PROYECTO DE INGENIERíA QUíMICA

INFORMACION DE INTERES PARA REALIZAR UN PROYECTO DE INGENIERIA

QUIMICA

(consejos practicos, referencias bibliograficas y referencias a unas

pocas paginas web muy importantes)

Atomico Enero 2003

SUMARIO
1.COMO ELEGIR TEMA DE PROYECTO
2.MERCADOS Y PRECIOS DE PRODUCTOS
3.INFORMACION DE PROCESO
4.PROPIEDADES FISICOQUIMICAS
5.CALCULOS DE EQUIPOS
REACTORES CATALITICOS
DESTILACION
ABSORCION
6.CONTROL DE CALIDAD
7.SEGURIDAD
8.MEDIO AMBIENTE
9.COSTOS DE EQUIPOS Y EVALUACION ECONOMICA

1.COMO ELEGIR TEMA DE PROYECTO

==============================

Antes que nada es conveniente reunir la mayor informacion posible

sobre 3 o 4 procesos y ver si es posible obtener los datos
clave del mismo (cineticas, temperaturas, composiciones), y
luego pueden descartarse los procesos de los que no haya
informacion suficiente.

Hay que consultar una gran varidedad de fuentes. En esta etapa

suelen ser utiles las enciclopedias y las patentes. Si dispone
de bases de datos como el chemical abstracts esto tambien puede
proporcionar detalles utiles.

Las enciclopedias son un buen punto de partida para conocer

la quimica y la tecnologia de un proceso. A continuacion se
listan las mas conocidas:

(2002) Ullman’s Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,

6th Edition, Wiley-VCH.

(2001) Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,

4th Edition, Wiley.

(2001) Kirk-Othmer Concise Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology,

4th Edition, Wiley.
(1992) Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, Ed. J.A. Kent,
9th Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

(1976-2001) Encyclopaedia of Chemical Processing and Design,

Ed. J.J. McKetta & W.A. Cunningham, Marcel Dekker.

(1984) Shreeve’s Chemical Process Industries, Ed. G.T. Austin,

5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.

Ray, M.S. (1991) Chemical Process and Plant Design Bibliography, Noyes.

(1994) ASPEN Plus Reference Manuals, Aspen Technology, Cambridge, Ma.

British Standard, BS1553 Part 1: (1976) Graphical Symbols for Piping

Systems

2.MERCADOS Y PRECIOS DE PRODUCTOS

=================================

Para obtener datos actualizados una buena fuente son los articulos de revistas,
en sitios como www.findarticles.com es posible encontrar publicaciones online
de gran utilidad, que contienen cifras y datos estadisticos.
(al menos al momento de escribir este material)

Revistas como Chemicalweek poseen informes sobre precios y tendencias del

mercado
para determinados productos y tambien por sectores.

En organismos oficiales de comercio exterior pueden obtenerse estadisticas de

importacion y exportacion de productos o familias de productos, estos datos son
extremadamente utiles para saber las tendencias, cantidades y precios.

Otra fuente es el Chemical Market Reporter. CMR contiene una lista de los precios
'spot' de cientos de productos quimicos. El precio 'spot' no es el precio real
dado que este se establece por contrato y es en general menor.

Otros boletines de interes pueden ser el European Chemical News (ECN) y el Asian
Chemical News (ACN).

Debe buscar en todas las fuentes que se ocurra, algunos datos quiza puedan
provenir
de los documentos que las empresas presentan a las comisiones de valores, o
anuncios donde se buscan inversores.

Si bien el uso de consultoras esta restringido a las empresas que pueden costear
estos estudios, en sus sitios web tal vez encontrarse datos de utilidad, por
ejemplo suelen publicar la tabla de contenido de los reportes y ahi uno puede
notar cuales son las principales empresas de un sector. A veces tambien poseen
reportes gratuitos de muestra.

