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Ⅰ−2−3

An Outline of the History of Whaling in Chile

Luis A. Pastene1 and Daniel Quiroz2

1Institute of Cetacean Research, Toyomi 4-5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan

2Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano (UAHC), Escuela de Antropolog a, Proyecto
Fondecyt1080115 Condell 343, Providencia, Santiago, Chile

ABSTRACT

There are two main periods in the history of whaling in Chile. The first extended from the
last quarter of the 18th Century to approximately 1880 and was characterized by the
presence of foreign vessels, mainly from the United States of America and Britain. These
vessels operated from the Galapagos Islands in the north to Cape Horn in the south and were
engaged in ‘Classical Whaling’ (Pelagic Yankee Whaling). The second period extended from
approximately 1860 to 1983 and was characterized by a progressive lessening and eventual
cessation of foreign-based whaling activities and the start of the whaling activity established
in Chile and carried out by Chilean nationals. The start of this second period was strongly
influenced by men migrating to Chile from traditional whaling countries in the Northern
Hemisphere such as Portugal, the United States and Norway. The period is further divided
into two parts, the first between 1860 and early 20th Century in which the whales were
caught using both the old European coastal whaling methods initiated by the Basques
‘Artisanal
( Whaling’
) and the pelagic‘Classical Whaling’introduced originally by North
American and British whalers. The second part extended from early 20th Century to April
1983 and involved the use of catcher boats equipped with harpoon cannons invented by the
Norwegians ‘Modern
( Whaling’
). During the industrial development period two companies
reached some level of stability and continuity: Compa a Industrial (INDUS) (1936-1967) and
Compa a de Pesca y Comercio de Macaya Hermanos (1950-1983). The Chilean whaling
industry was based almost entirely on coastal operations and had low catch levels in relation
to world levels at that time. This paper summarizes the relevant information characterizing
these two periods in the history of whaling in Chile and discusses the historical importance of
whaling in Chile from socio-political and scientific points of views.

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 INTRODUCTION

Chile has a coastline of more than 4,000km accounting for more than half of the western
coastline of South America. Given this, it is not surprising that most of the extant large whale
species occur in Chilean coastal waters at least in some parts of the year during their annual
migrations to and from low-latitude breeding areas near the tropics and high-latitude feeding
areas in the Antarctic. It is not surprising either that, like other coastal countries, Chile has a
long history of the use of whale resources for both subsistence and commercial purposes.

There are several published studies on the history of whaling in Chile, but these are partial
and usually emphasize some particular period or aspects of the history. This study identifies
and characterizes the main periods of the history of whaling in Chile in a more comprehensive
manner. For each period it provides information on the kind of whaling operations, areas and
periods of whaling, relevant countries and persons involved, species caught and whale
products. It also examines the number of catches by each company in the 20th Century based
on the International Whaling Commission (IWC) catch statistics (Allison, 2009). The aim here is
not a critical revision of the figures but just to give the reader an idea of the level of catches
and species taken by the different companies that operated in Chile.

This study does not attempt to be exhaustive on the information on Chilean whaling. Rather
the aim is to provide the readers with an accurate general outline of the main periods and
events of the history of whaling in Chile. More detailed studies on each of these periods are
planned for the near future.

WHALES IN CHILEAN WATERS

Of the 14 extant baleen whale species, nine occur in Chilean waters in at least some parts of
the year. These are the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whale (B. physalus), sei whale (B.
borealis), Bryde’
s whale (B. edeni), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), dwarf minke
whale (B. acutorostrata subsp.), Antarctic minke whale (B. bonaerensis), southern right whale
(Eubalaena australis) and pygmy right whale (Caperea marginata). Blue whales are currently
divided into two subspecies, the true blue whale (B. m. intermedia) and the pygmy blue whale
(B. m. brevicauda). There are approximately 71 species of toothed whales (whales, dolphins and
porpoises) of which 32 occur in Chilean waters. The largest species in this group is the sperm
whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which is one of the most common whale species in Chilean
waters. The species targeted by the former whaling in Chile were the blue, fin, sei, Bryde’
s,
humpback, southern right and sperm whales.

All southern baleen whales, except the Bryde’

s whale, are believed to undertake seasonal

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migrations between feeding grounds in or near Antarctic waters in summer and breeding
grounds in the tropical or temperate regions in winter. The long Chilean coastline (Figure 1) is
considered a migratory corridor for those species. Bryde’
s whales also undertake north-south
seasonal migrations, but they do not migrate to polar areas in summer and are distributed in
tropical and temperate waters between 33°
N and 40°
S. The two sub-species of blue whales
segregate latitudinally during the austral summer, with the true blue whales occurring
primarily south of the Antarctic Convergence (approximately 50°
S) and the pygmy blue whale
to the north.

The distance of the austral summer migration differs among baleen whale species. The blue,
fin and humpback whales migrate south of the Antarctic Convergence; the sei whale does not
go so far south and stays in or even north of the Antarctic Convergence. Southern right
whales are believed to move between breeding grounds in bays and feeding grounds in open
waters around the Antarctic Convergence.

For most of these species little is known about winter movements and location of breeding
grounds. More such information is available for humpback whales because they are more
accessible to studies due to their coastal habits. Humpback whales occurring in Chilean
waters belong to the Eastern South Pacific Population, which migrates from the breeding
ground located in Colombian waters to the feeding grounds in the Antarctic Peninsula. An
alternative feeding ground around Carlos III Island in the Patagonia Channels has been
recently re-discovered for this population; the whales stay there in summer and fall (Gibbons
et al., 2003; Acevedo, 2005). Another feeding ground was re-discovered recently for blue whales
(possibly pygmy blue whales) in waters of the Corcovado Gulf where the whales stay in the
same seasons (Hucke-Gaete et al., 2003).

Unlike most of the baleen whales sperm whales do not all undertake extensive seasonal
migrations. Breeding herds live mainly in warmer waters between 45°
N and 40°
S. Only the
large bulls migrate to the polar areas in summer.

