MOBILITY AWARE ROUTING WITH PARTIAL ROUTE

PRESERVATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Sanat Sarangi, Subrat Kar

Bharti School of Telecommunication Technology
And Management, IIT Delhi
New Delhi 110016 India
sanat.sarangi@gmail.com, subrat@ee.iitd.ac.in

ABSTRACT
We propose a novel reactive routing algorithm called PARTROUTE which achieves
energy efficient routing in sensor networks with stationary and mobile nodes.
PARTROUTE uses coarse mobility awareness in each node to reduce the overheads of
reactive routing by intelligently re-using parts of the created on-demand routes beyond
their standard lifetime. We show that the responsiveness of the network improves while
the overall network traffic is reduced. The effectiveness of PARTROUTE with a large
percentage of mobile nodes is also shown.

Keywords: wireless sensor network, routing protocol, PARTROUTE, mobility

aware, AODV, AODVjr

1 INTRODUCTION Recently, in [10], PH-MA-AODV and Agg-AODV

A typical sensor network has a single gateway
and a set of connected nodes that participate in
sensing and forwarding application defined events to
the gateway. Some of the key driving factors in
designing routing algorithms for sensor networks are
(a) size of the network (the number of nodes), (b)
limited node energy, (c) deployment topology and
(d) provision for node mobility. Traditionally, there
have been two approaches to routing– proactive and
reactive. In proactive routing, routes can be
computed and updated beforehand so that data is sent
through the best possible route. In reactive routing,
routes are created on-demand. The diversity of
sensor network applications have driven the
evolution of classes of application appropriate
routing algorithms which can be cluster-based [1],
hierarchical [2], robust [3], energy-aware [4],
geographic [5], query based [6] or swarm-behaviour-
based [7].
When some nodes in the network are mobile,
reactive routing becomes necessary. Dynamic Source
Routing (DSR) [8] and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance
Vector Routing (AODV) [9] are popular reactive
algorithms developed for mobile ad-hoc networks
(MANETs).
2 MOTIVATION
Most reactive algorithms assume that the nodes
in the network are mobile. However, mobile nodes
are not explicitly aware of their own mobility.
have been proposed that use mobility awareness to
improve the performance of reactive algorithms with
high-speed MANETs. In PH-MA-AODV a highly
mobile node discards a route-request to prevent itself
from participating in route formation. In Agg-AODV
the route-request accumulates the degree of mobility
of each intermediate node and the destination
chooses the route with minimum mobility. However,
both the algorithms assume that the intermediate
nodes can precisely measure their speed of
movement. In [11], prediction of broken links is used
to trigger routing updates before links break.
Mobility requirements in most sensor networks
are different from those of MANETs. The emphasis
in sensor networks is on minimizing energy
consumption with provision for (often low) mobility
within a stationary mesh of nodes where all nodes
talk to a central gateway. We propose a routing
algorithm PARTROUTE for memory-constrained
and energy-sensitive sensor networks with stationary
and mobile nodes where each node is explicitly
aware of its mobility status at any point of time and
this knowledge is used to intelligently preserve
part(s) of the route(s) formed during reactive routing
beyond the standard route lifetime. PARTROUTE
dynamically adapts itself to changing network
conditions and helps improve event delivery while
reducing both (a) the overall network traffic and (b)
latency of route formation (which is critical) for
mobile nodes.
With rapid strides in Micro Electro-Mechanical
Systems (MEMS), coarse mobility (moving or
stationary) awareness can now be easily added to
sensor nodes with the help of low-cost
accelerometers. Accelerometers have been used to
detect gait postures like walking, standing, lying [12]
[13]. Such information in the context of the
behavioural pattern of the subject can be used to
know whether a node is (and to predict if is likely to
