Ans. 2.

(a) The system can be divided into three parts, two first order processes and one pure dead time.

10 
10   1 1
() = = 4 = 2.5 ×   × ×
( + 1)( + 4) ( + 1)(0.25 + 1)  + 1 0.25 + 1

The amplitude ratio of pure dead time is  !" = 1 and phase shift (−$) ranges from 0° to −∞

It has two corner frequencies at 1 and at (1/0.25). The qualitative Bode diagram is given below with the
following notation:

1 1
&' =   ; &, = ; &- =
+1 0.25 + 1
(b) The system can be divided into two parts, one first order process and one first order zero.

+5 1
() = = 5 × (0.2 + 1) ×
+1 +1

The amplitude ratio of first order zero is | 0.2! + 1| = √1 + 0.04! # and phase shift is tan$% (0.2!).
Hence there will be a low frequency asymptote parallel at AR = 1 and high frequency asymptote
approaching ∞ with a slope of 1. Phase shift will be positive, hence called the phase lead from 0° to 90° .
It has two corner frequencies at 1 and at (1/0.2). The qualitative Bode diagram is given below with the
following notation:

1
'% = 0.2 + 1; '# =
+1

The high frequency asymptote of overall system will have zero slope and zero phase shift.