Top Careers & You

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

11 GEOMETRY

Properties of lines
Intersecting Lines and Angles: If two lines intersect at a point, then opposite
angles are called vertical angles and have the same measure. In the figure,
∠PRQ and ∠SRT are vertical angles and ∠QRS and ∠PRT are vertical angles.

Q S
y
x x
y
P R T

Also, x + y = 180o, since PRS is a straight line. L1

Perpendicular Lines: An angle that has a measure of 90o
is a right angle. If two lines intersect at right angels, the lines
are perpendicular. For example:

L2

L1 and L2 above are perpendicular and denoted by L1 ⊥ L2. A right angle symbol
in an angle of intersection indicates that the lines are perpendicular.

Parallel Lines: If two lines that are in the same plane do not intersect, the two lines
are parallel. In figure below lines L1 and L2 are parallel and denoted by L1⏐⏐L2

L1

L2

Parallel lines cut by a transverse: If two parallel lines L1 and L2 are cut by a third
transverse
line called the transverse as shown in the figure below:
∠1 = ∠3 (Pair of corresponding angles) 1
L1
∠2 = ∠3 (Pair of alternate angles) 2 4
and ∠3 + ∠4 = 180 (Sum of interior angles)
3 L2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
www.TCYonline.com Page : 1
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Polygon
A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together is
called a polygon. The sides do not cross each other. Exactly two sides meet at
every vertex.

Types of Polygons:
Regular: all angles are equal and all sides are the same length. Regular polygons
are both equiangular and equilateral.
Equiangular: all angles are equal.
Equilateral: all sides are the same length.

POLYGON PARTS
Exterior
Angle
Side – one of the line segments that make up
Interior the polygon.
Angle
Vertex – point where two sides meet. Two or
more of these points are called vertices.
Diagonal
Diagonal – a line connecting two vertices that
isn't a side.
Interior Angle – Angle formed by two adjacent
Side sides inside the polygon.
Vertex •
Exterior Angle – Angle formed by two
adjacent sides outside the polygon.

Properties of Polygon

360 o
Each exterior angle of an n sided regular polygon is
Property 1 n
degrees
Each interior angle of an n sided equiangular polygon is
(n − 2) × 180 o
degrees.
Property 2 n
Also as each pair of interior angle & exterior angle is linear,
Each interior angle = 180o – exterior angle.
Sum of all the interior angles of n sided polygon is
Property 3
( n − 2) × 180o

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page : 2
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Triangles
A triangle is a polygon of three sides.
Triangles are classified in two general ways: by their sides and by their angles.
First, we'll classify by sides: 30o, 60o, 90o

P triangle: This is a
special case of a
scalene R right triangle

Q N whose angles are

E 30o, 60o, 90o.
In this triangle
side opposite to
angle 300 =
D F M O
isosceles Hyp/2.
equilateral
A triangle with three sides of different lengths is called a scalene triangle. An
isosceles triangle has two equal sides. The third side is called the base. The
angles that are opposite to the equal sides are also equal. An equilateral triangle
has three equal sides. In this type of triangle, the angles are also equal, so it can
also be called an equiangular triangle. Each angle of an equilateral triangle must
measure 60o, since the sum of the interior angles of any triangle must equal to
180o.

Obtuse angled triangle: is a triangle in which one angle is always greater than 90o
e.g.
ABC is an obtuse triangle where C is an obtuse angle
A Do you know?
If a, b, c denote the
sides of a triangle,
then
110o (i) Triangle is acute
B C
angled if c2 < a2 + b2

Acute angled triangle: In which all angles are less than 90o e.g. (ii) Triangle is right

∆ABC is a acute triangle A angled if c2 = a2 + b2

(iii) Triangle is obtuse
angled if c2 > a2 + b2.
o
80

o
40
o 60
B C

A
Right Angled Triangle: A triangle whose one angle is 90o is called a right (angled)
Triangle.
In figure, b is the hypotenuse, and a & c the legs, called base and height
b
c
respectively.
B C
a

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
www.TCYonline.com Page : 3
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Properties of a Triangle
1. Sum of the three angles is 180o.
2. An exterior angle is equal to the sum of the interior opposite angles.
3. The sum of the two sides is always greater than the third side.
4. The difference between any two sides is always less than the third side.
5. The side opposite to the greatest angle is the greatest side and the side
opposite to the smallest angle will be the shortest side.
6. Centroid:
(a) The point of intersection of the medians of a triangle. (Median is the
line joining the vertex to the mid-point of the opposite side. The
medians will bisect the area of the triangle.)
(b) The centroid divides each median from the vertex in the ratio 2 : 1.