remain) stationary or mobile. In a sensor network
containing such semi-mobile nodes, any semi-mobile
node that finds itself stationary could temporarily
behave like any other (always) stationary node.
PARTROUTE is designed to effectively use this
behavior to significantly improve routing
performance in such networks.
The rest of the paper is divided into four sections.
Section III describes the algorithm. In Section IV we
evaluate the performance of PARTROUTE
analytically and compare it with the simulation
results given in Section V. PARTROUTE is also
compared with AODVjr [14] to show the improved
performance under different conditions.
3 THE PARTROUTE ROUTING
ALGORITHM
In PARTROUTE, we consider a sensor network
with N nodes v1..vN having a set of stationary nodes
VS and a set of mobile nodes VM. |VS| + |VM| = N and
VS VM = N. Any node vi belongs to only one of the
sets and adheres to the policies laid out for that set.
L(vi, vj) is a link between vi and vj, i j. In
PARTROUTE we have two kinds of links– static
and dynamic. If two nodes vi, vj VS, they are
permitted to form a static or a dynamic link. In all
other cases the link is dynamic. Links are created and
updated only on reception of packets and a table is
used to maintain link information. A route between
vi and vj with intermediate node vk is denoted by
P(vi, vk, vj), i j k. A dynamic link has a lifetime of
lifetimeDYNAMIC and for a static link it is lifetimeSTATIC
with lifetimeDYNAMIC < lifetimeSTATIC. The value for
lifetimeSTATIC is application specific and is further
discussed in Sections 4 and 5. It depends on factors
like deployment area, number of nodes, mobility
behaviour of nodes and their event generation rates.
AODV is an established reactive routing
algorithm for MANETs and AODVjr is a successor
to AODV which achieves performance comparable
to AODV without overheads such as sequence
numbers, gratuitous RREP, hop count, hello
messages, RERR and precursor lists from AODV.
AODVjr is therefore more suitable for memory and
energy constrained sensor networks. We compare
PARTROUTE with AODVjr.
PARTROUTE uses two kinds of route-requests:
M-ROUTE-REQUEST and S-ROUTE-REQUEST
for route creation as discussed in Section 3.4 and
Section 3.5 respectively. M-ROUTE-REQUEST is
processed by vi, vj   VS VM whereas S-ROUTE-
REQUEST is processed by vi if vj   VS and
discarded if vj  VM. A mobile node uses only M-
ROUTE-REQUEST to create a route to the gateway.
All stationary nodes in the network except the
gateway use S-ROUTE-REQUEST to reach the
gateway. The gateway uses M-ROUTE-REQUEST
to find a stationary or mobile node in the network
since M-ROUTE-REQUEST is accepted and
processed by all nodes. We assume that the network
has a single gateway and each node in the network is
aware of this gateway. The principle can be extended
to multiple gateways, without loss of generality.
In PARTROUTE stationary nodes are allowed to
behave like mobile nodes under certain conditions. If
the duration for which mobile nodes rest (i.e. become
stationary) is large when compared to the duration
for which they move, they can be allowed to
temporarily function as stationary nodes during the
stationary phase. The target application determines
(a) the use of this role-switching feature and (b) the
duration of rest. Role-switching is discussed in
Section 3.3.
3.1 Reactive Route Discovery
We use Expanding Ring Search based route
discovery [15], an energy efficient method to
discover a route to a destination node. The source
sends a route-request message with TTL set to 1 and
simultaneously starts a timer that expires after twice
the node-traversal time. If the destination is one hop
away it sends a route-reply message which reaches
the source before the timer expires. If a route-reply is
not received, the source increases the TTL value,
proportionately increases the timeout and repeats the
process till either the destination is reached or the
source gives up. This limits the propagation extent of
the flooded route-request thereby saving energy. The
destination sends the route-reply back to the source
along the route taken by the first route-request it
receives. When a node with a valid route to the
destination sends a route-reply on behalf of the