3.INFORMACION DE PROCESO
========================
En la literatura academica en general hay poca informacion de los parametros de
un proceso. Esto se debe a que los investigadores academicos no se dedican a
fabricar productos quimicos y no trabajan con equipamiento en gran escala.
De todos modos existen institutos de investigacion que realizan ensayos a escala
piloto que pueden ser de gran utilidad.

Deben buscarse articulos con los resultados de dichos ensayos e inclusive si

puede viajar a uno de estos institutos cerca debe intentar realizar entrevistas
a los investigadores.

Ovbiamente si esta dentro de las posibilidades es muy conveniente visitar una

planta para ver el proceso real.

Otra fuente buena de parametros de diseno son las patentes.

En paginas web como www.uspto.gov las mismas son accesibles para todo el
publico.

Cuando se realiza una busqueda puede que encuentre gran cantidad de patentes
relacionadas con determinado proceso. Algunas no tienen el menor valor, lo mejor
es centrarse en las patentes de las grandes companias, y leer los resumenes.

Las patentes son primeramente documentos legales y en general son dificiles de

leer.
Lo mas util son los ejemplos, que aparecen al final, de alli se pueden ver los
flow sheeet, composiciones, temperaturas. De aqui pueden inferirse las
conversiones y tener una idea de las velocidades de reaccion. Los datos que
presentan
suelen ser obtenidos a escala banco, y excepcionalmente a escala piloto o escala
completa.

Debe tenerse en cuenta que no todos los ejemplos presentados en la patente son
los que la empresa utiliza, y que pueden faltar partes vitales del proceso que
son mantenidas en secreto por la empresa.

4.PROPIEDADES FISICOQUIMICAS
============================

Para obtener datos termodinamicos o fisicoquimicos como calor especifico, punto

de ebullicion, etc. las fuentes mas basicas son los manuales como el "Perry",
el "Lang" el "CRC". Otros recursos a tener en cuenta son:

Bases de datos online, entre las que se destaca el sitio del NIST.
NIST chemistry webbook: http://webbook.nist.gov/

Literatura de los fabricantes.

Hojas de datos de seguridad MSDS (Material Safety Data sheet)

Bases de datos de propiedades que traen los simuladores de procesos

como los de Aspen, Simsci or Hyprotech.

El "MiniPerry", un archivo con datos recopilados de paginas web.

5.CALCULOS DE EQUIPOS
=====================

La siguiente es una lista de Bibliografia de diseno:

Perry, R.H. & Green, D. (1998) Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook,

7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.

Douglas, J.M. (1988) Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill.

Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F. & Sinnott, R.K. (1999) Chemical Engineering
Volume 6: An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Design 3rd ed,
Butterworth Heinemann .

Peters, M.S. & Timmerhaus, K.D. (1991) Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill.

Ulrich, G.D. (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design

and Economics, Wiley.

Biegler, L.T., Grossmann, I.E. & Westerberg, A.W. (1997) Systematic Methods
of Chemical Process Design, Prentice-Hall.

Walas, S.M. (1988) Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design,

Butterworths.

Douglas, J.M. (1988) Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes,

McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 507-515.

Walas, S.M. (1987) Rules of Thumb, Chemical Engineering, March 16, pp. 75-81

Ulrich, G.D. (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and

Economics,
Wiley, Appendix B.

Branan, C.R. (2002) Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, 3rd ed, Gulf.

Douglas, J.M. (1988) Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill,

pp. 234, 486-489, 507-515.

Geankoplis, C.J. (1993) Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition,
Prentice-Hall International, pp. 247-252, 342.

Ulrich, G.D. (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and

Economics,
Wiley, pp. 145-166.

Perry, R.H. & Green, D. (1998) Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 7th Edition,
McGraw-Hill.

Kern, D.Q. (1990) Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill.