Orthocentre:
The point of intersection of altitudes. (Altitude is a perpendicular drawn from
a vertex of a triangle to the opposite side.)
A
Circumcentre:
The circumcentre of a triangle is the centre of the circle passing through the
S vertices of a triangle. It is also the point of intersection of perpendicular
R
bisectors of the sides of the triangle.
B C If a, b, c, are the sides of the triangle, ∆ is the area, then abc = 4R ∆
D
where R is the radius of the circum-circle.

Incentre:
A The point of intersection of the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle.
BL AB A
(a) =
E
LC AC θ θ
F
•I c b
B C AI b + c
D (b) =
IL a I

B C
a L
(c) ∆ = rs if r is the radius of incircle,
a+b+c
where s = semi-perimeter = and
2
∆ is the area of the triangle.

∆ 24
∴R = 5 cm, r = = = 2 cm
s 12

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page : 4
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Equilateral Triangle
In an equilateral triangle all the sides are equal and all the angles are equal.
(i) The equilateral
3 3
(a) Altitude = × side = a A ∆ has maximum
2 2
area for given the
3 3 2
(b) Area = × ( side )2 = a perimeter,
4 4 a a
(ii) Of all the
1
(c) Inradius = × Altitude triangles that can
3
B C be inscribed in a
2
(d) Circumradius = × Altitude a
3 given circle, an
equilateral triangle

Congruent triangles has maximum area.

Two triangles ABC and DEF are said to the congruent, if they are equal in all
respects (equal in shape and size).
The notation for congruency is ≅ or ≡
If ∠A =∠D, ∠B = ∠E, ∠C = ∠F
AB = DE, BC = EF; AC = DF
Then ∆ABC ≡ ∆DEF or ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF
A D

B C E F
The tests for congruency
(a) SAS Test: Two sides and the included angle of the first triangle are
respectively equal to the two sides and included angle of the
second triangle.
(b) SSS Test: Three sides of one are respectively equal to the three sides of
the other triangle.
(c) AAS Test: Two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal
to the two angles and one side of the other triangle.
(d) RHS Test: The hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled triangle are
respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of another
right-angled triangle.

Similar Triangles
Two figures are said to be similar, if they have the same shape but not the same
size. If two triangles are similar, the corresponding angles are equal and the Do you know?
corresponding sides are proportional. Congruent triangles
are similar but
Test for similarity of triangles similar triangles
(a) AAA Similarity Test: Three angles of one triangle are respectively equal to need not be
the three angles of the other triangle.
congruent.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
www.TCYonline.com Page : 5
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b) SAS Similarity Test: Two sides of one are proportional to the two sides of
the other and the included angles are equal.

Properties of similar triangles: If two triangles are similar, the following properties
are true:
(a) The ratio of the medians is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(b) The ratio of the altitudes is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(c) The ratio of the circumradii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(d) The ratio of in radii is equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
(e) The ratio of the internal bisectors is equal to the ratio of the corresponding
sides.
(f) Ratio of areas is equal to the ratio of squares of corresponding sides.

Pythagoras Theorem
The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is equal to the sum of the
Do you know? squares of the other two sides i.e. in a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B,
If you multiply the 2 2
AC = AB + BC
2

Pythagorean triplets
A
by constant, then Pythagorean triplets are sets of 3 integers
resultant will also be which can be three sides of a right-angled
Pythagorean triplets triangle.
e.g. (6, 8, 10), (18,
24, 30) etc. Examples of Pythagorean triplets are (3, 4, 5), B C
(5, 12, 13), (7, 24, 25), (9, 40, 41) etc.

Important Theorems

Basic Proportionality Theorem

In a triangle if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle intersecting the other
two sides, then it divides the other two sides proportionally. So if DE is drawn
AD AE
parallel to BC, it would divide sides AB and AC proportionally i.e. =
DB EC
A
We can also use the following results:
AB AC
(i) =
AD AE D E
AD AB
(ii) =
DE BC
B C

Mid Point Theorem:

A line joining the mid points of any two sides of a triangle must be parallel to the
third side and equal to half of that (third side).