destination, the reply is called gratuitous [15].
3.2 Partial Route Preservation
Partial route preservation implies retaining a part
of a reactively created route, for a period longer than
the standard lifetime for the route. The partial route
is called a trace. Each node on a trace is called a
representative. A stationary or mobile node which is
not a representative is called a non-representative.
The gateway is considered to be a representative of
itself. In PARTROUTE there can be two kinds of
route-replies to a route-request: (a) intermediate-
node route-reply that can only be generated by a
representative, (b) destination-node route-reply that
only the gateway can generate. Henceforth, a node
that is allowed to send a route-reply for a route-
request is called a reply-node. It may be noted that an
intermediate-node route-reply is different from a
gratuitous route-reply [15] which is generated by any
node witth a route to t the destinnation based on
sequence number infoormation alreaady present with w
the node and that recceived with the t route-requuest.
Sequencee numbers are usedd by neiither
PARTRO OUTE nor AO ODVjr. Moreeover, unlike the
gratuitous route-reply, a representative does not send
s canndidate does not
any com mmunication to the gateeway about the
intermediiate-node routte-reply that itt generates.
Figure 1: Trace formatioon in PARTROU
UTE
Fig. 1 illustrates trrace formationn in the preseence
of stationnary (black) annd mobile (whhite) nodes whhere
mobile noden 6 sendss a route-reqquest (RREQ)) to
which thee gateway repplies. Each staationary node that
the route--reply (RREP P) encounters on its return path
p thiss behaviour byb defined a vvariable CTPEERIOD such
till it reaaches a mobbile node (noode 4 in Fig. 1)
becomes a representative candidatte. Representaative
candidatees are conveerted to reprresentatives with w witthin the next (lifetimeSTATIIC - CTPERIOD) seconds,
create-traace messages discussed in Section
S 3.3.
Statioonary nodes (nnode 5 in Fig. 1) that occur in a
route afteer a mobile node
n (node 4)
4 cannot becoome
representtatives. The mobile
m node (node
( 4) upddates
the routee-reply with thist informatiion to notify the
stationaryy nodes that process
p the rooute-reply afteer it
about it. Any subsequuent request for f a route to the
gateway by a mobile node can bee serviced by the
representtatives which are closer to the event souurce
than thee gateway crreating moree traces on the
stationaryy nodes. Thiis helps serviice future rooute-
requests even
e faster.
Hencceforth, we usse SR and SU to denote thee set
of reppresentatives and noon-representattives
respectively. A repressentative is deenoted by Ri and
non-repreesentative by Ui, i   I+, wheere I+ denotess the
set of poositive integeers. SR   SU = N (numberr of
nodes in thet network).
3.3 Crreate-trace Messages
M nodde (Section 3.55).
A rooute-reply creeates a set off potential noodes
called reppresentative candidates whiich could becoome
reppresentative noodes (Section 3.2). The lasst of these
reppresentative caandidates formmed by a routee-reply (i.e.
nodde 3 in Fig. 1) sends a crreate-trace (C CT) to the
gateway and recceives an acknnowledgemen nt (CA) to
beccome a reprresentative. S Since a reprresentative
n know whetther it is the laast one on
the path of the rooute-reply, the first mobile node that
gets the route-reeply after a sseries of reprresentative
canndidates sendss a special m message called d a create-
tracce-request (CTR) to the preevious node (the( last of
the representativve candidatess) asking it to t send a
create-trace. Witth no intermeddiate mobile nodes,
n the
rouute request oriiginator sendss the create-traace if it is
the last representtative candidaate. Create-traace request
is not
n used here.. The gatewayy on receiving g a create-
tracce acknowledges its recceipt by sen nding an
ackknowledgemennt to the create-trace originator.
A create-tracce message annd its acknowlledgement
connvert all dynam mic links on thhe path betweeen create-
tracce originator and the gatew way into staticc links by
upddating their link lifetimes to lifetimeSTTATIC. The
create-trace origginator makess a suitable number
