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TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS
Preface
Trigonometry is the corner stone of the whole mathematics of which trigonometric ratio plays an
important role. It is observed that there is a clear lack of problem solving aptitude which was an
absolute prerequisite for an examination like IIT-JEE.
It is motivated us to compile the concepts, fundamentals to fulfill this vaccume but would be helpful to
elevate the ordinary students to become extra ordinary. Before studying trigonometric ratio students
are advised to clear the basic concept of trigonometry.
This material is exclusively designed by the CAREER POINT'S core members so that CPians need
not refer to any other book or study material.
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1. DEFINITION
Trigonometry is the branch of science in which
we study about the angles and sides of a triangle.
1.1 ANGLE :
→
Consider a ray OA . If this ray rotates about its
end points O and takes the position OB, then
the angle ∠AOB has been generated.
1.3 Some Useful terms : There are three system for measuring angles.
1.3.1 Quadrant : 2.1 Sexagesimal or English system
Let XOX′ and YOY′ be two lines at right angles 2.2 Centesimal or French system
in the plane of the paper. These lines divide the 2.3 Circular system
plane of the paper into four equal parts which are 2.1 Sexagesimal system :
known as quadrants.
The principal unit in this system is degree ( º ).
One right angle is divided into 90 equal parts and
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each part is called one degree (1º ). One degree ′ ′
1 61
is divided into 60 equal parts and each part is Total minute 30 ′ + =
called one minute. Minute is denoted by (1′ ). 2 2
100′ is equal to 1 g
One minute is equally divided into 60 equal parts
and each part is called one second (1′′ ). FG 1 IJ g
1′ = 60′′
2 H 100 2 K =
g
Sexagesimal system Total grade ⇒ 50 +
FG 9 IJ º
⇒ ⇒
1g =
H 10 K
Examples Relation between sexagesimal and
2.2 Centesimal system : based on centesimal systems
The principal unit in system is grade and is
denoted by ( g ). One right angle is divided into Ex.3 63º 14′ 51′′ change into grade system.
100 equal parts, called grades, and each grade Sol. We know that in degree system
is subdivided into 100 minutes, and each minutes
60′′ equal to 1′
into 100 seconds.
′
In Mathematical Form : 51
51′′ is equals = = (0.85)′
One right angle = 100g 60
1g = 100′ (14.85)′ change into degree.
1′ = 100′′ FG 14.85 IJ º
(14.85)′ is equals =
H 60 K
Centesimal system = (0.2475)º
So 63º 14′ 51′′ = 63.2475º
63.2475º change into grade system.
Ex.2 50g 30′ 50′′ change into grade system.
FG 63.2475 × 10 IJ g
Sol.
1
We know that , 50 ′ ⇒
′ 63.2475º is equals =
H 9K
2 = 70.2750g
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70.2750g = 70g 27′ 50′′
Examples Relation between systems of
finally we can say, based on measurement of angles
63º 14′ 57′ = 70g 27′ 50′′
2.3 Circular system : FG 2π IJ C
π Radian = 180º
Here, r = 5 cm, and θ = 15º =
H 180 K
FG 180 IJ º
FG π IJ C
One radian =
HπK θ=
H 12 K
s π s
π Radian = 30º θ= ⇒ =
r 12 5
6 π 5π
Radian = 45º
4 s = cm.
12
π
Radian = 60º
3 3.TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OR FUNCTIONS
π
Radian = 90º
2 In the right angled triangle OMP , we have base
2π (OM) = x, perpendicular (PM) = y and hypotenuse
Radian = 120º
3 (OP) = r, then we define the following trigonometric
3π ratios which are known as trigonometric function.
Radian = 135º
4 P y
sinθ= =
5π H r
Radian = 150º
6 B x P
cosθ = =
7π H r
Radian = 210º P y
6 tanθ = =
5π B x r
Radian = 225º y
4 B x
cotθ = =
5π P y
Radian = 300º θ
3 H r
secθ = = O x M
2.3.2 Relation between systems of measurement B x
of angles : H r
cosecθ = =
P y
D G 2C
= =
90 100 π
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Note : (sec θ + tan θ)(tan θ − sec θ + 1)
=
(1) It should be noted that sinθ does not mean the tan θ − sec θ + 1
product of sin and θ. The sinθ is correctly read
sin of angle θ. 1 sin θ 1+ sin θ
= secθ + tanθ = + =
(2) These functions depend only on the value of the cos θ cos θ cos θ
angle θ and not on the position of the point P = RHS
chosen on the terminal side of the angle θ.
