Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Definição: Ciência que estuda os fenômenos da atmosfera, sejam sólidos líquidos ou gasosos.
Atmosfera: Camada de Gases sem cheiro e sem cor, que filtra seletivamente a radiação.
1 – Composição do Ar
Ar seco Ar úmido
21% de Oxigênio 20% de Oxigênio
78% de Nitrogênio 75% de Nitrogênio
1% de Outros Gases 1% de Outros Gases
4% de vapor
2 – Camadas Atmosféricas
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
O ar é mais pesado e mais denso. Quanto mais próximo dos pólos, mais o ar fica frio, portanto
mais pesado e mais denso. Quanto mais próximo ao Equador, mais quente, mais leve e menos
denso fica o ar.
Litometeoros –
Litometeoros – Partículas sólidas de microorganismos em suspensão, que trará à atmosfera a
cor vermelha. Se dentro dos litometeoros,
l itometeoros, houver presença de poeira ou areia em suspensão,
a cor será dourada ou avermelhada.
Hidrometeoros –
Hidrometeoros – Partículas de água em suspensão, trazendo à atmosfera a cor azul.
Pressão:
15° C
59° F
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Temperatura e calor.
Os 7 filhos da ISA:
Linhas Unem
Isotermas ou isotérmicas Unem os valores de mesmas temperaturas,
representadas num intervalo de 5 em 5°C
Isoipsas Unem valores de pressão Padrão (1013,2
hPA)
Isobaricas Linhas que unem valores de mesma pressão,
que são representadas em valores de 2 em 2
hPA ao MSL (Medium Sea Level)
Isogonas Unem mesmo valores de direção do vento
Isotacas Unem mesmos valores de velocidade do
vento
Isodrosotermas Linhas que unem os valores de mesmo ponto
de orvalho
Isoietas Linhas que unem os mesmos valores de
precipitação.
Escalas termométricas
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
PROPAGAÇÃO DO CALOR:
Pressão Atmosférica
É uma coluna de ar que exerce força sobre um ponto específico. As linhas que unem os
mesmos valores de pressão, chamam-se linhas isobáricas, que virão representadas em
intervalos de 2 em 2 hPA (hectopascal).
Definições importantes:
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
1. Sistema Fechado de Alta Pressão: linhas isobáricas que circulam em volta do núcleo,
sendo que neste sistema, o comportamento do ar será divergente e anti ciclone,
fluindo de dentro para fora e com ventos calmos (ar frio), representado pela letra H.
2. Sistema Fechado de Baixa Pressão: O comportamento do ar será convergente e
ciclone, com ventos fortes (ar quente). Será associado a mau tempo.
1. Crista ou cunha: área alongada de alta pressão, onde as pressões diminuem para a
periferia (distante do centro)
2. Sistema aberto de baixa pressão ou cavado: alongamento de baixa pressão, onde
as pressões aumentam para a periferia, diminuindo no centro.
3. Colo: Região localizada entre duas altas e duas baixas pressões. Seus ventos serão
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Pressão da Pista –
Pista – QFE: Ajuste zero, indica altura e não altitude (elevação da pista)
Pressão Padrão –
Padrão – QNE: Indica pressão padrão e Altitude padrão, usada nos FL (flight level ou
nível de vôo) em rota.
Fórmulas:
QNH –
QNH – QFE = Elevação da pista
Exemplo: Dado o QNH 1020 e o QFE 1005, calcular a elevação da pista do aeródromo.
QFE –
QFE – Elev. Pista = QNH
(
)
)
QNH –
QNH – Elevação da Pista = QFE
Observação importante –
importante – o QNH DEVE ser sempre maior que o QFE. Se for o inverso, o
aeródromo estará abaixo do nível do mar (Amsterdan, Paises Baixos, entre outros
aeródromos).
Quando falar em Altitude de Pressão, o QNH será sempre o padrão (1013,2 hPa).
Quando o QNH < QNE = somar para achar a AP e subtrair para achar a altitude verdadeira
Quando o QNH > QNE = diminui-se para achar a altitude de Pressão (AP) e soma-se para achar
a Altitude Verdadeira.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
FL120 –
FL120 – QNH = 1020
Exemplo:
FL130 –
FL130 – QNH 1010
QNH 1010
QNE 1013
-D = 3 hPa
OBS: no presente problema, erro de indicação altimétrica para mais, e erro altimétrico para
menos.
Ex.:
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Altitude densidade: é o erro altimétrico por temperatura, onde quanto maior a temperatura,
menor a densidade e haverá maior altitude densidade.
Exemplo:
ACFT em FL 050
TT = 8
ISA = 5
AD = AP + 100 x (TT –
(TT – ISA)
AD = 5000 + 100 x ( 3 )
AD = 5000 + 300
AD = 5300
Exemplo 2:
ACFT em FL 120
TT = 12
ISA = ??
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
d = 21
AD = AP + 100 x (tt-isa)
AD = 12000 + 2100
AD = 14100
Exemplos:
FL100
TT = 5°
QNH = 1010
QNH = 1010
QNE = 1013
-D = 3 x 30 = 90 ft.
ALT = 10000 –
10000 – 90 = 9910ft.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Ventos
Quanto maior a diferença das isóbaras entre si e mais próximas, os ventos serão mais fortes.
