Prof. P. Magesh Kannan et al.
/ (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Performance Analysis of Optical OFDM on Fading
Channel with Adaptive Interleaving
Prof. P. Magesh Kannan
VLSI Division, School of Electronics Engineering,
VIT University, Vellore, India
E-mail: mageshkannan.p@vit.ac.in
Abstract: A multi-antenna transmitter includes an
adaptive bit interleaver for orthogonal frequency
division multiplexed (OFDM) communications. The
adaptive bit interleaver permutes a variable number
of coded bits per OFDM symbols (Ncbps). The
variable number of coded bits is calculated based on
individual subcarrier modulation assignments for
orthogonal subcarriers. The advantages of OFDM
systems are high spectrum efficiency, longer symbol
duration against inter-symbols interference (ISI)
effect in multi-path environments, and narrow
transmission band of each sub-carrier within
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coherence bandwidth such that the communication
channel can be viewed as flat and not frequency
selective. The interleaver may add padding bits to the
interleaver matrix to fill any remaining positions. In
the simulation results, we found that better system
performance can be achieved by good concatenated
codes design for OFDM based WLAN systems under
the fixed power and bit-error-rate requirements.
Keywords: Inter-Symbols Interference (ISI),
orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM),
adaptive interleaving, bit-error-rate (BER), bit-
interleaved coded modulation (BICM).
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I. INTRODUCTION
In order to exploit optical bandwidth more
efficiently, novel transmission technologies are
intensively studied. High-speed optical
transmission systems are impaired by inter channel
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and intra channel nonlinearities, polarization mode
dispersion and chromatic dispersion, and require
precise dispersion compensation techniques. To
increase the transmission capacity, narrower
channel spacing is pursued and novel modulation
formats are investigated.
We consider very high data rate transmission
over frequency selective channels. The occurring
inter symbol interference (ISI) is treated by using
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) [1]. To support the requested high data
rates large signal constellations have to be
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2011 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 315 - 318
Vijaya Kumar Kirubanandam
PG Student – VLSI Design, SENSE
VIT University, Vellore, India
E-mail: vijayprem17@gmail.com
employed in each carrier. Additionally, the
introduction of channel coding into the system is
inevitable to enhance the reliability. Aiming at low
latencies, the codeword size is limited to an OFDM
symbol, i.e., a codeword spans all carriers. The
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channel “experienced” by a codeword, i.e., the
different channel conditions of the carriers, can be
well modeled by a Rayleigh fading channel.
A well-known coding scheme tailored to fading
channels is bit-interleaved coded modulation
(BICM) [2]. The employed bit interleaver is crucial
for the performance of BICM and its superiority
over other coded modulation schemes (e.g., trellis
coded modulation (TCM) [3]) in fading
environments. In the initial publication on BICM
[4], Zehavi used three independent bit interleavers
for transmission with 8-PSK (phase shift keying).
Regarding a triple of binary symbols mapped onto
an 8-PSK symbol, each of the three binary symbols
has undergone independent interleaving, so-called
intralevel interleaving. Caire et al. rejected this
approach in [2], arguing that there were no reasons
justifying it, flexibility would be limited, analysis
complicated, and unequal error protection
introduced. Instead they proposed the application
of a global interleaver.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPITION
The first blocks in the transmitter are
interleaving and coding. All OFDM systems use
some form of error correction or detection because,
if there is frequency selective fading in the channel,
some of the parallel data streams will experience
deep fading. The coding is usually preceded by
interleaving because, as shown in Fig. 1, a number
of adjacent OFDM subcarriers may fall within the
frequencies which are experiencing fading. In most
broadcast applications of OFDM such as digital
audio broadcasting (DAB) and digital video
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broadcasting (DVB) there are two layers of
interleaving and coding so that a very low overall
bit error rate (BER) can be achieved even over a
very noisy channel.
OFDM is invariably used in conjunction
with channel coding (forward error correction), and
almost always uses frequency and/or time
interleaving. Frequency (subcarrier)
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interleaving increases resistance to frequency-
selective channel conditions such as fading. For
example, when a part of the channel bandwidth
fades, frequency interleaving ensures that the bit
errors that would result from those subcarriers in
the faded part of the bandwidth are spread out in
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the bit-stream rather than being concentrated.
Similarly, time interleaving ensures that bits that
are originally close together in the bit-stream are
transmitted far apart in time, thus mitigating
against severe fading as would happen when
travelling at high speed.
However, time interleaving is of little benefit in
slowly fading channels, such as for stationary
reception, and frequency interleaving offers little to
no benefit for narrowband channels that suffer from
flat-fading (where the whole channel bandwidth
fades at the same time).
The reason why interleaving is used on OFDM
is to attempt to spread the errors out in the bit-
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Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 315 - 318
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stream that is presented to the error correction
decoder, because when such decoders are presented
with a high concentration of errors the decoder is
unable to correct all the bit errors, and a burst of
uncorrected errors occurs. A similar design of
audio data encoding makes compact disc (CD)
playback robust.
A classical type of error correction coding used
with OFDM-based systems is convolutional
coding, often concatenated with Reed-Solomon
coding. Usually, additional interleaving (on top of
the time and frequency interleaving mentioned
above) in between the two layers of coding is
implemented. The choice for Reed-Solomon
coding as the outer error correction code is based
on the observation that the Viterbi decoder used for
inner convolutional decoding produces short errors
bursts when there is a high concentration of errors,
and Reed-Solomon codes are inherently well-suited
to correcting bursts of errors.
Newer systems, however, usually now adopt
near-optimal types of error correction codes that
use the turbo decoding principle, where the decoder
iterates towards the desired solution. Examples of
such error correction coding types include turbo
codes and LDPC codes, which perform close to
the Shannon limit for the Additive White Gaussian
Noise (AWGN) channel. Some systems that have
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Prof. P. Magesh Kannan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 315 - 318