3.2 Signs of the trigonometrical ratios or functions:
3.1 Fundamental Trigonometrical Identities :
Their signs depends on the quadrant in which
1 the terminal side of the angle lies.
(a) sinθ =
cos ecθ
y
1 In First quadrant : x > 0 , y > 0 ⇒ sinθ = > 0,
(b) cosθ = r
sec θ
x y r
1 cos θ cosθ = > 0, tanθ = > 0, cosecθ = > 0,
(c) cotθ = = r x y
tan θ sin θ
(d) 1 + tan2θ = sec2θ r x
secθ = > 0 and cotθ = > 0
or, sec2θ – tan2θ = 1 x y
1 Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometry
(secθ – tanθ)= functions are positive.
(sec θ + tan θ)
(e) sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 In Second quadrant : x < 0 , y > 0 ⇒ sinθ
(f) 1 + cot2θ = cosec2θ y x y
= > 0, cosθ = < 0, tanθ = < 0, cosecθ =
1 r r x
(cosecθ –cotθ) =
cos ecθ + cot θ r r x
> 0, secθ = < 0 and cotθ = < 0
y x y
Trigonometrical ratios or functions Thus, in the second quadrant sin and cosec
function are positive and all others are negative. (sec θ
Q
Ex.6 Prove that, sin8θ – cos 8θ = (sin2θ – cos 2θ)
y
(1 – 2sin2θ cos2θ ) In Third quadrant : x < 0 , y < 0 ⇒ sinθ = < 0,
r
Sol. L.H.S,(sin8θ – cos8θ ) r
x y
or, (sin4θ)2 – (cos4θ)2 cosθ = < 0, tanθ = > 0, cosecθ =
y
< 0,
r x
or, (sin2 θ – cos 2θ)(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ)[(sin 4θ + x
r
cos4θ)] secθ = < 0 and cotθ = > 0
x y
or, (sin2θ – cos2θ) [(sin2θ + cos2θ) – 2 sin2θ
Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric
cos2θ]
functions are negative except tangent and
or, (sin2θ – cos2θ) [(1 – 2sin2θ cos2θ)] =
RHS cotangent.
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II – Quadrant
sinθ → decreases from 1 to 0
cosθ → decreases from 0 to –1
tanθ → increases from – ∞ to 0
cotθ → decreases from 0 to – ∞
secθ → increases from –∞ to –1
cosecθ → increases from 1 to ∞
III – Quadrant
sinθ → decreases from 0 to –1
cosθ → increases from –1 to 0
A crude aid to memorise the signs of tanθ → increases from 0 to ∞
trigonometrical ratio in different quadrant. cotθ → decreases from ∞ to 0
“ All Students to Career Point ” secθ → decreases from –1 to –∞
3.3 Variations in values of Trigonometrical cosecθ → increases from –∞ to –1
Functions in Different Quadrants :
IV – Quadrant
sinθ → increases from –1 to 0
cosθ → increases from 0 to 1
tanθ → increases from –∞ to 0
cotθ → decreases from 0 to –∞
secθ → decreases from ∞ to 1
cosecθ → decreases from –1 to – ∞
Remark:
+ ∞ and – ∞ are two symbols. These are not real
number. When we say that tan θ increases from
π
Let XOX′ and YOY′ be the coordinate axes. Draw 0 to ∞ for as θ varies from 0 to it means that
2
a circle with centre at origin O and radius unity. πFG IJ
Let M (x, y) be a point on the circle such that
tan θ increases in the interval 0,
2 H K
and it attains
∠AOM = θ π
large positive values as θ tends to . Similarly
then x = cosθ and y = sinθ 2
for other trigo. functions.
– 1 ≤ cosθ ≤ 1 and –1≤ sinθ ≤ 1 for all values of θ.