The nature of the different whaling operations in Chilean waters was determined by the
occurrence, distribution and pattern of movements of large whales along the Chilean coast.
Whalers learned about specific areas and periods of whale concentrations, and about the
periods when whales passed near some particular coastal locality during their migration to
their southern feeding grounds. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that during the 20th
century, whaling land stations were constructed near those areas of concentration (e.g
Corcovado Gulf or Patagonia Channels) or in localities where whales could be caught during
their summer migrations (e.g. Iquique, Valparaiso, Talcahuano) (Figure 1). As mentioned above
some of those areas of concentration of whales have been re-discovered by scientists in recent

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 years. Sperm whales, which do not make extensive migrations, were available to whalers the
year round and this is reflected in the fact that catches of this species were the highest in the
Chilean whaling history.

OUTLINE OF WHALING ACTIVITIES IN CHILE

Table 1 shows an outline of whaling activities in Chilean waters in the context of political and
historical events. Well before the arrival of the Spaniards in America (1492), several aboriginal
coastal groups in Chile engaged in the use of different parts of the whale as a source of food,
tools and also as symbols in their ritual ceremonies. Aboriginal groups such as the Selk’
nam
(= Ona) that lived in the Patagonia region of southern Chile used stranded whales (Massone
and Prieto, 2005), while other groups such as the Yamana and Kaweshkar (= Alacalufes) in the
Patagonia channels may have engaged in the take of animals using rudimentary boats and
harpoons (Cooper, 1917), although Gusinde (1986) did not consider these aquatic activities
under the definition of typical catch. The use of whales by aboriginals continued until after
the arrival of the Spaniards in Chile in 1536. Most of the aboriginal groups in southern Chile
have disappeared, mainly as a result of the extermination campaigns started by Europeans
settlers since the late 19th Century.

There are two main periods in the history of whaling in Chile (Tables 1 and 2). The first
extended from 1789 to approximately 1880 and was characterized by the presence of foreign
vessels, mainly from the United States (US) and Britain. These vessels operated from the
Galapagos Islands in the north to Cape Horn in the south and were engaged in‘Classical
Whaling’(Pelagic Yankee Whaling). The second period extended from approximately 1860 to
1983, and was characterized by a progressive lessening and eventual end of foreign-based
whaling activities and the start of whaling activity established in Chile and carried out by
Chilean nationals. This second period is further divided into two parts, the first between 1860
and the early 20th Century in which the whales were caught using both the old European
coastal whaling method initiated by the Basques ‘Artisanal
( Whaling’
) and the pelagic
‘Classical Whaling’introduced originally by the US and British whalers. The second part
extended from early 20 th Century to April 1983 and involved the use of catcher boats
equipped with harpoon cannons invented by the Norwegians‘Modern
( Whaling’
).

Foreign whaling in Chile (1789-1880)

Between the 16th and 18th centuries, several expeditionaries and naturalists reported on the
abundance of whales in Chilean coastal waters. Their reports were based in part on the
knowledge obtained during the Spaniard maritime expeditions to the coast of southern Chile
that started in 1544 and subsequently during the British and Spaniard exploratory expeditions
into the Patagonian channels conducted between 1553 and 1779 (Table 1). Guzman (2008)

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noted that one of the important sources of information on the occurrence and abundance of
whales in Chilean waters for the European public was the work of Father Ovalle Historical
Relation of the Kingdom of Chile (Ovalle, 1732). There are several other testimonies on the
occurrence and abundance of whale in Chilean waters at that time. An example is an
anonymous report stating that‘the Chilean whale, commonly distributed in the Chilean sea, is similar
in features to the Greenland whale, perhaps with some small differences’(Anonymous, 1776). Given the
present knowledge of baleen whale, this probably was a reference to the southern right whale.
Another example is that of Poeppig (1826) who indicated that‘till now the different whale species
living in Chilean waters in large numbers have not been caught by Chilean nationals so that those whales
are so tame that they can be seen freely swimming among the vessels in the Talcahuano port. Their
.
abundance motivated the admiration of European sailors in early times’

Whaling in the Northern Hemisphere had focused mainly on the North Atlantic right (E.
glacialis) and bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) whales, but the abundance of these species had
experienced drastic declines by the late 1700s due to excessive level of catches. On the other
hand, in around 1712 the sperm whale became a target species for the American whalers, who
found that they could profitably be pursued in the open oceans (Allen, 1980). When the reports
of occurrence and abundance of whales in the Southern Hemisphere came to the attention of
whalers in the Northern Hemisphere, they moved south, starting first in the South Atlantic
and then moving around Cape Horn into the eastern South Pacific in the last quarter of the
18th Century. They targeted sperm whales but later turned their attention to southern right
whales.

The whalers came mainly from New England in the United States and from Britain. The
occurrence of whaling vessels from those countries off the Pacific coast of Chile coincided with
the Nootka Bay Convention signed by Spain and England in 1790. This Convention allowed
fishing vessels, notably English vessels, to fish in the South Seas and was followed by United
States and French merchants, sealers and whalers moving into the South Ocean (Guzman,
2008). Chilean independence from Spain (1810-1818) meant that progressively fewer Spanish
vessels were present in Chilean ports, and after that period Chilean ports, notably Valparaiso
and Talcahuano, became open for any except Spanish vessels (Guzman, 2008). To support this
conclusion, the same author noted that by 1823 in Valparaiso, for example, there were a total
of 54 vessels (most of them whaling vessels) from Chile, Britain, and the United States but
none from Spain. Whaling vessels used the ports of Valparaiso, Coquimbo and Talcahuano
mostly for wintering, and during any season for repairs, to obtain provisions and to transship
their cargos through the US and British merchants established in Chile (Guzman, 2008).