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page : 6
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Angle Bisector Theorem:

The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side internally in
the ratio of the sides containing the angle. i.e. In an ∆ ABC in which AD is the
BA BD
bisector of ∠A, then = .
AC DC

Intercept theorem:
Intercepts made by two transversals (cutting lines) on three or more parallel lines
are proportional. In the figure, lines l and m are transversals to three parallel lines
AB, CD, EF. Then, the intercepts (portions of lengths between two parallel lines)
made, AC, BD & CE, DF, are resp. proportional.
AC CE A B
=
BD DF
C D
E F

Quadrilaterals l m
A polygon with 4 sides, is a quadrilateral
1. In a quadrilateral, sum of the four angles is equal to 360°.
2. The area of the quadrilateral = ½ × one diagonal x sum of the perpendicular
to it from vertices.

Cyclic Quadrilateral:
If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, it is said to be cyclic quadrilateral.
1. In a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.
2. In a cyclic quadrilateral, if any one side is extended, the exterior angle so
formed is equal to the interior opposite angle.

Summary of the properties of different types of quadrilaterals.

Name Properties Remarks

Parallelogram • Opposite sides are
Sum of any two adjacent
equals and parallel.
angles is 180°. Each
• Opposite angles are
diagonal divides the
equal.
parallelogram into two
• Diagonals bisect each
triangles of equal area.
other.
Rhombus • All sides are equal,
opposite sides are
parallel. 1
d1 Area = × d1 × d2
• Opposite angles are 2
d2
2
equal. ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
(side)2 = ⎜ d1 ⎟ + ⎜ d 2 ⎟
• Diagonals bisect each ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
other at right-angled. But
they are not equal.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
www.TCYonline.com Page : 7
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

Trapezium 1
Area = × sum of the
• Only one pair of 2
opposite sides is parallel side × h
h parallel. The median is equal to half
of the sum of the parallel
sides.
Rectangle • Opposite sides are
equal. Area = l× b
o
• Each angle is 90 .
b Perimeter = 2 ( l + b)
• Diagonals are equal and
l bisect each other (not at Diagonal = l2 + b2
right angles).
Square When it is inscribed in a
•
circle, the diagonal is equal
All sides are equal.
o to the diameter of the circle
• All angles are 90
when circle is inscribed in a
• Diagonals are equal and
square, the side of the
bisect at right angles
square = diameter of the
circle.

Circles
If O is a fixed point in a given plane, the set of points in the plane which are at equal
distances from O is a circle.

Properties of the circle

P1 P2
1. Angles inscribed in the same arc of a circle are equal.
∠AP1B = ∠AP2B
A B

2. If two chords of a circle are equal, their corresponding arcs have equal
measure.

3. A diameter perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.

4. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.

5. When two circles touch, their centres and their point of contact are collinear.

6. If the two circles touch externally, the distance between their centres is equal
to sum of their radii.

7. If the two circles touch internally, the distance between the centres is equal
to difference of their radii.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Page : 8
 Top Careers & You
®

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
A
8. Angle at the centre made by an arc is equal to twice the angle
made by the arc at any point on the remaining part of the circumference. P
Let O be the centre of the circle. O
2P
∠BOC = 2 ∠P, when ∠BAC = ∠P B C

9. The angle inscribed in a semicircle is 90o.

10. Angles in the alternate segments are equal. C B

In the given figure, PAT is tangent to the circle and makes
angles PAC & BAT resp. with the chords AB & AC.
Then, ∠BAT = ∠ ACB & ∠ ABC = ∠ PAC
P A T

11. If two chords AB and CD intersect externally at P, then PA × PB = PC × PD A

B

D
C

12. If PAB is a secant and PT is a tangent, then PT2 = PA × PB B

A
P

13. If chords AB and CD intersect internally, then PA × PB = PC × PD

A D
P

C B

14. The length of the direct common tangent (PQ)

= (The dis tan ce between their centres)2 − (r1 − r2 )2

P Q

r1 r2

O O

The length of the transverse common tangent (RS)

= (The dis tan ce between their centres )2 − (r1 + r2 )2

O S
r1 r2
O
R

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
www.TCYonline.com Page : 9