Examples Signs of the trigonometrical ratios
based on or functions
I – Quadrant
sinθ → increases from 0 to 1 3π
Ex.8 If secθ = 2 , and < θ < 2π. Find the
cosθ → decreases from 1 to 0 2
1 + tan θ + cos ecθ
tanθ → increases from 0 to ∞ value of
1 + cot θ − cos ecθ
cotθ → decreases from ∞ to 0
Sol. If secθ = 2
secθ → increases from 1 to ∞
1
cosecθ → decreases from ∞ to 1 or, cosθ = ,sinθ = ± 1 − cos 2 θ
2
1 1
= ± 1− = ±
2 2
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But θ lies in the fourth quadrant in which sinθ is
negative.
1
sinθ = − , cosec θ = − 2
2
sin θ 1 2
tanθ = ⇒ tanθ = − ×
cos θ 2 1
⇒ tanθ = –1
⇒ cotθ = –1
1 + tan θ + cos ecθ 1− 1− 2
then, = ⇒ –1
1 + cot θ − cos ecθ 1− 1+ 2
cosecθ =
4. GRAPHS OF DIFFERENT TRIGONOMETRICAL
RATIOS
Trig.
Domain Range
Function
sin θ R [-1, 1]
cos θ R [-1, 1]
R - {(2n + 1) π/2, n ∈
sec θ (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞)
z}
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5. TR IGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF ALLIED Sol.(a) cos (–45º) = cos45º [ Q cos(–θ) = cosθ]
ANGLES
Two angles are said to be allied when their sum = Ans.
or difference is either zero or a multiple of 90º. (b) sin(–30º) = – sin 30º [ Q sin(–θ) = – sinθ]
θ) :
5.1 Trigonometrical Ratios of (–θ
Let a revolving ray starting from its initial position = Ans.
OX, trace out an angle (c) cot(–60º) = – cot 60º [ Q cot(–θ) = – cotθ]
∠ XOA = θ. Let P(x, y) be a point on OA such
that OP = r. Draw PM ⊥ from P on x-axis. angle = Ans.
∠ XOA/ = –θ in the clockwise sense. Let P/ be
a point on OA/ such that OP/ = OP. Clearly M 5.2 Trigonometrical Functions of (90 – θ) :
and M/ coincide and ∆OMP is congruent to
Let the revolving line, starting from OA, trace out
∆OMP/. then P/ are (x, –y)
any acute angle AOP, equal to θ. From any point
P on it draw PM ⊥ to OA. Three angles of a
triangle are together equal to two right angles,
and since OMP is a right angle, the sum of the
two angles MOP and OPM is right angle.
111
−
23
−y −y
sin(–θ) = ⇒ = − sin θ
r r
x ∠ OPM = 90º – θ.
cos(–θ) = = cos θ
r [When the angle OPM is consider, the line PM
−y is the ´base´ and MO is the ´perpendicular´ ]
tan(–θ) = = − tanθ
x MO
Taking the reciprocal of these trigonometric ratios, sin (90º – θ) = sin MPO = = cos AOP = cosθ
PO
cosec (–θ)= –cosecθ
PM
sec(–θ)= secθand cot(–θ) = – cotθ cos (90º – θ) = cos MPO = = sin AOP = sinθ
PO
Note : A function f(x) is said to be even function if MO
tan (90º – θ) = tan MPO = = cot AOP = cotθ
f(–x) = f(x) for all x in its domain. PM
A function f(x) is an odd function if f(–x) = –f(x) PM
cot (90º – θ) = cot MPO = = tan AOP = tanθ
for all x in its domain. MO
sinθ, tanθ, cotθ, cosecθ all odd functions and PO
cosθ, secθ are even functions. cosec (90º – θ) = cosec MPO = = sec AOP
MO
= secθ
Allied angles PO
and sec (90º – θ) = sec MPO = = cosec
PM
Ex.9 Find the value of the following trigonometric AOP = cosecθ
ratios -
(a) cos (–45º) (b) sin (–30º)
(c) cot (–60º)
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Trigo. ratio (– θ) 90 – θ 90 + θ 180 – θ 180 + θ 270 – θ 270 + θ 360 – θ
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6. SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF THE ANGLE (d) cos (A + B + C) = cos A cos B cos C – cos A.
sin B sin C – sin A cos B sin C – sin A
The algebraic sums of two or more angles are sinB cosC
generally called compound angles and the angles
(e) tan (A + B + C)
are known as the constituent angles.
For example : If A, B, C are three angles then tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
=
A ± B, A + B + C, A – B + C etc. are compound 1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
angles.