Britain, the United States and other countries whaling in the South Pacific engaged in so
called‘Classical’or‘Yankee’Whaling, which has been well described at the Bedford

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 (Massachusetts, US) Whaling Museum public library（www.whalingmuseum.org/library/
amwhale/am_index.html）: sailing vessels usually with three masts were employed. They
were generally square-rigged ships of about 30m and 300-tons carrying capacity. They had a
brick try-works built onboard and a capacity for 30-35 crewmen. The vessels carried between
three and five whaleboats hanging from wooden davits on both port and starboard sides. The
whaleboats were light and strong, 9.1m long and 1.8m wide, and were pointed at both ends.
They were equipped with mast, sail, and rudder, as well as oars and paddles. The oars were
long, ranging from 4.9m to 6.7m. Each whaleboat had a crew of six: boatheader, harpooner and
four oarsmen. A whaling vessel could engage in voyages of up to four years. Whales were
caught by hand-harpoon from the small whaleboats and killed by the use of lances. The
whales were cut up in the sea alongside the vessels, and processed on the deck.

The first vessel that conducted whaling operations in the Southern Ocean was the 270-ton
British Emilia owned by Samuel Enderby and Sons. The vessel departed London on
September 1788 and went west around Cape Horn into the Pacific Ocean. The Emilia killed
the first sperm whale taken off the coast off Chile in March 1789, which is considered the
starting year of‘Classical Whaling’by foreign countries in Chile. The Emilia returned to
London in March of 1790.

After the voyage of the Emilia, whaling vessels from different nations gradually expanded
their activities, first of all southward in the Atlantic and then around Cape Horn. Between
1789 and 1809 around 133 whaling vessel from the United States operated in Chilean waters;
they obtained a total of 121,000 barrels of sperm whale oil. Including other countries, the total
production in that period was 300,000 barrels (Donoso-Barros, 1975). Gay (1847) noted the large
number of foreign whaling vessels visiting the Chilean coast mainly from Britain and the US
and that Valdivia and San Carlos Bays especially contained many of these vessels in summer.

As indicated above, the whalers turned their attention to southern right whales after they
found these in large numbers in the South Pacific. Townsend (1935) plotted the catch position
of 6,262 southern right whales taken by US whalers between 1785 and 1913. Based on his
chart, Clarke (1965) noted that the whaling ground in the Chilean coast extended from 30°
S to
50°
S (see Figure 1), with most captures concentrated near the coast. Clarke (1965) also noted
that between 40°
S and 50°
S there were outlying catches extending westward to 600n. miles
from the coast. Whaling was conducted in the northern part of this ground in winter and
moved southward in summer.

Due to excessive whaling, abundance of the southern right whale decreased drastically to a
point where foreign voyages were no longer lucrative. This was reflected in a decrease of
whaling vessels operating in Chilean waters. Gay (1847) recorded that between 1830 and 1832

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there were 91 British whaling vessels operating around Chiloe Island but that this figure
decreased to just 28 between 1841 and 1843. Vessels from other nations also diminished in
number by that period, reflecting the depletion of whale resources.

A compilation of all sightings of sperm and right whales in the logbooks of Yankee whalers
was made by the US Navy oceanographer Matthew Maury in 1851. The chart, printed in
Whipple (1979), was compiled by five-degree square and included information on seasonality of
the occurrence of these species. Regarding the South Pacific, the information is consistent
with that provided by other authors (e.g. Townsend, 1935; Clarke, 1965) in that the sperm
whale was available to whalers the year round while right whales showed some seasonality in
their occurrence, being more common in lower latitudes in winter.

According to the New Bedford Whaling Museum public library cited above the products
obtained from southern right whales were oil and baleen. Sperm whales were taken for their
oil, which burned cleanly and brightly and was a superior lubricant. Another product from
sperm whales was the spermaceti found in the head, which was used in the manufacture of
the finest candles. Also occasionally whalers harvested the ambergris found in the bowel of
some whales, which was used as a perfume fixative.

The demise of foreign whaling in the South Pacific around 1880 was due in part to the
depletion of some species, as in the case of the southern right whale. In the case of the sperm
whale it was due mainly to the replacement of sperm oil for lighting by the newly discovered
petroleum. As noted by the New Bedford Whaling Museum public library cited above, US
whalers never systematically employed steamboats and harpoon cannons of the type invented
and adapted to whaling by the Norwegian Svend Foyn in 1867. They refused to use new
technology, which would have permitted them to catch faster species such as the rorquals.

Chilean whaling (1860-1983)

Chilean whaling started mainly in the last quarter of the 19th Century, largely influenced by
whalers from the US and Britain, who used‘Classical Whaling’as well by Norwegians
whalers who introduced‘Modern Whaling’with the use of harpoon cannons. At the
beginning a different kind of whaling was conducted, which was similar to that conducted by
early Basque whalers and is called here‘Artisanal Whaling’
.

Table 2 shows a summary of whaling activities established in Chile, grouped into the four
categories mentioned above:‘Artisanal Whaling’
,‘Classical Whaling’
,‘Modern Whaling’
(early initiatives) and‘Modern Whaling’(industrial development). Description below follows
this order and is based on several reports (e.g. Clarke, 1965; Martinic, 1973; 1977; 2004; Pastene,

国際常民文化研究機構 79
 1982; Tonnessen and Johnsen, 1982; Sepulveda, 1997; Hernandez, 1998; Contreras, 2004), as well
on unpublished information available to the authors.

Artisanal whaling
At the same time that some nationals started‘Classical Whaling’
(see next section), a different
kind of whaling, which is called here‘Artisanal Whaling’
, was started around 1880 at the
Santa Maria Island (Figure1; Table 2) by two whaling pioneers, Juan Macaya and Juan da
Silva. Macaya had his origin in a Spanish family while da Silva came from a Portuguese family
with strong whaling roots. Both established the first de facto society to catch the whales
passing near the island during their seasonal migrations. Methods of whale catch and
processing at the island were very rudimentary and were similar to those conducted at the
start of the Basque whaling several centuries ago. Macaya had 12 children: two daughters and
10 sons (Hernandez, 1998). His sons and grandsons continued the whaling activities by this
family for many years. In fact whaling under the Macaya extended until the end of whaling in
Chile in 1983 (see below).

