteresis,” Journal of
Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 61, 48 (1986).
For more information on transmission line coupling, refer to:
[1] Tripathi and Rettig, “A SPICE Model for Multiple Coupled Microstrips and Other
Transmission Lines,” IEEE MTT-S Internal Microwave Symposium Digest, 1985.
[2] Roychowdhury and Pederson, “Efficient Transient Simulation of Lossy Interconnect,”
Design Automation Conference,
1991.
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