6.1 (a) sin (A + B) =sin A cos B + cos A sin B (Note : * Important)
3 9 π
Ex.11 If sin A = and cos B = ,0<A< .
5 41 2
π
0<B< , find the values of the following -
2
(b) sin(A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB (a) sin (A + B)
(b) cos (A – B)
Sol. (a) sin (A + B) ⇒ sin A cos B + cos A sin
B
3
sin A =
5
4
4 cos A =
5
(c) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
5
(d) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(e) tan (A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B 9
(f) tan (A – B) = and cos B =
1 + tan A tan B 41
cot A cot B − 1 40
(g) cot (A + B) = sin B =
cot B + cot A 41
cot A cot B + 1
(h) cot (A – B) =
cot B − cot A
6.2 Some More Results :
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7. FORMULA TO TRANSFORM THE PRODUCT 8. FORMULA TO TRANSFORM THE SUM OR
INTO SUM OR DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE INTO PRODUCT
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9. TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS OF MULTIPLE
Sol. L.H.S., = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 8θ
ANGLES
F CI F A BI
2 sinG J .cosG − J + 1 − 2 sin G J
F CI
2
π – C
= 2 sin
= H 2 K H 2 2K H 2K 4
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π + B + π – B π – A + π – A [ Q cos 2A = 2cos2A – 1]
2 sin sin + 1
8 8
= [(1 + cos 2A) + (1 + cos 2B) + (1 + cos 2C)]
F π − C IJ LM2 sinFG π − B IJ.sinFG π − A IJ OP + 1
= 2 sinG
H 4 K N H 4 K H 4 KQ =
1
[3 + cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C]
F π − A IJ .sinFG π − B IJ.sinFG π − A IJ
= 1 + 4 sinG
2
H 4 K H 4 K H 4 K =
3
+
1
[ cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C]
F B + C IJ.sinFG C + A IJ.sinFG A + B IJ
= 1 + 4 sinG
2 2
H 4 K H 4 K H 4 K 3 1
= R.H.S = + [2 cos(A + B).cos(A – B) + 2cos2 C – 1]
2 2
10.2 TYPE II :Identities involving squares of 3 1
sines and cosines of multiple or sub-multiples = + [ –2 cosC cos(A – B) + 2cos2 C – 1]
2 2
of the angles involved.
Working step : 3 1 1
= – + [–2cosC {cos (A – B) – cos C}]
(I) Arrange the terms on the L.H.S of the identity 2 2 2
so that either sin2A – sin2B = sin(A+B). = 1 – cosC[cos (A – B) – cosC]
sin(A – B) = 1 – cos C [cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)]
or cos2A – sin2B = cos(A+B).cos(A – B) can [cosC = – cos(A + B)]
be used. = 1 – cosC[2 cosA . cosB]
(II) Take the common factor outside. = 1 – 2 cosA . cosB cosC
(III) Express the trigonometric ratio of a single 10.3 Type III :Identities for tan and cot of the
angle inside the bracket into that of the sum angles
of the angles.
Working step :
(IV) Use the formulaes to convert the sum into
(I) Express the sum of the two angles in terms
Q product.
1 of third angle by using the given relation.
2 (II) Taking tan from both the sides.
Examples Conditional trigonometrical
(III) Expand the L.H.S in step II by using the
based on identities type II
formula for the tangent of the compound
Ex.18 If A + B + C = π angles.
Prove that, cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = (IV) Use cross multiplication in the expression
1 – 2 cosA cosB cosC obtained in the step III.
Sol. I Method (V) Arrange the terms as per the requirement in
L.H.S. cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C the sum.
= cos2 A + (1 – sin2 B) + cos2 C
= (cos2 A – sin2 B) + cos2 C + 1 Examples Conditional trigonometrical
[ Q A + B = π – C, cos(A + B) = – cosC]
based on identities type III
= cos (A + B).cos( A - B) + cos2 C + 1 Ex.19 If x + y + z = xyz
= – cos C. cos(A – B) + cos2 C + 1 Prove that,
= – cos C [cos (A - B) – cos C] + 1
2x 2y 2z 8 xyz
= – cos C [cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)] + 1 2
+ 2
+ 2
=
[ cos C = –cos (A + B)] 1− x 1− y 1− z (1 − x )(1 − y 2 )(1 − z2 )
2
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tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C Examples To find the greatest and least value
⇒ =0
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A based on of the expression
⇒ tan(A + B + C) = 0
⇒ A + B + C = nπ [n ∈ z] Ex.20 Prove that 5 cosθ+ 3 cos θ +
FG π IJ
Now,A + B + C = nπ
H 3 K + 3. lies
between – 4 and 10.