n of
retrries to send create-trace
c iff it does not receive
r an
ackknowledgemennt beforre giving
g up.
Ack knowledgemeents may not be received either e due
to (a) lossy linnks or (b) role-switching where an
inteermediate stattionary node on the path of create-
tracce (or its ackknowledgemeent) message suddenly
beccomes mobile and voluntariily drops the message.
m
Traansmission of o a create-trace messag ge by a
reppresentative for
f every inttermediate-no ode route-
repply that it gennerates can siggnificantly increase the
eneergy consumpption level of the network. We limit
thatt every time a representativve sends a creeate-trace,
it does
d not send a create-tracee for any even nt received
0   CTPERIOD lifetimeSTATIC to reduce the
oveerheads due too create-trace.. Create-trace messages
cann also becom me carriers of the nod de ids of
inteermediate reppresentative caandidates to notify the
gateway about thheir presence.
3.4 Route Foormation An nd Route Repair for
Stationarry Nodes
Stationary nodes onlly use S-ROUTE- S
REEQUESTs to create routees to the gatteway. S-
ROOUTE-REQUE ESTs only suupport destinaation-node
mode operation. So, gateway is the only reeply-node.
If an
a S-ROUTE--REQUEST iis received by y a mobile
nodde, it is simplyy discarded. S
So a route creaated to the
gateway with S-R ROUTE-REQ QUEST is guaaranteed to
havve only statioonary nodes iimplying that the trace
created in the prrocess is the same as the route.
r If a
stattionary node fails
f to form a route, it perfforms role
swiitching (Section 3.6) and behaves like a mobile
3.5 Rooute Formattion and Rooute Repair for RO
OUTE-REQUE ESTs. This iss acceptable to mobile
Mobile Nodes nod
des since theyy would anywaay change their location.
Mobiile nodes usse M-ROUTE E-REQUESTss to Howwever, repressentatives on tthe trace creaated in the
form rouutes to the gateway.
g A mobile
m node can pro
ocess would help
h provide faaster responsees to other
indicate either
e intermeediate-node orr destination-nnode nod
des generatingg M-ROUTE-R REQUESTs.
mode off operation inn the M-ROU UTE-REQUE EST.
The interrmediate-nodee mode is useed by default and 3.6 Role Swittching
destinatioon-node modde is used under speecial A stationaryy node that is uunable to find a route to
circumstaances as discuussed below. the gateway thhrough other stationary nodes n by
nsmitting a S-ROUTE-RE
tran S EQUEST is allowed
a to
behhave like a moobile node (Seection 3.5). Th his allows
stattionary nodees that havve been iso olated by
depployment or have becoome isolated d during
opeeration possiibly due too non-availaability of
neighbouring staationary nodees to be ablee to route
eveents through VS VM insteaad of only VS. Similarly,
a mobile
m node could become stationary if it remains
idlee and the target appllication justiifies this
connversion afterr consideringg the dynamics of the
mobile node as discussed
d in Section 2.
We now expplain using Figg. 3 how role--switching
by a node particiipating in rouute formation affects
a the
behhaviour of PA ARTROUTE aafter the route is created.
Figure 2: M-ROUTE-RE EQUEST from mobile
m node 100 Fouur cases aree used to analyze the different
extends traace L(1, 2) to P(1,2,6)
P circcumstances encountered
e bby a mobile node M
when it createss a route too the gateway G. A
In the interm
mediate-node mode, any commbination of these cases m may be used to t explain
representtative can be a reply-node and send thee M- howw PARTRO OUTE handlles other situations.
ROUTE-REPLY to an a M-ROUTE E-REQUEST T. A Wh herever appliccable, the conncerned nodee switches
successfuully created rooute between the mobile node n its role immediattely after proccessing the M-ROUTE-
M
and a reppresentative coould extend thet previous trrace REEQUEST. Rolle-switching does not ex xempt the
terminatinng at the repreesentative by adding new sttatic nodde from its responsibilityy to processs the M-
links beyond it or create a neew trace if the ROOUTE-REPLY Y it receives for this M-ROUTE-
M
representtative is the gaateway itself as
a shown in Fiig. 1. REEQUEST.
Even duuring trace extension, the create-trrace
message acknowledgement is geenerated by the
gateway instead of thhe intermediatte node. Exissting