Peters, M.S. & Timmerhaus, K.D. (1991) Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers,
4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, chapter 15.
Coulson, J.M. & Richardson, J.F. (1990) Chemical Engineering - Volume 1: Fluid
Flow,
Heat Transfer and Mass Transfer, Butterworth-Heinemann, chapter 9.

Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F. & Sinnott, R.K. (1999) Chemical Engineering
-Volume 6: An
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Design 3rd ed, Butterworth Heinemann .

Linhoff, B. et al (1994) A User Guide on Process Integration for the Efficient Use of
Energy, IChemE, chapter 3.

Douglas, J.M. (1988) Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill,

pp. 138-153, 157, 486-489, 524, 526.

Geankoplis, C.J. (1993) Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition,
Prentice-Hall International, pp. 247-253.

Ulrich, G.D. (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and

Economics,
Wiley, pp. 145-166, 211-218.

REACTORES CATALITICOS
=====================

Perry, R.H. & Green, D. (1984) Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 6th Edition,
McGraw-Hill, pp. 4-21 to 4-52, 5-54, see also chapters 11, 16, 18 & 20.

Smith, J.M. (1981) Chemical Engineering Kinetics, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, pp.
541-599.

Levenspiel, O. (1999) Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd Edition, Wiley, chap 18 &
19

Fogler, H.S. (1992) Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Prentice-Hall

International,
pp. 406-447.

Carberry, J. & Varma, A. (1987) Chemical Reaction and Reactor Engineering, Marcel
Dekker.

Whitaker, S. & Cassano, A.E. (1986) Concepts and Design of Chemical Reactors,
Gordon and
Breach Science, pp. 179-212

Rase, H.F. (1977) Chemical Reactor Design for Process Plants, Wiley Interscience.

Rase, H.F. (1990) Fixed-Bed Reactor Design and Diagnostics: Gas-Phase Reactions,
Butterworths.

Rose, L.M. (1981) Chemical Reactor Design in Practice, Elsevier Scientific.

Satterfield, C.N. (1991) Heterogeneous Catalysis in Industrial Practice, 2nd Edition,

McGraw-Hill.

Twigg, M.V. (1996) Catalyst Handbook, Manson Pub., London.

Walas, S.M. (1989) Reaction Kinetics for Chemical Engineers, Butterworths.

Mezaki, R. & Inoue, H. (ed.) (1991) Rate Equations of Solid-Catalysed Reactions,

University of Tokyo.

DESTILACION
===========

Van Winkle, M. (1967) Distillation, McGraw-Hill.

Kister, H.Z. (1990) Distillation Operations, McGraw-Hill.

Kister, H.Z. (1992) Distillation Design, McGraw-Hill.

King, C.J. (1980) Separation Processes, McGraw-Hill.

Douglas, J.M. (1988) Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill,

pp. 172-204, 426-478, 530-541.

Geankoplis, C.J. (1993) Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition,
Prentice-Hall International, pp. 640-696.

Ulrich, G.D. (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and

Economics, Wiley, pp. 182-202.

Perry, R.H. & Green, D. (1998) Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 7th
Edition, McGraw-Hill, chapter 13

Treybal, R.E. (1980) Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill,

chapter 9.

McCabe, W.L., Smith , J.C. & Harriott, P. (1993) Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, chapters 17, 18 and 19.

Coulson, J.M. & Richardson, J.F. (1990) Chemical Engineering - Volume 2:

Particle Technology and Separation Processes 4th ed, Butterworth Heinemann,
chapters 4 and 12.

Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F. & Sinnott, R.K. (1999) Chemical Engineering
-Volume 6: An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Design 3rd ed,
Butterworth Heinemann

Peters, M.S. & Timmerhaus, K.D. (1991) Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, chapter 16.

Strigle, R.F. (1994) Packed Tower Design and Applications, 2nd Edition, Gulf.

Billet, R. (1995) Packed Towers in Processing and Environmental Technology, VCH.

Schweitzer, P.A. (1988) Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical

Engineers,
2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill.