2A + 2B + 2C = 2nπ Sol. The given expression is,
⇒ tan(2A + 2B + 2C) = tan 2nπ
5 cosθ+ 3 cos θ +
FG π IJ
⇒
tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C − tan 2A tan 2B tan 2C
=0
H 3 K + 3
1 − tan 2A tan 2B − tan 2B tan 2C − tan 2C tan 2A ⇒ 5 cosθ + 3[cosθ cos 60º – sinθ sin 60º] + 3
⇒ tan2A + tan2B + tan2C – tan2A tan2B 1 3
tan2C = 0 ⇒ 5 cosθ + 3 [ cosθ – sinθ] + 3
2 2
⇒ tan2A + tan2B + tan2C – tan2A tan2B
tan2C 1
⇒ [13 cos θ – 3 3 sin θ] + 3
2
2 tan A 2 tan B 2 tan C
⇒ + +
1– tan A 2
1– tan B 2
1– tan 2 C Put 13 = r cosα, 3 3 = r sinα
r = 169 + 27 = 14
2 tan A 2 tan B 2 tan C
= · ·
1– tan 2 A 1– tan 2 B 1– tan 2 C 1
⇒ [r cos(θ + α)] + 3
2
2x 2y 2z 14
⇒ + + ⇒ [cos(θ + α)] + 3
2 2
1– x 1– y 1– z 2 2
⇒ 7 cos(θ + α) + 3
2x 2y 2z 8 xyz Hence maximum and minimum values of
= . . =
1– x 2
1– y 2
1– z 2
(1– x ) (1– y 2 ) (1– z 2 )
2 expression are (7+ 3) and (–7 +3)
i.e., 10 and – 4 respectively.
11. TO FIND THE GREATEST AND LEAST VALUE
θ + b cosθ
OF THE EXPRESSION [a sinθ θ]
12. MISCELLANEOUS POINTS
Let a = r cosα ...........(1)
and b = r sin α ...........(2) (1) Some useful Identities :
Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
then a2 + b2 = r2
∑ tan A − tan A tanB tan C
1 − ∑ tan A.tan B
(a) tan (A + B + C) =
2 2
or, r = a + b
(b) cotθ – tanθ = 2 cot 2θ
∴ a sinθ + b cosθ
1
= r (sinθ cosα + cosθ sinα) (c) sin 3θ = sinθ.sin(60 – θ).sin(60 + θ)
4
= r sin(θ + α)
But –1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 1
(d) cos 3θ = cosθ.cos(60 – θ).cos(60 + θ)
so –1 ≤ sin(θ + α) ≤ 1 4
then –r ≤ r sin(θ + α) ≤ r (e) tan 3θ = tanθ.tan(60 – θ).tan (60 + θ)
hence, (f) tan(A + B) – tanA – tanB = tanA.tanB.tan(A + B)
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(3) Some useful series : (4) An Increasing Product series :
(a) sin α + sin (α + β) + sin(α + 2β) + .... (a) p = cosα. cos 2α . cos 22α ... cos (2n–1 α)
+ to n terms
sin 2n α
LM FG n − 1IJ βOPLMsinFG nβ IJ OP
sin α +
n
2 sin α
, if α ≠ nπ
N H 2 K QN H 2 K Q 1, if α = 2kπ
=
F βI
sinG J
; β ≠ 2nπ – 1, if α = (2k + 1) π
H 2K
14 14 14
π = 57º 17/ 45//
(6) Conversion 1 radian = 180º/π
F π IJ (approximately)
3GHπ14
1
F 3=π I2 cot
2 cosG J sinG J K
F I π
S=
H 14 K H 14 K and 1º =
180
= 0.01475 radians (approximately)
F 2π × 1JI
sinG
H 14 2 K (8) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n
sides
n−2
= × 180 degrees
n
FG 6π IJ 1
sin −
π πFG IJ
S=
H 14 K
sin
2 2 14H K
F πI
2 sinG J
=
π FG IJ
H 14 K sin
14 H K
1
S = cotG J
F πI
2 H 14 K
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