*** NA PROVA = ISOBARAS MUITO PROXIMAS ENTRE SI, MAIS INTENSO SERÁ O VENTO ***
33010KT
33010KT = direção do vento (lembrar –
(lembrar – direção é de
de onde vem) e velocidade em nós.
No oceano = 10°
No continente = 45°
Nas mensagens METAR e TAF, entre outras, o norte indicado é sempre o verdadeiro. Nos
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
EFEITO DE CORIOLIS
É a força defletora dos ventos, devido à rotação da terra, sendo maior nos pólos e nulo no
equador (de oeste para leste). Será defletivo para a direita no hemisfério norte e para a
esquerda no hemisfério sul.
Ventos Barostróficos ou camada de ficção: Ventos que sopram até 600m de altura do solo, na
resultante EXCLUSIVA do gradiente de pressão, no sentido vertical.
Os 100 primeiros metros de altura, afetam diretamente pousos e decolagens das aeronaves.
São chamados de ventos de superfície.
CIRCULAÇÃO DO AR NA ATMOSFÉRA
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
2 – Circulação Superior
Ventos que sopram acima dos 6000m / 20000ft, fluindo do equador para os pólos, de W -> E
(oeste para leste), chamados de Contra-Alíseos (descendo).
( descendo).
Jet Stream: Acima de 20000ft teremos ventos fortes, acima de 50 kt chamados de JET STREAM
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
OBS: QUANDO HOUVER JET STREAM, HAVERÁ TAMBÉM O CAT, QUE SIGNIFICA CLEAR AIR
TURBULANCE OU TURBULÊNCIA DE CÉU CLARO. A limitação do CAT é tracejada.
3 – Circulação Secundária
a) Brisa marítima: ventos que sopram do marma r para o continente, sendo mais intensas NAS
TARDES DE VERÃO.
b) Brisa terrestre ou terral: Ventos que sopram do continente para o mar, MAIS
INTENSOS NA MADRUGADA DE INVERNO.
c) Monções: ventos que sopram no período de 6 meses. Quando do mar para o
continente, chamaremos de monções de verão. Quando do continente para o oceano,
chamaremos de monções de inverno.
d) Ventos anabáticos ou de vale: Sobem as encostas durante o dia.
e) Ventos Catabáticos ou de montanha: Descem as encostas durante a noite.
*** Para lembrar: A Ana é recatada, sobe de dia. A Catia é safada, desce a noite ***
Umidade
a) Absoluta –
Absoluta – é a quantidade de vapor em um volume de ar, que irá de 0% a 4% (0% =
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Tipos de nevoeiro
1 – Nevoeiro de radiação
Formado pelo resfriamento da terra. Forma-se em céu claro, ventos fracos, radiação terrestre
(resfriamento noturno), ocorrendo principalmente no inverno.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
A composição das nuvens baixas, será somente de partículas de água, portanto nuvens
líquidas. Já a composição das nuvens médias a composição será mista, ou seja gelo e água em
suspensão. E as de estágio alto, serão nuvens de composição sólida, ou seja, cristais de gelo
em suspensão.
OBS: A nuvem ortográfica ocorre à barlavento das montanhas, pelo ar quente e úmido.
Nuvens estratiformes –
estratiformes – terão formação dinâmica frontal e advectiva.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
TIPOS DE NUVENS
Características principais:
Formações isoladas
Contorno definido
Provocará turbulência dentro, fora e abaixo da nuvem
Estabilidade apenas acima da camada de nuvens
Grandes Cumulus ou Tower Cumulus (TCU) – Desenvolvimento vertical onde o topo atingirá as
camadas médias (até 4 km ou 12000ft.)
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Fases da CB:
Fases da formação
Humilis –
Humilis – pequeno cumulus
Mediocris –
Mediocris – cumulus médios
Congestus ou TCU –
TCU – Cumulus fortes
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Cálculo do NCC
Fórmula –
Fórmula – NCC = (TT –
(TT – Td) x 125
Exemplo: TT= 32 e Td = 22
NCC = (TT –
(TT – Td) x 125
NCC = (32 –
(32 – 22) x 125
NCC = 1250m
Exemplo 02:
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
TT = 28
Gradiente auto convectivo: Perda Máxima de temperatura, que ocorrerá na razão de 3,42°C /
100m.
Exercício:
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
TT = 0 + (1 x 1000/100)
TT = 0 + 10
TT = 10
Td = 0 + (0,6 x 1000/100)
Td = 0 + 2
Td = 2 °C
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
7. Turbulência Orográfica –
Orográfica – Ocorre à sotavento das montanhas, ar quente e seco, que
desce entre as colunas ascendentes e descendentes, de uma forma intensa
i ntensa e irregular.
Neste ultimo tipo de turbulência, as nuvens encontradas são: ALTO CUMULUS LENTICULARIS
(nuvens em forma de lentes – côncavas e convexas), CUMULUS MAMATUS (nuvens em forma
de mama) e próximas à base da montanha as nuvens ROTORAS EM ESPIRAIS. Este tipo de
turbulência também é chamada de ondas orográficas, ondas estacionárias, ondas de
montanha ou ventos de Fohen (no topo à sotavento).
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Quanto maior o ângulo da rampa frontal, mais rápida sua passagem e mais intensas serão AC
chuvas.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
DECEA
Centro
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
METAR e TAF
METAR –
METAR – Mensagem Meteorológica de Observação à superfície e de rotina
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions!