2011

SOLAR ENERGY AND ITS UTILAIZATION

DHAVAL BHATASANA
D2D (2004)
25/4/2011
 A
Seminar Report
On
SOLAR ENERGY AND ITS
UTILIZATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
(Electronics & Telecommunication)

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication

Shri S’ad Vidya Mandal Institute Of Technology
Bharuch
MARCH/APRIL – 2011

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 DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled
“SOLAR ENERGY AND ITS UTILIZATION”

Submitted by
Sr.No. Name Roll No.
1 Mr. Dhaval v bhatasana 2004 (D2D)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree “Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering” of Gujarat Technological University is a record of
their own work carried under our supervision and guidance.
Guided by Head of Department Examined by:

Mr.Ashishkumar Modi Mr. Jigar H. Shah ( )

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to thank our respected H.O.D. Mr. Jigar H. Shah without whose
support and encouragement, this paper could have not been completed.

I gratefully thank my seminar guide Shri Ashishkumar J. Modi who helps me immensely in
completing my seminar.

I also take this opportunity to thank our faculty members and friends who have helped me in
gathering and organizing the required information.

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 ABSTRACT

The sun is a sphere of intensely hot gaseous matter with a diameter of 1.39*10^9m and is,
about 1.5*10^11m away from the earth, the sun rotates on its axis once about every four
weeks. The sun in effect is a continuous fusion reactor with its constituent gases as the
“containing vessel” retained by gravitational forces. Several fusion reactions have been
suggested as the source of energy radiated by the sun, the one to be considered the most
important is the process in which four hydrogen atoms combine to form a one helium atom;
the mass of the helium nucleus is less then that of four protons, some mass having been lost in
reaction and converted to energy.

Since the energy getting from the sun is totally free of cost so the utilisation of solar energy is
very beneficial hence there have been significant development in the field of solar energy
science and technology is taken great interest in the recent years and continuous in these days
also. For developing countries like India, providing energy to its citizens in an efficient and
cost effective manner is a highly challenging task. In spite of significant harnessing of the
fossil fuel reserves and hydel power, the gap between supply and demand of energy is ever
increasing. One of the possible options o bridge this gap is by making the extensive use of
solar energy. Solar energy can be used both directly and indirectly. Sun causes the wind to
blow, plant o grow, water to be lifted from oceans to return through rivers, waves on water
bodies to be formed and temperature to between surface and bottom layers of oceans. All can
work as the renewable energy source.

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 CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION…….......................................................................................6
2 SOLAR RADIATION…………………………………………………………7

3 SOLAR HEATER………………………………………………………………9

4 SOLAR WATER DISTILLATION……………………………………….. ….16

5. PHOTO VOLTAIC CELL…………………………………………………….19

6 THE SOLAR COOKER………………………………………………………..21

7 SOLAR CHIMNEYS OR TOWERS………………………………………….23

8.CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………...25

9 REFERANCE…………………………………………………………………..26

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 1.INTRODUCTION

India is a country occupying 2% of the world's land mass and currently generating about 2%
of the global electricity, mostly using low grade coal of which it has about 5% of the world
reserves. India has, however a share of 16% in the world's population. To achieve a modestly
high level of economic growth, the domestic generation capacity needs to be increased at least
tenfold, to about 900 GW. Even with full utilisation of all existing commercially exploitable
domestic hydrocarbon, hydroelectric and non-conventional resources, this level of increased
generation capacity cannot be sustained for more than a few decades. For a large country like
India, bulk imports of fuel or energy are neither affordable nor strategically prudent. To meet
energy demand solar power can play an important role.
In this day and age, when the energy resources are being wasted every single second,

it has become important for the people to go green. Sun being a major source has

forced us to take its advantage. Solar strategy used on roads is a step taken up in that

direction only. Moreover, solar energy is one of the most renewable feasible energy resources
in India because of in India sun shines mostly throughout the year in many parts of the
country.

Some important points we are going to discuss during this project are:

Solar radiation
Solar heater
Solar water distillation
Photo voltaic cell
SOLAR CHIMNEYS OR TOWERS
The Solar Cooker

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 2 SOLAR RADIATION

Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy.
About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The other half is mostly in the near-infrared part, with some in the ultraviolet part of the
spectrum .

The portion of this ultraviolet radiation that is not absorbed by the atmosphere produces a
suntan or a sunburn on people who have been in sunlight for extended periods of time

Radiant energy — Radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic waves. The term is most
commonly used in the fields of radiometry, solar energy, heating and lighting, but is also used
less frequently in other fields (such as telecommunications).