Other names associated with the start of whaling in Chile were Jose Olivares and the Becar
family who started artisanal whaling in the Tumbes Peninsula around 1860. According to
Salvo (2000) the four sons of Olivares continued whaling in Caleta Tumbes till 1945. To date no
further information on the whaling operations in Tumbes is available.

Description of Chilean artisanal whaling is based on the narrative by the biologist Luis Castillo
who visited Santa Maria Island early in the 1900s (Castillo, 1906). According to him, two whale
species were caught off the island, the humpback and the southern right whale, and they
were taken during their southern migration to higher latitudes. According to Macaya’
s
relatives, the family started to hunt sperm whales from about 1915.

Whales were spotted from high spots on the island. When a whale was sighted a small
hunting boat was boarded by six people: boatheader that was at the same time the owner of
the boat, harpooner and four oarsmen. Whales were caught by hand harpoon and the dead
animal was towed to the beach by the whaleboat, where they were pulled ashore with the
help of oxen. Whale processing was conducted under rudimentary conditions at a try-work
station installed at the northeast sector of the island (Puerto Norte). The main products
obtained from the whales were oil and baleen plates. The oil was sold at the ports of
Talcahuano and Lota. At the latter port, promising exploitation of coal was starting at that
time.

According to Castillo (1906), the profit for a humpback whale was approximately 1,000 pesos
at that time, and it was distributed as follows: 250 for the try-work facilities including the rent

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of oxen, 291.65 for the owner and boatheader, 125.00 for the harpooner and 333.35 to the
oarsmen.

The de facto Macaya-da Silva society operated until 1932, when the‘Compa a Chilena de
Pesca y Comercio Juan Macaya e Hijos’was established. This company operated at Santa
Mar a Island until 1943 using the same artisanal whaling methods. Two towing vessels to
transport the whales to the island were acquired in 1932 and 1938 (Table 2).

Statistics for the Santa Maria Island whaling are available from 1932 in the IWC catch
database (Allison, 2009). During the operations of‘Compa a Chilena de Pesca y Comercio
Juan Macaya e Hijos’on the island (1932-1943), a total of 452 whales were caught: 445 sperm, 4
humpback and 3 southern right whales. In 1944 the company changed its name to‘Compa a
de Pesca y Comercio de Macaya Hermanos’
, and this new company acquired the first whale
catcher equipped with a harpoon cannon. From this year the targeted species at Santa Mar a
Island extended to the rorquals (see section on‘Modern Whaling’below).

Classical whaling
The experience and techniques of US and British whalers were transmitted to foreign
residents in Chile as well as to Chilean nationals. There were some early attempts to start this
kind of whaling just after Chile consolidated its independence in 1818, in part motivated by
Chilean independence hero Bernardo O’
Higgins, who saw whaling as geopolitically important
for the development of Chile (Guzman, 2008). In 1819 Guillermo Wooster, a US Rear-Admiral
who assisted in the formation of the emerging Chilean navy, became associated with British
merchant Guillermo Henderson (partner of naval officer Lord Cochrane). This group acquired
whaling vessels and started whaling operation based at the port of Coquimbo. According to
Guzman (2008), one of the vessels employed for whaling was the Rose of the Pacific, which had
been captured by Lord Cochrane from the Viceroy of Peru during the Peruvian independence
campaigns.

Later in 1871, E.A. Howland created the‘Compa a Chilena de Balleneros’based in

Valpara so, and its operations may have continued until 1914 (at the start of the First World
War). Aguayo et al. (1998) citing Veliz (1961) noted that by 1873 this company had six vessels
operating in waters off central and southern Chile. In Talcahuano, Luis Mathieu and Silverio
Bra as formed the whaling company‘Compa a Ballenera Mathieu y Bra as’in 1865, which
continued its operations until 1890. In this year the company‘Sociedad Ballenera Toro y
Martinez’headed by Gabriel de Toro and Juan Martinez started operation based in
Talcahuano. This company continued its operations till 1921. No further information is
available on the whaling operations by these companies.

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 At the beginning of the 20th Century,‘Modern Whaling’started in the Patagonia area with
the use of catcher boats equipped with harpoon cannons. There was a strong Norwegian
influence in two regions: Punta Arenas and Valdivia-Chiloe (Figure 1). In 1944‘Compa a de
Pesca y Comercio de Macaya Hermanos’in the Santa Mar a Island and in 1936‘Compa a
Industrial’ (INDUS) started modern whaling in central Chile.

Modern whaling - early initiatives

The names Andresen and Christensen in modern whaling are equivalent to Macaya and da
Silva in artisanal whaling. Adolf A. Andresen was the pioneer of modern whaling in southern
Chile based in Punta Arenas, while August F. Christensen and brothers were the pioneers in
central south Chile based in Valdivia and Chiloe. Both came from Sandefjord, Norway.

Operations based in Punta Arenas

The whaling companies and groups in which Andresen participated are listed in Table 2.
Andresen arrived in Punta Arenas in 1894 and after learning about the abundance of whales
in southern Chile decided to acquire the necessary expertise to catch them. For this he
traveled to his home country where he learned about whaling operations based on the
harpoon gun recently invented by another Norwegian, Svend Foyn. He returned to Punta
Arenas in 1903 with a harpoon gun that he mounted on the bow of the steamboat
‘Magallanes’
, which was made available to him by the trade and shipping company Braun and
Blanchard. During a campaign that covered from Penas Gulf to Cape Horn, he succeeded in
catching a humpback whale at the end of 1903. According to Tonnessen and Johnsen (1982),
this whale was the first to be caught with the harpoon gun in the Southern Hemisphere.
Business men Mauricio Braun, Juan Blanchard and Captain Andresen became associated with
Alejandro Menendez and Pedro A. de Bruyne (business men in Punta Arenas) to form a new
company, the‘Sociedad de Bruyne Andresen y Cia.’In 1905 Andresen acquired a new
catcher boat from Norway, the Almirante Montt, and constructed a land station at Aguila Bay,
Brunswick Peninsula. This company caught a total of 130 whales (species not identified) in
1905 (Allison, 2009).