implemented these codes have concatenated them

with either Reed-Solomon (for example on
the MediaFLO system) or BCH codes (on Table 1 Frequency, Area and Power of Interleaver in OFDM

the DVB-S2 system) to improve upon an error Frequency (GHz) 3.4

floor inherent to these codes at high signal-to-noise Area 24050
ratios. Leakage: 127.022
Power (nW) Dynamic: 993206.574
If during transit more than a certain amount of Total: 993333.596
data has been lost then the data cannot be correctly
decoded by your router. Short bursts of noise on
the line can cause these data packets to become
corrupt and the modem has to re-request data
which in turn can slow down the overall rate at
which data is transmitted.
Interleaving is a method of taking data packets,
chopping them up into smaller bits and then

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rearranging them so that once contiguous data is
now spaced further apart into a non continuous
stream as shown in figure 2. Data packets are re-
assembled by your modem.
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Interleaving is the other mechanism used in
OFDM system to combat the increased error rate
on the weakened subcarriers. Interleaving is a
deterministic process that changes the order of
transmitted bits. For OFDM systems, this means
that bits that were adjacent in time are transmitted
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on subcarriers that are spaced out in frequency.

Thus errors generated on weakened subcarriers are
spread out in time, i.e. a few long bursts of errors
are converted into many short bursts. Error
correcting codes then correct the resulting short
bursts of errors.

III. SIMULATION RESULT:

The proposed architecture has been captured by
using Verilog HDL. All the internal components of
the design were synthesized placed and routed
using cadence tools is shown in figure 4. Thus the
synthesize result of the interleaver is given in table
1.
IV. CONCLUSIONS:
In this paper coding and interleaving techniques
was studied and their performance was evaluated.
It has been shown that, with adaptive interleaving
the real and imaginary components of signals
experience different independent fading channels
and additional diversity gain can be obtained. In the
simulation results, we found that under the fixed

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Prof. P. Magesh Kannan et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 5, Issue No. 2, 315 - 318

power and bit-error-rate requirements, better

system performance can be achieved for OFDM
based WLAN systems if good concatenated codes
are designed.

REFERENCES
[1] J. A. C. Bingham. Multicarrier modulation for data
transmission: An idea whose time has come. IEEE
Communications Magazine, pages 5–14, May 1990.
[2] G. Caire, G. Taricco, and E. Biglieri. Bit-Interleaved Coded
Modulation. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
44(3):927–946, 1998.
[3] G. Ungerb¨ock. Channel coding with multilevel/phase
signals. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 28(1):55–
67, 1982.
[4] E. Zehavi. 8-PSK Trellis Codes for a Rayleigh Channel.
IEEE Transactions on Communications, 40(5):873–884, 1992

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