traces get extended byy the recursivvely applying this Fiigure 3: Refereence diagram foor role-switching
g analysis
principle.. In Fig. 2 an M-ROUTE-R REPLY generated
from nodde (representaative) 2 in ressponse to the M-
ROUTE-REQUEST frrom node 10 forms f a route P(1, Case 1: Let us assum me a station nary non-
2, 6, 10) to the gatew way and adds static
s link L(22, 6) rep
presentative Uk lies on P(M M, U1, U2, …, UP,
P R1, R2, …,
to extendd the trace L(1, 2) to P(1, 2, 6). RQ,, G). If Uk swwitches its rolle immediately after it
After creating a route in the intermediate-n
i node pro
ocesses M-RO OUTE-REQU UEST, it forregoes its
mode, if the mobile node n discoverrs that it did not chaance to becom me a representtative after th he route is
receive an
a acknowleddgement from the gatewayy for formmed if K = P or all nodes between Uk and a R1 are
an appliccation level event, it staarts sending M- stattionary.
ROUTE-REQUESTs in i destination-node mode after
a Case 2: If R1 that sent the intermed diate-node
a certainn number off retries (givven by EVEN NT- respponse to thee M-ROUTE E-REQUEST becomes
RETRY-COUNT) usinng the intermeediate-node mode m mobile then {M M, U1, U2, …, UP, R1}  SU an nd {R2, …,
as determ mined by thhe target appplication. Since RQ,, G}   SR. R1 cannot ssend intermed diate-node
gateway is the reply-nnode for this mode, a routte is rou
ute-replies to subsequent M-ROUTE-R REQUEST
created between
b the mobile
m node and the gatew way pacckets since it is not a represeentative any more.
m
possibly creating anothher trace in thhe process. Once
O Case 3: If one
o of the othher representaatives Ri, i
applicatioon level comm munication ressumes, the moobile 1 switches its role, its effe fect is not immmediately
nodes swwitches back too using interm mediate-modee M- appparent since M-ROUTE-R
M REQUESTs arre fielded
ROUTE-REQUESTs for f creating suubsequent routtes. by R1 which com mes before Ri. However, now {M, U1,
Sincee M-ROUTE-REQUESTs are processedd by U2, …, UP, Ri}   SU. If Ri, now a mobile node
all nodess they may form shorterr traces thann S- betwween represenntatives Ri-1 aand Ri+1 generrates a M-
ROUTE-REQUEST, Ri-1 could givve a intermediiate- dennse uniform deployment
d oof sensor nod
des in CK
node respponse withoutt realizing thaat its route too the succh that an eveent transmitteed by M can reach the
gateway passes throuugh Ri, thus creating a cyycle gateway in ⎡x/L⎤⎤ hops throughh (⎡x/L⎤−1) inttermediate
between Ri and Ri-1. When mobille (or stationnary) noddes on a linearr path betweenn M and G.
nodes thhat use routes with L (Ri-1, Ri) as an
intermediiate link fail to receive accknowledgem ments
for eventts they sends to the gatewaay, they perceive
this as a broken link problem andd use destinattion-
node M-ROUTE-RE
M EQUESTs (or S-ROU UTE-
REQUES STs) to find new routes to the gatew way
breaking the above cyycle in the prrocess unless the
new routees do not use the
t nodes in thhe cycle. If noodes
in the cyycle are not ussed, the cyclee disappears after
a
link liffetimes expire due to absence of
communiication througgh the links.
Thereefore, rapid roole-switching by
b a mobile node
n
could advversely affect performance of PARTROU UTE.
So we coonstrain fidgetty mobile noddes to always stay
mobile to minimizee the overhheads due such s
conditionns.
Case 4: If a mobilee node UK swiitches its role and
becomes stationary just after proocessing the M- Figure 4: A circullar sensor netwoork deploymentt for
ROUTE-REQUEST it either becomes a anaalysis
representtative provided K = P (sincce UP is adjacent
to R1) or all nodes betw ween UK and R1 are stationnary. 4.2 Estimatin ng Route F Formation Response
Else, UK remains a stattionary non-reepresentative. Time
Suppose at a given instannt T, the mobille node M
4 RFORMANCE
PER E EVALU
UATION OF is at
a a distance x from the G and does not n have a
PAR
RTROUTE rou
ute to the gatewway. It generaates a route-reequest and
exppects a route-rresponse. Delaay (D ) experrienced by
A large delay
d in routee formation iss a bottleneckk for M ata a distance x is the duratiion between thet time at
reactive algorithms
a duee to their on-ddemand naturee. In which it originattes the route-rrequest and th he time at
the earlieer sections, we
w have seenn how traces can which it receives the route-reeply. So the cumulative
c
successfuully help reducce this delay for
f mobile noodes. delay experienceed by M for alll its positionss on a ring
In this Seection we builld an analytical model in order at distance
d x andd (infinitesim
mal) width dx from G is
to characcterize PART TROUTE’s performance
p w
with D . 2πxdx. Hencee, for a given algorithm A, the mean
respect too delay in rooute formatioon. The modeel is Ressponse Time (RTA) experieenced by M positioned
p
used to analyze
a the simulation ressults presentedd in anyywhere in CK is obtainned by averaaging the
Section 5.
5 cummulative delayy over all posiitions at distannce x, 0 
x  K in CK. Thiis is given as
4.1 Asssumptions
The noddes are idenntical with an a ideal circcular K
D .
transmisssion range of o radius L. The analysiss is RT
TA  K 1  
carried ouut with respecct events sent to the gatewaay G
by a mobbile node M moving
m withinn a circular reggion
CK with radius
r K as shown
s in Fig.4. The changge in With the asssumptions in Section 4.1, the route
position of M in thee interval bettween sendinng a req
quest from M is received aat the same tiime by all
route-reqquest and geetting back its responsee is noddes within a circle
c of radiuus L around M. These
negligiblee. All transm
mission, channnel and recepption noddes again broaadcast the rouute-request to repeat the
conditionns are ideal soo a route-respponse is receiived pro
ocess. In AOD DVjr only G iss allowed to respond
r to
for everyy route-requesst. Radio proppagation delaay is the route requestt. So, the routee request wouuld need at
negligiblee when comppared to the trransmission delay leasst x/L   hops to reach G. This is also the worst
at the meessage sourcee. So, the Hopp Traversal Time T casse situation foor PARTROU UTE since thee gateway
(denoted by τ, τ 0) for fo a message to be receivedd by wou uld have to fiield all route-requests in th
he absence
any nodde within a radius L of o the messsage of traces.
t For this case Dx   2ττ x/L . 
transmitteer is essentiaally the same.. Mean queueeing For PARTRO OUTE, the route-reply may y be given
and proceessing delays are consideredd to be a part of τ by an intermediate node if itt is a represen ntative. A
since theyy are applicabble to every noode. We assum me a presentative coould be encouuntered at n ho
rep ops where
1 n x/L x . Mobilityy pattern of M is random, trrace retrransmission of
o the same evvent instead of
o the next
lifetimes are configguration speccific and trrace eveent. A single gateway, a sset (R) of 30 randomly
formationn depends on earlier route formaation depployed non-evvent- generatinng nodes (con
nfigured to
attempts and percenntage of sttationary noodes. be static or mobbile as per reequirement) an nd one or
Assumingg n takes eacch value withhin its range with w more event-generating mobiile nodes aree used to
equal proobability, the mean value ofo Dx is givenn by chaaracterize thee performancce of PART TROUTE.
/L Moovement of mobile nodes iss random way ypoint [8].
Dx    2τ ∑ n / x/L     τ x//L 1 .
In thee best case, all
a route-requeests are fieldeed at Nodes randomlyy choose a loocation and a velocity
h So Dx   2
the first hop. 2τ.  betw ween 1.0m/ss to 2.0m/s. After movin ng to the
Loweer the Respponse Time, lesser is the location with thhe chosen veloocity the nexxt location
possibilitty of the gateway and nodes near it gettting andd velocity aree chosen. It may be notted that a
choked with
w route-requuest packets thhat could degrrade stattionary nodee may be eeither (a) an n always
performaance in a livee scenario. Also,
A decreasee in stattionary node or (b) a role--switching semmi-mobile
Responsee Time imprroves perform mance for high h nodde (discussed in Section 2) which is stattionary for
speed moobile nodes (further discuussed in Secction the duration of siimulation.
5.2.2). We
W also definee a figure of merit
m Trace Inndex
(TI) whicch is used to compare thee effectiveness of
PARTRO OUTE when compared
c to AODVjr.
A Smaaller
the valuue of TI, betterb the reesponsiveness of
PARTRO OUTE.