Motivated by the good results of the 1905 campaign, the ‘Sociedad de Bruyne Andresen y
Cia.’decided to increase the investment, and a new company was formed, the‘Sociedad
Ballenera de Magallanes’
, which operated between 1906 and 1913. This company acquired a
factory ship, Gobernador Bories, two catcher boats and one transport boat from Norway. In
1911 and 1912, additional catcher and transport boats were acquired (Table 2). In 1907 the
company extended operations to Decepcion Island in the South Shetlands, discovering there
an excellent harbour where facilities for whaling operations were established. This place was
soon to acquire fame as the centre of whaling operations in the western Antarctic (Tonnessen
and Johnsen, 1982). For six years whaling vessels under Chilean flag used this Antarctic

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territory. Whaling operations by this company were conducted in Antarctic waters mainly in
the summer season and in lower latitude waters in other seasons (Table 2).

Between 1906 and 1913, a total of 3,556 whales were caught by the‘Sociedad Ballenera de
Magallanes’in both waters around the Shetland Islands and off continental Chile. Among the
identified whales, the figures were 384 blue, 711 fin, 95 sperm, 1,345 humpback, 1 sei and 117
southern right whales (Allison, 2009).

In 1914 Captain Andresen, retired from the‘Sociedad Ballenera de Magallanes’

, decided to
continue whaling on his own. He formed a new company called‘Ballenera Adolfo Andresen’
,
which started operations with a new factory ship, the Orion (former Sobraon), and two catcher
boats acquired from the company‘AS Corral’that operated in Corral, Valdivia (see below)
(Table 2). In March 1914, the Andresen’fleet began a campaign to the north (starting at San
Pedro, Chiloe) along the coast of Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia (following the northern
migration of the whales), then back to the south, arriving in the original starting point in
September. Then he continued to the south (following the southern migration of the whales),
ending this second campaign in May 1915. In the first campaign a total of 152 whales were
caught (45 blue, 19 fin, 5 sperm and 83 humpback whales), while in the second campaign
(south) a total of 175 were caught (51 blue, 62 fin, 37 sperm, 20 humpback and 5 southern right
whales) (Allison, 2009). These first and second campaigns resulted in a production of 6,500 oil
barrels each (Sepulveda, 1997).

Due to the economic difficulties produced by a decrease in the price of whale products
Andresen decided to sell some of his vessels and then moved back to Norway onboard the
Orion. He returned to Chile in 1933, starting a new whaling company,‘Comunidad Chileno-
Noruega de Pesca’
, which acquired a new factory ship, the Presidente Alessandri and two
catcher boats (Table 2). With this new fleet he started a whaling campaign between the Penas
Gulf and Drake Passage from December 1933 to March 1934. A total of 57 whales were caught
(Allison, 2009), producing 133.5 tons of baleen whale oil and 43 tons of sperm whale oil
(Sepulveda, 1997). A second campaign completed in May 1935 caught a total of 128 whales. In
1935 this company caught a total of 185 whales (7 blue, 30 fin, 44 sperm, 9 humpback, 85 sei,
and 10 unidentified) (Allison, 2009).

The whale production was not sufficient to deal with the debts acquired by Andresen’
s
company. The vessels were then sold to pay part of the debts, and the activities of the
company reached an end. It was also the end of the whaling career of this tireless pioneer of
the modern whaling in Chile and first man to bring a Chilean flag to the Antarctic. It was
very unfortunate that Adolf A. Andresen died in Punta Arenas on 12 January 1940 alone and
in complete poverty.

国際常民文化研究機構 83
 Operations based in Valdivia-Chiloe

Modern whaling in this region was started by the‘Sociedad Ballenera y Pescadora de

Valdivia’headed by the Norwegian skipper H. C. Korsholm, who operated with a single
catcher boat and a land station in San Carlos, Corral (Table 2 ). This company operated
between 1906 and 1908. In 1908 a total of 93 whales were caught by the company, 64 of which
were blue whales (Allison, 2009).

At approximately the same time and after concluding its operations in the South Shetlands,
the sailing vessel Vesterlide belonging to the Norwegian company of Christen Chistensen
‘A/S Nor’arrived in San Pedro (on the southeast coast of Chiloe Island) via Magellan Strait.
The Ch. Christensen company was established in this locality under the name‘AS Pacific’
with Vesterlide, two catcher boats and a land station (San Pedro, Chiloe) (Table 2). It was
directed by one of Christensen’
s, sons, August F. Christensen. From 22 May to 14 October
1909 this company caught 37 whales in the Corcovado Gulf: 32 blue, 4 fin and 1 humpback
(Allison, 2009).

Later H. C. Korsholm became associated with Soren L. Chistensen and Lars Christensen
(brothers of August F.) and formed the new company‘Sociedad Ballenera Christensen y Cia.’
,
which operated from 1908 to 1911 with the factory ship Tioga, and three catcher boats (Table
2). In 1911 this company was sold to a Norwegian named Wilhelm Jebsen, who established the
new company‘AS Corral’
. This company operated with the factory ship Tioga and four
catcher boats (Table 2) until 1913 in waters of southern Chile as well as in the Antarctic. It
was the second company under Chilean flag operating in the Antarctic.

In 1909, apart from the 37 whales caught by the‘AS Pacific’

, a total of 146 whales were
caught. In the IWC data base these catches are attributed to‘Corral+Tioga’
. In 1910 a total of
148 whales were caught, which are attributed to‘Corral’
. In 1911, 378 whales were caught; 10
and 7 of them were sperm and southern right whales, respectively, and these catches are
attributed to‘Corral+Tioga+Vesterlide, San Pedro, AS Pacific’
. In 1912 a total of 110 whales
were caught (84 blue, 4 fin, 3 sperm, and 19 humpback), which are attributed to‘San Pedro
AS Pacific’
. Also in 1912 a total of 226 whales (101 blue, 6 fin, 52 sperm, and 67 humpback)
caught in Chile-Peru-Ecuador are attributed to‘Corral+Tioga, AS Corral’
. Finally in 1913 a
total of 226 whales were caught, which are attributed to‘Corral, Valdivia, AS Corral’
(Allison, 2009).