Rousseau, R.W. (1987) Handbook of Separation Process Technology, Wiley

Interscience,
chapter 5.

Wankat, P.C. (1988) Equilibrium Staged Separations: Separations in Chemical

Engineering, Elsevier.

Walas, S.M. (1985) Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering, Butterworths.

ABSORCION
=========

Douglas, J.M. (1988) Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill,

pp. 73-90, 426-436, 453-458.

Treybal, R.E. (1980) Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill,

chapters 6 & 8.

Perry, R.H. & Green, D. (1998) Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 7th Edition,
McGraw-Hill, chapters 14 and 18.

McCabe, W.L., Smith , J.C. & Harriott, P. (1993) Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, pp. 686-737.

Geankoplis, C.J. (1993) Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition,
Prentice-Hall International, pp. 118-127, 610-639.

Ulrich, G.D. (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and

Economics,
Wiley, pp. 182-199.

Billet, R. (1995) Packed Towers in Processing and Environmental Technology,

VCH, pp. 355-361.

Kohl, A. & Riesenfeld, F. (1985) Gas Purification, 4th Edition, Gulf, pp. 182-236.

Strigle, R.F. (1994) Packed Tower Design and Applications, 2nd Edition, Gulf, pp.
49-91.

Newman, S.A. (1985) Acid and Sour Gas Treating Processes, Gulf, pp. 42-51, 319-

Coulson, J.M. & Richardson, J.F. (1990) Chemical Engineering - Volume 2:

Particle Technology and Separation Processes 4th ed, Butterworth Heinemann,
chapters 4 and 12.

Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F. & Sinnott, R.K. (1999) Chemical Engineering
-Volume 6: An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Design 3rd ed, Butterworth
Heinemann.

Schweitzer, P.A. (1988) Handbook of Separation Techniques for Chemical

Engineers,
2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill.

Rousseau, R.W. (1987) Handbook of Separation Process Technology, Wiley

Interscience,
chapter 6.
Walas, S.M. (1985) Phase Equilibria in Chemical Engineering, Butterworths.

6.CONTROL DE CALIDAD
====================

Una fuente de metodos de analisis para el control de calidad son normas como las
ASTM, o BS.

7.SEGURIDAD
===========

Las MSDS (material Safety Data Sheet) contienen invaluable informacion sobre
precauciones
y riesgos de cada producto. Las mismas se peuden obtener de bases de datos y
muchas
estan disponibles online en forma gratuita.

Alguna bibliografia al respecto es:

CCPS (1985) Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, Batelle-Columbus

Division, Center for
Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) of the AIChE, pp. 4-33 to 4-52.

Crowl, D.A. & Louvar, J.F. (1990) Chemical Process Safety - Fundamentals with
Applications,
Prentice-Hall International, pp. 323-327.

Kletz, T.A. (1999) HAZOP and HAZAN: Identifying and Assessing Process Industry
Hazards, 4th Edition,
IChemE, chapter 2.

King, R.W. (1990) Safety in the Process Industries, Butterworths.

Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F. & Sinnott, R.K. (1999) Chemical Engineering
-Volume 6: An
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Design 3rd ed, Butterworth Heinemann .

Peters, M.S. & Timmerhaus, K.D. (1991) Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers,
4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, pp. 62-69.

Lewis, R.J. (1997) Sax’s Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed, Van
Nostrand Reinhold.

CCPS (1989) Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, Center for
Chemical
Process Safety (CCPS) of the AIChE.

LeVine, R. (1988) Guidelines for Safe Storage and Handling of High Toxic Hazard
Materials,
Center for Process Safety of the AIChE.

OSHA (1990) OSHA Regulated Hazardous Substances: Health, Toxicity, Economic

and Technological
Data, U.S. Dept. of Labor.
Roach, S.A. (1992) Health Risks from Hazardous Substances at Work: Assessment,
Evaluation and
Control, Pergamon.