Solar flare — A solar flare is a violent explosion in the Sun's atmosphere with an energy
equivalent to tens of millions of hydrogen bombs. Solar flares take place in the solar corona
and chromosphere, heating plasma to tens of millions of kelvins and accelerating the resulting
electrons, protons and heavier ions to near the speed of light.

Electromagnetic spectrum — The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible

electromagnetic radiation. Above infrared in frequency comes visible light. This is the This is
the range in which the sun and stars similar to it emit most of their radiation.

Ozone layer — The ozone layer is the part of the Earth's atmosphere which contains
relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). "Relatively high" means a few parts per million
- much higher than the concentrations in the lower atmosphere but still small compared to the
main components of the atmosphere.

Although the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to
life because it absorbs biologically harmful

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Solar radiation describes the visible and near-visible (ultraviolet and near-infrared)
radiation emitted from the sun. The different regions are described by their wavelength
range within the broad band range of 0.20 to 4.0 µm (microns). Terrestrial radiation is a
term used to describe infrared radiation emitted from the atmosphere. The following is a
list of the components of solar and terrestrial radiation and their approximate wavelength
ranges:

• Ultraviolet: 0.20 - 0.39 µm

• Visible: 0.39 - 0.78 µm

• Near-Infrared: 0.78 - 4.00 µm

• Infrared: 4.00 - 100.00 µm

Approximately 99% of solar, or short-wave, radiation at the earth's surface is contained

in the region from 0.3 to 3.0 µm while most of terrestrial, or long-wave, radiation is
contained in the region from 3.5 to 50 µm.

Outside the earth's atmosphere, solar radiation has an intensity of approximately 1370
watts/meter2. This is the value at mean earth-sun distance at the top of the atmosphere
and is referred to as the Solar Constant. On the surface of the earth on a clear day, at
noon, the direct beam radiation will be approximately 1000 watts/meter2 for many
locations.

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.

3 SOLAR HEATER

Perhaps the most popular application of solar systems is for domestic water heating. The
popularity of these systems is based on the fact that relatively simple systems are involved
and solar water heating systems are generally viable. This category of solar systems belongs
to the low-temperature heat applications.

The world’s commercial low-temperature heat consumption is estimated to 2 collector area In

2005, about 140 million m2 of solar ther-mal collector area were in operation around the
world, which is only 2.3% of the potential (Philibert, 2005). A solar water heater is a
combination of a solar collector array, an energy transfer system, and a storage tank. The main
part of a solar water heater is the solar collector array, which absorbs solar radiation and
converts it to heat. This heat is then absorbed by a heat transfer fluid (water, non-freezing
liquid, or air) that passes through the collector. This heat can then be stored or used directly.
Because it is understood that portions of the solar energy system are exposed to weather
conditions, they must be protected from freezing and overheating caused by high insolation
levels during periods of low energy demand. Two types of solar water heating systems are
available:
( l ) Direct or open loop systems, in which potable water is heated directly in the collector.
( 2 ) Indirect or closed loop systems, in which potable water is heated indi-rectly by a heat
transfer fluid that is heated in the collector and passes through a heat exchanger to transfer its
heat to the domestic or service water.
differ also with respect to the way the heat transfer fluid is transported:
( l ) Natural (or passive) systems.
( 2 ) Forced circulation (or active) systems.

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Natural circulation occurs by natural convection (thermosiphoning), whereas forced
circulation systems use pumps or fans to circulate the heat transfer fluid through the collector.
Except for thermosiphon and integrated collector storage systems, which need no control,
solar domestic and service hot water systems are controlled using differential thermostats.
Some systems also use a load-side heat exchanger between the potable water stream and the
hot water tank. Seven types of solar energy systems can be used to heat domestic and ser-vice
hot water, as shown in Table 5.1. Thermosiphon and integrated collec-tor storage systems are
called passive systems because no pump is employed, whereas the others are called active
systems because a pump or fan is employed to circulate the fluid. For freeze protection,
recirculation and drain-down are used for direct solar water heating systems and drain-back is
used for indirect water heating systems. A wide range of collectors have been used for solar
water heating systems, such as flat plate, evacuated tube, and compound parabolic. In addition
to these types of collectors, bigger systems can use more advanced types, such as the par-
abolic trough. The amount of hot water produced by a solar water heater depends on the type
and size of the system, the amount of sunshine available at the site, and the seasonal hot water
demand pattern.
( 1 ) Passive systems
Two types of systems belong to this category: thermosiphon and the integrated collector
storage systems.

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