In 1913 all the installations and equipment of‘AS Corral’were sold to a new company, the
‘Sociedad Ballenera Corral’
, headed by business man Jorge Anwanter. This was one of the

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most stable companies, with its operations expanding to 1936. In 1917 this company acquired
the land station of San Pedro, Chiloe from‘AS Pacific’
, and the equipment from both land
stations was concentrated in Corral. Later a whaling land station was installed at Guafo Island.
According to Tonnessen and Johnsen (1982), this company succeeded in establishing whaling
on a permanent basis because of the following reasons:

a) Operations were based on the local market, where the oil and guano (fertilizer) could be
sold in steadily increasing quantities;
b) Just after its establishment, the company was greatly favored by the soaring price of
oil during the First World War;
c) The scope of whaling operations was kept within reasonable limits so as not to over
exploit whale stocks, ensuring a smaller but stable annual production.

During the period 1914-1930 this company caught a total of 3,431 whales: 1,036 blue, 1,030 fin,
747 sperm, 316 humpback, 2 sei, 40 southern right and 260 unspecified (Allison, 2009).The main
products produced baleen whale and sperm oil, baleen plates, fertilizer and spermaceti.

The Macaya turns to the rorquals at Santa Maria Island

At Santa Maria Island, the‘Compa a de Pesca y Comercio de Macaya Hermanos’acquired
the first whale catcher equipped with a harpoon cannon in 1944 (Table 2). In the period that
this company operated in the Santa Mar a Island (1944-1949), a total of 288 whales were
caught: 21 blue, 20 fin, 230 sperm, 13 humpback and 4 sei (Allison, 2009). The main whale
products continued being baleen whale and sperm oil. In 1950 the company ended its
operations in the island and moved to the continent, installing a land station in the central-
south locality of Chome (near Talcahuano) (Figune 1).

Modern whaling-industrial development

There are two companies that can be related to the industrial development of whaling in
Chile, the‘Compa a Industrial’(INDUS) and the‘Compa a de Pesca y Comercio de Macaya
Hermanos’
.

INDUS had its origin in Valparaiso in 1901. At its start the company was engaged in the
manufacture of chemicals, artificial fertilizers and soaps. Later it produced perfumes and
candles. Earlier in the 20th Century, INDUS introduced a new product for Chile, a detergent.
At the start of the 1930’
s the company was involved in the production of vegetable and
animal oil for both food and industrial use, and also in the production of vegetable margarine.

Much of the material needed for the production of these different products had to be imported
from other countries. INDUS considered that whales could be an important source of oil and

国際常民文化研究機構 85
 grease, and consequently it started whaling operations in 1936.

The first whaling vessels used by INDUS were acquired from‘Comunidad Chileno-Noruega
de Pesca’of Captain A. Andresen, e.g. the factory ship Presidente Alessandri and the catchers
Chile and Noruega, which were renamed Indus I and Indus II, respectively (Table 2). It also
acquired two catchers (Scott I and Samson, renamed Indus 3 and Indus 4, respectively) (Table 2)
and the land stations in Corral and Guafo from‘Sociedad Ballenera de Corral’
. Pelagic
operations using factory ships were of short duration. The Presidente Alessandri operated in
1936 and 1937, and the other factory ship acquired by the company, the INDUS BF, operated
in 1938 and 1939. After this period all the whaling operations of INDUS were carried out by
catcher boats and land stations.

As an effect of the Second World War, between 1940 and 1943 no whaling operations were
conducted in Chile apart from those at Santa Maria Island by the Macayas. According to
Sepulveda (1997), in this period the catchers Indus 3 and Indus 4 worked as patrol vessels
under the Chilean Navy. In 1943 the land station of Quintay (near Valparaiso) (Figune 1)
started operations. It was equipped for the production of whale oil and meal.. Through the
years new catchers were acquired from Norway (Table 2), and in 1956 a new land station was
inaugurated at Caleta Los Molles (Iquique) (Fiqune 1).

Between 1964 and 1967, INDUS conducted a joint venture with the Japanese whaling
company Nitto Whaling headed by businessman Norifumi Yanagihara, which supplied five
modern catchers (Table 2) and a vessel with freezing capacity. Until 1963 INDUS had focused
mainly on sperm whales, but with the arrival of Japanese catchers the attention turned also to
baleen whales such as the blue, fin and sei. During this joint venture Nitto Whaling’
s vessels
carried out four campaigns (each involving several round trips to the whaling grounds). The
first was based in Los Molles and extended from January to April 1964 when only fin and
sperm whales were caught. The second was also based in Los Molles from November 1964 to
March 1965, when blue, fin sei and sperm whales were caught, the third was based in Quintay
from October 1965 to March 1966 with the same species of the previous campaign being
targeted; and the fourth in Quintay from October 1966 to March 1967, when fin, sei and sperm
whales were caught.

One of the results of this joint venture was that for the first time, whales caught in Chile were
entirely utilized, with the whale meat being exported to Japan and the oil production available
for the domestic market. The joint venture with the Japanese company ended in 1967, which
was also the last year that INDUS was involved in whaling operations. INDUS continued its
operations in Chile in the production of oil and different kind of foods and detergents. Later it
became associated with the multinational UNILEVER, giving origin to the company INDUS-

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LEVER, which was widely known in Chile. In 1982 INDUS sold all its shares to a new
company, LEVER. A good synthesis of the history of INDUS and its relationship with
whaling as well as information on the different whaling vessels used by this company is
available at the website
‘Balleneros de Quintay’
(Quintay Whalers) (http://ballenerosdequintay.
unab.cl), which was prepared by P. Bonati, C. Hernandez and D. Letelier of the Andres Bello
University. Part of the information used here was extracted from this web page.