RTPARTROUTE
P
TI                                       2  
RT
TAODV

4.3 Efffect of Multip ple Event Souurces

The performance
p of PARTROU UTE improvees as
the numbber of event soources increase since (a) more
m
traces arre created and a (b) exissting traces are
preservedd for longer duurations. More traces help give
g
faster ressponses to rouute-requests frrom mobile noodes
thereby controlling
c thhe flooding of routing conntrol
packets. IfI a node in the t network has
h a trace too the Figure 5: A quarteer-circular regioon with random
mly
gateway, for this traace to persisst for the enntire dep
ployed nodes annd a gateway
lifetime of the netwoork it is impportant that it i is
refreshedd with eventts at intervaals smaller than t Nodes are deployed in a quarter-circu ular region
lifetimeSTTATIC. QK (a quarter of CK in Sectionn 4.1) with rad
dius 300m
Deplooyment param meters especiially size of the (Figg. 5). QK is divided
d into 3 sectors withh 10 non-
area and the mean ratee of event genneration shouldd be eveent-generatingg nodes in eacch sector. Thee range of
used to estimate a suittable value forr lifetimeSTATIIC in eacch node (L) is 75m. From m Section 4.1,, an event
order to have
h effective traces. gennerated by a node farthestt (i.e. 300m) from the
gateway needs 3 intermediatee nodes separrated from
5 ULATION
SIMU eacch other by 755m to reach tthe gateway. However,
we use 10 nodees in each seector to (a) su ufficiently
Discrete event simulaation with sim mulation runs for incrrease the density
d of nnodes, (b) keep the
1000 secoonds is used to
t evaluate thhe performancce of disttribution of nodes acrosss the deploym ment area
PARTRO OUTE. The efffect of multipple event souurces hommogeneous evven with mobbility and (c)) create a
on PART TROUTE is analyzed.
a Thee results obtaiined netwwork of reassonable size ffor analysis. It can be
for PARTROUTE aree compared against a AOD DVjr. shoown that Trace Index for CK (in Section n 4.2) also
Finally, Trace
T Index diiscussed in Seection 4 is useed as hollds for each of
o its four commponent quarrter circles
a measurre of the Respponse Time of the networkk for (cenntered at G with
w radius K)) and hence for fo QK. QK
PARTRO OUTE. alsoo serves as a a referrence for analyzing
PAARTROUTE’s performancee in topologiies where
5.1 Coonditions the gateway is at a a corner raather than the centre of
An ideal
i circular radio modell is used forr all the network.
nodes. There
T are no packet lossees and nodes are Each nonn-event-generaating nodess when
always awake.
a For every eventt that the node
n connfigured to bee mobile movves only withiin its own
transmits, it receives an
a acknowleddgement fromm the secctor. Event-generating nodee(s) move in the whole
gateway. Non-receipt of acknowleddgement leadds to depployment areaa. The range oof each node is kept at
75m to have
h sufficientt overlap betw
ween transmission perrcentage of thhe stationary nnodes from R are made
range off nodes. Paacket size iss kept consttant, mobile and the performance
p oof both the alg
gorithms is
lifetimeDYYNAMIC is keptt at 15s, CTPEERIOD is set to 30s commpared by vaarying this perrcentage from m 0 to 80.
and EVE ENT-RETRY Y-COUNT is set to 3. The Fig
gs 7, 8 and 9 show
s variationn of the Respoonse Time,
estimatedd Hop Traverrsal Time is 0.1 seconds. An Tottal Packet Count andd Event Count C for
event transmission is i attempted by an evvent- PAARTROUTE-150 and AODV Vjr for 0-80%
% mobility.
generatinng mobile nodde every 6 secconds. If a moobile It is observeed from Fig.. 7 that for stationary
node in PARTROUTE
P E fails to delivver an event after
a noddes, Responsee Time for PA ARTROUTE-1 150 is less
the retriees defined byy EVENT-RETRY-COUNT T, it thann half of thatt of AODVjr i.e. PARTRO OUTE-150
uses d
destination-no ode M-ROOUTE-REQUE EST is almost twicee as responssive as AOD DVjr. The
(Section 3.5) till it suuccessfully delivers
d an evvent. Ressponse Time remains signiificantly smalller (60%)
Henceforrth we use PARTROUTE-x to referr to eveen when up to 40% nodes arre mobile. As expected,
PARTRO OUTE with thee value of lifeetimeSTATIC ass x. when almost all nodes (80% nodes) are mobile, m the
We use
u the term Total Packet Count to dennote twoo algorithm ms have ssimilar perrformance.
the total number
n of (daata and routingg control) pacckets
transmitteed by all nodees. Event Packet Count is usedu
to denotee the total nummber event paackets transmiitted
by all noodes. Event Count
C refers to
t the numbeer of
events seent by an evennt source for which it receeives
an acknow wledgement. So, the total number
n of pacckets
transmitteed for everyy event (TP PE) successffully
transferreed to the gatewway is given by
b

T  P  C
TPE                3  
E  C

5.2 Reesults
5.2.1 Effect
E of multiiple event souurces
Fromm Fig. 6 it is cllear that multiiple event souurces Figure 7: Variatioon of Response Time (in secon
nds) for
reduce thhe Response TimeT of the neetwork as perr the AO
ODVjr and PAR RTROUTE-150 for different nu umbers of
discussion in Section 4.3. Also, forr a given num mber mobbile nodes (0%: all nodes stationary)
of event sources
s once the
t created traaces get refresshed
periodicaally, any furtther increase in the valuee of For 0% mobility, eventss in PARTRO OUTE-150
lifetimeSTTATIC does not signifiicantly imprrove are sent over (thhe long) tracees created a priori
p over
performaance e.g. forr a single event e source no the stationary nodes whereeas in AOD DVjr, the
significannt improvement in responsee time is obserrved insttantaneously created routees to the gatteway are
by increaasing lifetimeSTATIC
S from 1500 to 200. typically shorterr. So, marginally higher TPE
T levels
for PARTROUT TE-150 when compared to o AODVjr
(Figg 8) are duee to PARTRO OUTE-150’s relatively
hig
gher Event Paccket Count. HHowever, as discussed in
Secction 4.2, wheen the event-ggenerating moobile node
moves at a (rellatively higheer) speed off 4-5 m/s,
PAARTROUTE-150 outperfforms AOD DVjr by
delivering 3% more
m events wiith 21% lowerr TPE due
to its
i significantlly lower Response Time.