8.MEDIO AMBIENTE
================

Bibliografia de interes:

IChemE (1993) Effluent Treatment and Waste Minimisation, IChemE, Rugby, UK.

Rossiter, A.P. (1995) Waste Minimisation through Process Design, McGraw-Hill.

Patterson, J.W. (1985) Industrial Waste Management - Process Modifications for

Industrial Pollution Source Reduction, Lewis.

Nemerow, N.L. (1995) Zero Pollution for Industry - Waste Minimisation through
Industrial Complexes, Wiley Interscience.

Theodore, L. & McGuinn, Y.C. (1992) Pollution Prevention, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Overcash, M.R. (1986) Techniques for Industrial Pollution Prevention, Lewis.

Noyes, R. (ed.) (1993) Pollution Prevention Technology Handbook, Noyes.

Higgins, T.E. (ed.) (1995) Pollution Prevention Handbook, Lewis.

Sell, N.J. (1992) Industrial Pollution Control - Issues and Techniques,

2nd Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Crittenden, B.D. & Kolaczkowski, S.T. (1995) Waste Minimisation:

A Practical Guide, IChemE, Rugby, UK.

Allen, D.T. & Rosselot, K.S. (1997) Pollution Prevention for Chemical Processes,
Wiley-Interscience.

Buonicore, T.A. (1994) Air Pollution Control Equipment: Selection, Design,

Operation and Maintenance, Springer-Verlag.

Benitez, J. (1993) Process Engineering and Design for Air Pollution Control,
Prentice Hall.

De Nevers, N. (1995) Air Pollution Control Engineering, McGraw-Hill.

Wise, D.L. & Trantolo, D.J. (1994) Process Engineering for Pollution Control
and Waste Minimisation, Marcel Dekker.

Grady, C.P.L. & Lim, H.C. (1980) Biological Wastewater Treatment: Theory and
Applications,
Marcel Dekker.

Reynolds, T.D. (1982) Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering,

PWS-KENT.
Mycock, J.C. (1995) Handbook of Air Pollution Control Engineering and Technology,
CRC.

Bahu, R., Crittenden, B.D. & OHara, J. (1997) Management of Process Industry
Waste:
An Introduction, IChemE, Rugby, UK.

Tchobanoglous, G. (1990) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal and

Reuse,
2nd edition, McGraw-Hill.

Kiely, G. (1998) Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill.

Feates, F. & Barratt, R. (1995) Integrated Pollution Management: Improving

Environmental
Performance, McGraw-Hill.

Brunner, C.R. (1994) Hazardous Waste Incineration, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill

International.

9.COSTOS DE EQUIPOS
===================

Para estimar costos pueden resultar utiles sitios web

tal como el de www.matche.com.

Alguna bibliografia a tener en cuenta:

Allen, D. (1991) Economic Evaluation of Projects, 3rd Edition, IChemE.

IChemE (2000) A Guide to Capital Cost Estimating, 4th Edition, IChemE.

Perry, R.H. & Green, D. (1998) Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook, 7th Edition,
McGraw-Hill., section 9.

Ulrich, G.D. (1984) A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and

Economics,
Wiley, chapters 5-8.

Peters, M.S. & Timmerhaus, K.D. (1991) Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, chapters 6-9.

Garrett, D.E. (1989) Chemical Engineering Economics, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Coulson, J.M., Richardson, J.F. & Sinnott, R.K. (1999) Chemical Engineering
-Volume 6: An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Design 3rd ed, Butterworth
Heinemann .

Axtell and Robertson's "Economic Evaluation in the Process Industries" (1989),

Garrett's "Chemical Engineering Economics" (1989)

NOTA: La mayor parte de la bibliografia mencionada

proviene de la lista del IChemE "IChemE Education Subject Group Design Project
Book List"
Existen traducciones al espanol de muchos de los libro