In 1938 and 1939, INDUS conducted pelagic whaling based on its factory ship Indus BF. In
these two years a total of 470 whales were caught: 327 sperm, 17 blue, 62 fin, 44 sei, 6
humpback and 14 southern right whales. Between 1944 and 1967 the INDUS conducted
coastal whaling based with its catchers and land stations in Quintay and Los Molles. In this
period a total of 28,578 whales were caught: 21,589 sperm, 2,182 blue, 3,782 fin, 966 sei, 57
humpback and 2 southern right whales (Allison, 2009). It is clear from these figures that the
sperm whale was by far the main species targeted by INDUS.

As reported above,‘Compa a de Pesca y Comercio de Macaya Hermanos’started whaling

operations at the land station at Chome in 1950. From that year the company grew steadily,
acquiring several catcher boats as shown in Table 2. Unlike the case of INDUS where the
catchers were acquired in Norway, Macaya acquired most of its vessels in Britain. In 1952 the
company acquired the Spina, which was renamed Juan II. In 1954 it acquired the Sahara which
was renamed Juan III. In 1956 the Sarka and Satsa were acquired, which were renamed Juan IV
and Juan V, respectively. Later the Indus 17 and Indus 19 were acquired from INDUS.

The main catching operations by the Macaya Company were carried out between November
and April. This period was determined by the pattern of migration and distribution of whale
species. For example there were large concentrations of whales (probably a mix of sei and
Bryde’s whales) near the land station in these months, which was not observed in the rest of
the year. A similar situation can be seen for sperm whales, the main target species of this
company (Pastene, 1982). For this reason the catches by the Macaya were restricted to some
particular months of the year. Almost all whaling operations by the Macaya Company were
coastal, based on catcher boats and the land station in Chome.

The situation changed in 1977 when the Macaya Company acquired a trawl vessel (Paulmy
Start No. 3), which it converted for whaling operations. This vessel, renamed Juan 9, was not
only able to catch whales with the harpoon gun installed on the bow but also it was able to
put the whale onboard. As the Juan 9 was equipped with freezing chambers, whale meat could
be stored immediately after the catch. However, no other equipment was available in the
vessel for the processing of whale products. For this reason the Juan 9 can not be considered
as a typical factory ship but something intermediate between the typical catcher boats and

国際常民文化研究機構 87
 the larger factory ships. This vessel operated for the company between 1977 and 1983 and
had a wider geographical range of operations, being much less dependent of the land station
in Chome.

Between 1977 and 1979 two kinds of vessels were operating by the Macaya, with the Indus 17
dedicated mainly to sperm whales and the Juan 9 focusing on baleen whales, mainly sei and
Bryde’
s whales. It should be noted here that the Indus 17 was the last typical catcher boat
that operated in Chilean waters. It was used by the company between 1969 and 1979.

The last whaling operations by the Macaya Company were carried out in 1983. That year the
Juan 9 caught three Bryde’
s whales and one fin whale, which were brought to Chome where
scientists from Concepcion University identified and studied them. The skeleton of the fin
whale is in exhibition at the main campus of the Concepcion University.

In 1967 the Macaya Company conducted a joint venture with the Japanese whaling company
Nitto Whaling. This joint venture consisted of a single whaling campaign (involving several
round trips to the whaling grounds) by Nitto Whaling’
s vessels (Table 2), having as their base
the land station at Chome. The campaign was carried out between October 1967 and March
1968 when fin, sei and sperm whales were caught. As in the previous venture with INDUS,
baleen whale meat was exported to Japan, while oil and other products were sold in the
national market.

Between 1950 and 1983, the Macaya Company conducted coastal whaling with their catchers
and land stations in Chome. In this period this company caught a total of 7,393 whales: 6,284
sperm, 200 blue, 284 fin, 562 sei, 3 Bryde, 52 humpback and 8 southern right whales (Allison,
2009). Again the sperm whale was the main targeted species.

LEGACY OF WHALING IN CHILE

Apart from the period of subsistence whaling by some aboriginal coastal groups, commercial
whaling was conducted in Chilean waters for around two centuries, for the first roughly 100
years by foreign countries, mainly the US and Britain, and for the second by Chilean nationals
who carried out classical, artisanal and modern whaling. The start of whaling by Chilean
nationals was strongly influenced by men from whaling countries in the North Hemisphere
like the US and Britain (classical whaling), Portugal (artisanal whaling) and Norway (modern
whaling).

The sperm whale was the species with the highest catches in Chilean whaling. The main
products of the commercial whaling were baleen and sperm whale oil, which was sold both in

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international and national markets. A short joint venture with a Japanese whaling company
had as result better utilization of the whale, as it was the first time that whale meat was used
for general human consumption.

This long history of the use of whale resources in Chile left important socio-political and
scientific legacies, including establishment of the country’
s sovereignty in both the Antarctic
and maritime regions. Antarctic sovereignty claims have for the most part been related to the
effective use of Antarctic territories. For Chile this was possible at a very early time thanks to
whaling activities. In fact the 1906 whaling campaign of the‘Sociedad Ballenera de
Magallanes’headed by Captain A. Andresen occupied Decepcion Island, establishing facilities
for whaling and long residence. This occurred well before the first official Chilean Antarctic
expedition in 1947. When in 1940 Chile started discussions on borders of its Antarctic
sovereignty, the whaling activities conducted by Chilean nationals at the beginning of the 20th
Century and the knowledge acquired during these activities were important facts to be taken
into account.

In 1949 the pioneer activity of Captain Andresen (who became a Chilean national) in the
Antarctic was recognized with a small monument constructed in his tomb in the cemetery of
Punta Arenas (Figure 2). The Chilean Maritime League wrote there the following (in Spanish):
‘To Captain Adolfo Andresen, who brought the Chilean flag to Decepcion Island to signify
Chilean sovereignty, securing Chilean rights in the Antarctic, the historical and geographical
extension of the republic. Honor to his memory! Punta Arenas 1 November 1949’.