Figure 6: Variation of Reesponse Time (in ( seconds) witth

lifetimeSTAATIC (lifetimeSTTATIC takes values 50, 100, 1500,
200 seconds)

5.2.2 Comparison
C off PARTROUT
TE with AODV
Vjr

Respponse Time foor PARTROU UTE for a sinngle

mobile evvent source dooes not vary significantly
s a
after
150s as shown in Figg. 6 So, PAR RTROUTE-150 is Figure 8: TPE forr AODVjr and P
PARTROUTE-150
used forr comparisonn with AOD DVjr. A cerrtain
 With mobility, lenngths of tracess shorten so TPE
T
decreasess. For 400% mobiliity, TPE for
PARTRO OUTE-150 is i 74% off AODVjr– an
improvem ment of 26%. With 80% mobility, duee to
lack of sufficient
s stattionary nodess PARTROU UTE-
150 and AODVjr havve similar TP PE levels. Evvent
Count forr PARTROUTE-150 is moore than AOD DVjr
for all caases except with
w 0% mobbility where it i is
almost saame. PARTRO OUTE-150 deelivers up to 15%1
more eveents than AOD DVjr with 40%% mobility.
To seee the effectss of semi-mobbility (Sectionn 2)
with a larrge stationaryy period withiin the durationn of
the simullation we connfigure each node
n in R to keep
k
switchingg its status beetween mobille and stationnary.
The duraation for beinng mobile annd stationary are Figure 10: A grid deployment off nodes
given byy two normallly distributed variables with w
mean vallues of 450s and
a 50s respecctively, each with
w 5.2.3
5 Variationn in Trace Inddex
a standarrd deviation of 10s. Thiis prevents role- r From Sectioon 4.2, theorretical values of Trace
switchingg from happenning synchronnously. Each node
n Ind
dex with L=755 and K=300 aare given as 1, 0.66 and
is initiallly mobile. PAARTROUTE--150 delivers 5% 0.32 for worst, mean and bbest case resspectively.
more eveents, has a 17% % lower respoonse time andd 8% g.11 shows hoow the simullation results for Trace
Fig
lower TP PE compared to AODVjr. Ind
dex for PART TROUTE-1500 compare ag gainst the
theoretical worsst, mean and best case leevels. The
west value of 0.44
low 0 is observed for Trace Index
I with
stattionary nodess. With 40% mobility, the observed
Traace Index is 0..6 which is beetter than meaan value of
0.66.

Figure 9: Event Count foor AODVjr andd PARTROUTE

E-
150
Figure 11: Trace Index
I Analysis
A toopology in Fig. 5 withh random node n
deploymeent has been used
u to characcterize the genneral
behaviouur of PARTR ROUTE. How wever, a typpical 6 CONCLUSIION
commonlly used configuration wouuld look like Fig.
10 wheree 50% of the stationary noodes in R (i.e. 15
nodes annd the gatew way) form a connected grid Wee have shown how logicallly dividing the network
through which
w events can be easily routed and the intoo stationary and
a mobile noodes with parrtial route
remainingg 50% move throughout thhe grid usingg the (traace) preservattion over stattionary nodess can help
random-w waypoint mobbility model discussed
d earrlier. incrrease the efffectiveness oof reactive routing
r in
There is one evennt-generating mobile noode. mobility awaree sensor nnetworks wh here the
Remaininng conditionss are the same s as earrlier. imp portance of energy-efficciency is paramount.
Transmisssion range of nodes annd the distaance Perrformance of PARTROU UTE under different
between adjacent nodees on a row or column is 75m. 7 connditions has been show wn to illusstrate its
PARTRO OUTE-150 delivers 12% more m events when
w appplicability too different situations. Mobility
comparedd to AODVjr at a 20% low wer response time
t chaaracteristics of
o the nodes comprising the t sensor
and 20% lower TPE. With W appropriiate adjustmennt of netw work, naturee of event traffic and d typical
node trannsmission rangge, the configuuration also helps
h depployment topoologies couldd be used to configure
in carryinng out localizaation [16] [17]]. PAARTROUTE to bring about significant
s
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