In 1947 Chile established its oceanic sovereignty border at 200n. miles from the continental
coast and oceanic islands. This distance had its origin in the perception of the oceanic regions
used by whaling operations and the desire to protect from foreign fishermen the rich waters
of the Humboldt Current more or less coinciding with the 200 mile offshore belt. At that time
Chile was starting the industrial development of modern whaling (Table 1). Later in 1952 the
200-n. miles doctrine was adopted by the Conference on the Exploitation and Conservation of
the Marine Resources in the South Pacific, in which Chile, Peru and Ecuador participated.
This Conference gave origin to the CPPS (Comisi n Permanente del Pac fico Sur) (Permanent
Commission for the South Pacific), which deals with policies on conservation and management
of fisheries resources (included whales) in the eastern South Pacific. All of Chilean’
s
management and conservation policies on whales were based on the CPPS until 1979, when
Chile became a member of the IWC. The 200-n. miles EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) concept
is included in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Table 1).

It is well known that whale research is expensive, especially for those oceanic species difficult
to access. In these cases, collaboration among government agencies, research institutions and

国際常民文化研究機構 89
 whaling companies is important. Whaling companies operating in Chile in the second half of
the 20th Century collaborated with whale scientists and research institutions to carry out
research on whale resources. For example, in 1958 research was conducted onboard the Indus
10 (INDUS company) to carry out observations and marking (Discovery marks) of whales in the
area between Coquimbo and Talcahuano. The survey was funded by the Chilean Government
in the context of fishery research collaboration between the Ministry of Agriculture and Chile
University. In 1964 the survey was repeated onboard the vessel Indus 14 (INDUS company) (A.
Aguayo, personal communication). Chilean scientists and the British whale expert R. Clarke
participated in these surveys that produced a considerable amount of scientific information on
whales in the EEZ of Chile (e.g. Clarke et al., 1978). Dr. Clarke had been contracted by the
Scientific Committee of the CPPS to assist the governments of Chile, Peru and Ecuador on
scientific matters related to whales. Chilean scientists also participated in research cruises in
1966 onboard the Seiho maru and Ryuho maru (INDUS-Nitto Whaling companies), which involved
sighting and marking of whales between Valparaiso and Guafo Island and between Valparaiso
and Penas Gulf, respectively (A. Aguayo, personal communication).

The Macaya Company carried out a sighting survey in central Chile in February 1982 with
the participation of several scientists from Concepcion University. The survey was mainly
focused on investigating the occurrence of Bryde’
s whales off central Chile in spring-summer
(Gallardo et al., 1983).

It is possible that more than two centuries of whaling activities may have created a specific
whaling culture in some communities in Chile; this requires additional research.

It can be concluded that, unlike the foreign whaling that depleted the southern right whale,
the whaling based in Chile that started at the beginning of 20th Century did not cause
conservation problems, as it involved low catch levels in relation to world levels at that time.
This can be explained by the rudimentary techniques and installations used at the start and
by the coastal nature of most of the operations which limited the catch to some particular
seasons of the year. From the socio-political and scientific points of views, whaling in Chile left
important legacies. The possible cultural legacy requires further research.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors thank Bill Perrin, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, US, for reading a previous
version of this paper and for providing useful comments. Our acknowledgement goes to
Anelio Aguayo, Instituto Antartico Chileno, Chile, for providing information on the research
conducted on board of the whaling vessels in the 50’
s and 60’
s. Finally our appreciation to
Andy Yanagihara, Delmar Co., Japan, and Seiji Ohsumi, Institute of Cetacean Research for

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their encouragement and support to produce this outline of the history of whaling in Chile.

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Gallardo, V.A., Arcos, D., Salamanca, M. and Pastene, L. On the occurrence of Bryde’s whale
(Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878) in an upwelling area off Central Chile. Rep int. Whal
Commn 33:481-488.
Gay, C. 1847. Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zool. I: 171-182.
Gibbons, J. Capella, J.C. and Valladares, C. 2003. Rediscovery of a humpback whale (Megaptera
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Gusinde, M. 1986. Los Indios de Tierra del Fuego. Los Yamana, Vol. I. Buenos Aires: Centro
Argentino de Etnolog a Americana.
Guzman, J. 2008. Whales and whaling in Chile. In: Ringstad, J.E. (Ed.). Whaling and History II. New
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Hernandez, J. 1998. Donde viven las ballenas. Actividades balleneras en Isla Santa Maria y

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 Chome del pionero Juan Macaya Aravena. Editorial Anibal Pinto S.A. Concepcion.
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Hucke-Gaete, R., Osman, L.P., Moreno, C.A., Findlay, K.P., and Ljungblad, D.K. 2003. Discovery
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Sepulveda, J. 1997. La epopeya de la industria ballenera chilena. Revista de Marina, 115(6): 544-553.
Tonnessen, J.N. and Johnsen, A.O. 1982. The history of modern whaling. C. Hurst and Company,
London/Australia National University Press, Canberra. 798pp.
Townsend, C.H., 1935. The distribution of certain whales as shown by the logbook records of
American whaleships. Zologica, N.Y., 19, 1-50, charts I-IV.
Veliz, C. 1961. Historia de la Marina Mercante de Chile. Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile,
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Whipple, A.B.C. 1979. The whalers (The seafarers v.8). Time-Life Books Inc. 176pp

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Table 1. Outline of whaling activities in Chile in the context of political and historical events.

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94
Table 2-1 Summary of whaling activities established in Chile grouped into four whaling categories

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 Table 2-2 Summary of whaling activities established in Chile grouped into four whaling categories

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95
96
Table 2-3 Summary of whaling activities established in Chile grouped into four whaling categories

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 Table 2-4 Summary of whaling activities established in Chile grouped into four whaling categories

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 Figure 1. Main localities in Chile where whaling was conducted

Figure 2. Tomb of Captain Adolf Andresen in the cemetery of Punta Arenas, Chile

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